Zustand State Management

Last Updated: 2026-01-21 Latest Version: zustand@5.0.10 (released 2026-01-12) Dependencies: React 18-19, TypeScript 5+

Quick Start

bash

npm install zustand

TypeScript Store (CRITICAL: use

create<T>()()

double parentheses):

typescript

import { create } from 'zustand'

interface BearStore {
  bears: number
  increase: (by: number) => void
}

const useBearStore = create<BearStore>()((set) => ({
  bears: 0,
  increase: (by) => set((state) => ({ bears: state.bears + by })),
}))

Use in Components:

tsx

const bears = useBearStore((state) => state.bears)  // Only re-renders when bears changes
const increase = useBearStore((state) => state.increase)

Core Patterns

Basic Store (JavaScript):

javascript

const useStore = create((set) => ({
  count: 0,
  increment: () => set((state) => ({ count: state.count + 1 })),
}))

TypeScript Store (Recommended):

typescript

interface CounterStore { count: number; increment: () => void }
const useStore = create<CounterStore>()((set) => ({
  count: 0,
  increment: () => set((state) => ({ count: state.count + 1 })),
}))

Persistent Store (survives page reloads):

typescript

import { persist, createJSONStorage } from 'zustand/middleware'

const useStore = create<UserPreferences>()(
  persist(
    (set) => ({ theme: 'system', setTheme: (theme) => set({ theme }) }),
    { name: 'user-preferences', storage: createJSONStorage(() => localStorage) },
  ),
)

Critical Rules

Always Do

✅ Use

create<T>()()

(double parentheses) in TypeScript for middleware compatibility ✅ Define separate interfaces for state and actions ✅ Use selector functions to extract specific state slices ✅ Use

set

with updater functions for derived state:

set((state) => ({ count: state.count + 1 }))

✅ Use unique names for persist middleware storage keys ✅ Handle Next.js hydration with

hasHydrated

flag pattern ✅ Use

useShallow

hook for selecting multiple values ✅ Keep actions pure (no side effects except state updates)

Never Do

❌ Use

create<T>(...)

(single parentheses) in TypeScript - breaks middleware types ❌ Mutate state directly:

set((state) => { state.count++; return state })

- use immutable updates ❌ Create new objects in selectors:

useStore((state) => ({ a: state.a }))

- causes infinite renders ❌ Use same storage name for multiple stores - causes data collisions ❌ Access localStorage during SSR without hydration check ❌ Use Zustand for server state - use TanStack Query instead ❌ Export store instance directly - always export the hook

Known Issues Prevention

This skill prevents 6 documented issues:

Issue #1: Next.js Hydration Mismatch

Error:

"Text content does not match server-rendered HTML"

"Hydration failed"

Source:

DEV Community: Persist middleware in Next.js
GitHub Discussions #2839

Why It Happens: Persist middleware reads from localStorage on client but not on server, causing state mismatch.

Prevention:

typescript

import { create } from 'zustand'
import { persist } from 'zustand/middleware'

interface StoreWithHydration {
  count: number
  _hasHydrated: boolean
  setHasHydrated: (hydrated: boolean) => void
  increase: () => void
}

const useStore = create<StoreWithHydration>()(
  persist(
    (set) => ({
      count: 0,
      _hasHydrated: false,
      setHasHydrated: (hydrated) => set({ _hasHydrated: hydrated }),
      increase: () => set((state) => ({ count: state.count + 1 })),
    }),
    {
      name: 'my-store',
      onRehydrateStorage: () => (state) => {
        state?.setHasHydrated(true)
      },
    },
  ),
)

// In component
function MyComponent() {
  const hasHydrated = useStore((state) => state._hasHydrated)

  if (!hasHydrated) {
    return <div>Loading...</div>
  }

  // Now safe to render with persisted state
  return <ActualContent />
}

Issue #2: TypeScript Double Parentheses Missing

Error: Type inference fails,

StateCreator

types break with middleware

Source: Official Zustand TypeScript Guide

Why It Happens: The currying syntax

create<T>()()

is required for middleware to work with TypeScript inference.

Prevention:

typescript

// ❌ WRONG - Single parentheses
const useStore = create<MyStore>((set) => ({
  // ...
}))

// ✅ CORRECT - Double parentheses
const useStore = create<MyStore>()((set) => ({
  // ...
}))

Rule: Always use

create<T>()()

in TypeScript, even without middleware (future-proof).

Issue #3: Persist Middleware Import Error

Error:

"Attempted import error: 'createJSONStorage' is not exported from 'zustand/middleware'"

Source: GitHub Discussion #2839

Why It Happens: Wrong import path or version mismatch between zustand and build tools.

Prevention:

typescript

// ✅ CORRECT imports for v5
import { create } from 'zustand'
import { persist, createJSONStorage } from 'zustand/middleware'

// Verify versions
// zustand@5.0.9 includes createJSONStorage
// zustand@4.x uses different API

// Check your package.json
// "zustand": "^5.0.9"

Issue #4: Infinite Render Loop

Error: Component re-renders infinitely, browser freezes

Uncaught Error: Maximum update depth exceeded. This can happen when a component repeatedly calls setState inside componentWillUpdate or componentDidUpdate.

Source:

GitHub Discussions #2642
Issue #2863

Why It Happens: Creating new object references in selectors causes Zustand to think state changed.

v5 Breaking Change: Zustand v5 made this error MORE explicit compared to v4. In v4, this behavior was "non-ideal" but could go unnoticed. In v5, you'll immediately see the "Maximum update depth exceeded" error.

Prevention:

typescript

import { useShallow } from 'zustand/shallow'

// ❌ WRONG - Creates new object every time
const { bears, fishes } = useStore((state) => ({
  bears: state.bears,
  fishes: state.fishes,
}))

// ✅ CORRECT Option 1 - Select primitives separately
const bears = useStore((state) => state.bears)
const fishes = useStore((state) => state.fishes)

// ✅ CORRECT Option 2 - Use useShallow hook for multiple values
const { bears, fishes } = useStore(
  useShallow((state) => ({ bears: state.bears, fishes: state.fishes }))
)

Issue #5: Slices Pattern TypeScript Complexity

Error:

StateCreator

types fail to infer, complex middleware types break

Source: Official Slices Pattern Guide

Why It Happens: Combining multiple slices requires explicit type annotations for middleware compatibility.

Prevention:

typescript

import { create, StateCreator } from 'zustand'

// Define slice types
interface BearSlice {
  bears: number
  addBear: () => void
}

interface FishSlice {
  fishes: number
  addFish: () => void
}

// Create slices with proper types
const createBearSlice: StateCreator<
  BearSlice & FishSlice,  // Combined store type
  [],                      // Middleware mutators (empty if none)
  [],                      // Chained middleware (empty if none)
  BearSlice               // This slice's type
> = (set) => ({
  bears: 0,
  addBear: () => set((state) => ({ bears: state.bears + 1 })),
})

const createFishSlice: StateCreator<
  BearSlice & FishSlice,
  [],
  [],
  FishSlice
> = (set) => ({
  fishes: 0,
  addFish: () => set((state) => ({ fishes: state.fishes + 1 })),
})

// Combine slices
const useStore = create<BearSlice & FishSlice>()((...a) => ({
  ...createBearSlice(...a),
  ...createFishSlice(...a),
}))

Issue #6: Persist Middleware Race Condition (Fixed v5.0.10+)

Error: Inconsistent state during concurrent rehydration attempts

Source:

Why It Happens: In Zustand v5.0.9 and earlier, concurrent calls to rehydrate during persist middleware initialization could cause a race condition where multiple hydration attempts would interfere with each other, leading to inconsistent state.

Prevention: Upgrade to Zustand v5.0.10 or later. No code changes needed - the fix is internal to the persist middleware.

bash

npm install zustand@latest  # Ensure v5.0.10+

Note: This was fixed in v5.0.10 (January 2026). If you're using v5.0.9 or earlier and experiencing state inconsistencies with persist middleware, upgrade immediately.

Middleware

Persist (localStorage):

typescript

import { persist, createJSONStorage } from 'zustand/middleware'

const useStore = create<MyStore>()(
  persist(
    (set) => ({ data: [], addItem: (item) => set((state) => ({ data: [...state.data, item] })) }),
    {
      name: 'my-storage',
      partialize: (state) => ({ data: state.data }),  // Only persist 'data'
    },
  ),
)

Devtools (Redux DevTools):

typescript

import { devtools } from 'zustand/middleware'

const useStore = create<CounterStore>()(
  devtools(
    (set) => ({ count: 0, increment: () => set((s) => ({ count: s.count + 1 }), undefined, 'increment') }),
    { name: 'CounterStore' },
  ),
)

v4→v5 Migration Note: In Zustand v4, devtools was imported from

'zustand/middleware/devtools'

. In v5, use

'zustand/middleware'

(as shown above). If you see "Module not found: Can't resolve 'zustand/middleware/devtools'", update your import path.

Combining Middlewares (order matters):

typescript

const useStore = create<MyStore>()(devtools(persist((set) => ({ /* ... */ }), { name: 'storage' }), { name: 'MyStore' }))

Common Patterns

Computed/Derived Values (in selector, not stored):

typescript

const count = useStore((state) => state.items.length)  // Computed on read

Async Actions:

typescript

const useAsyncStore = create<AsyncStore>()((set) => ({
  data: null,
  isLoading: false,
  fetchData: async () => {
    set({ isLoading: true })
    const response = await fetch('/api/data')
    set({ data: await response.text(), isLoading: false })
  },
}))

Resetting Store:

typescript

const initialState = { count: 0, name: '' }
const useStore = create<ResettableStore>()((set) => ({
  ...initialState,
  reset: () => set(initialState),
}))

Selector with Params:

typescript

const todo = useStore((state) => state.todos.find((t) => t.id === id))

Bundled Resources

Templates:

basic-store.ts

typescript-store.ts

persist-store.ts

slices-pattern.ts

devtools-store.ts

nextjs-store.ts

computed-store.ts

async-actions-store.ts

References:

middleware-guide.md

(persist/devtools/immer/custom),

typescript-patterns.md

(type inference issues),

nextjs-hydration.md

(SSR/hydration),

migration-guide.md

(from Redux/Context/v4)

Scripts:

check-versions.sh

(version compatibility)

Advanced Topics

Vanilla Store (Without React):

typescript

import { createStore } from 'zustand/vanilla'

const store = createStore<CounterStore>()((set) => ({ count: 0, increment: () => set((s) => ({ count: s.count + 1 })) }))
const unsubscribe = store.subscribe((state) => console.log(state.count))
store.getState().increment()

Custom Middleware:

typescript

const logger: Logger = (f, name) => (set, get, store) => {
  const loggedSet: typeof set = (...a) => { set(...a); console.log(`[${name}]:`, get()) }
  return f(loggedSet, get, store)
}

Immer Middleware (Mutable Updates):

typescript

import { immer } from 'zustand/middleware/immer'

const useStore = create<TodoStore>()(immer((set) => ({
  todos: [],
  addTodo: (text) => set((state) => { state.todos.push({ id: Date.now().toString(), text }) }),
})))

v5.0.3→v5.0.4 Migration Note: If upgrading from v5.0.3 to v5.0.4+ and immer middleware stops working, verify you're using the import path shown above (

zustand/middleware/immer

). Some users reported issues after the v5.0.4 update that were resolved by confirming the correct import.

Experimental SSR Safe Middleware (v5.0.9+):

Status: Experimental (API may change)

Zustand v5.0.9 introduced experimental

unstable_ssrSafe

middleware for Next.js usage. This provides an alternative approach to the

_hasHydrated

pattern (see Issue #1).

typescript

import { unstable_ssrSafe } from 'zustand/middleware'

const useStore = create<Store>()(
  unstable_ssrSafe(
    persist(
      (set) => ({ /* state */ }),
      { name: 'my-store' }
    )
  )
)

Recommendation: Continue using the

_hasHydrated

pattern documented in Issue #1 until this API stabilizes. Monitor Discussion #2740 for updates on when this becomes stable.

Official Documentation

Zustand: https://zustand.docs.pmnd.rs/
GitHub: https://github.com/pmndrs/zustand
TypeScript Guide: https://zustand.docs.pmnd.rs/guides/typescript
Context7 Library ID:
```
/pmndrs/zustand
```

zustand-state-management

NPX Install

Tags

SKILL.md Content

Zustand State Management

Quick Start

Core Patterns

Critical Rules

Always Do

Never Do

Known Issues Prevention

Issue #1: Next.js Hydration Mismatch

Issue #2: TypeScript Double Parentheses Missing

Issue #3: Persist Middleware Import Error

Issue #4: Infinite Render Loop

Issue #5: Slices Pattern TypeScript Complexity

Issue #6: Persist Middleware Race Condition (Fixed v5.0.10+)

Middleware

Common Patterns

Bundled Resources

Advanced Topics

Official Documentation