// Good: only valid combinations possible
type RequestState<T> =
  | { status: 'idle' }
  | { status: 'loading' }
  | { status: 'success'; data: T }
  | { status: 'error'; error: Error };

// Bad: allows invalid combinations like { loading: true, error: Error }
type RequestState<T> = {
  loading: boolean;
  data?: T;
  error?: Error;
};

type UserId = string & { readonly __brand: 'UserId' };
type OrderId = string & { readonly __brand: 'OrderId' };

// Compiler prevents passing OrderId where UserId expected
function getUser(id: UserId): Promise<User> { /* ... */ }

function createUserId(id: string): UserId {
  return id as UserId;
}

const ROLES = ['admin', 'user', 'guest'] as const;
type Role = typeof ROLES[number]; // 'admin' | 'user' | 'guest'

// Array and type stay in sync automatically
function isValidRole(role: string): role is Role {
  return ROLES.includes(role as Role);
}

// Creation: some fields required
type CreateUser = {
  email: string;
  name: string;
};

// Update: all fields optional
type UpdateUser = Partial<CreateUser>;

// Database row: all fields present
type User = CreateUser & {
  id: UserId;
  createdAt: Date;
};

export function buildWidget(widgetType: string): never {
  throw new Error(`buildWidget not implemented for type: ${widgetType}`);
}

type Status = "active" | "inactive";

export function processStatus(status: Status): string {
  switch (status) {
    case "active":
      return "processing";
    case "inactive":
      return "skipped";
    default: {
      const _exhaustive: never = status;
      throw new Error(`unhandled status: ${_exhaustive}`);
    }
  }
}

export async function fetchWidget(id: string): Promise<Widget> {
  const response = await fetch(`/api/widgets/${id}`);
  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error(`fetch widget ${id} failed: ${response.status}`);
  }
  return response.json();
}

import debug from "debug";

const log = debug("myapp:widgets");

export function createWidget(name: string): Widget {
  log("creating widget: %s", name);
  const widget = { id: crypto.randomUUID(), name };
  log("created widget: %s", widget.id);
  return widget;
}

// ✅ Zod 4: top-level validators
z.email()
z.url()
z.uuid()

// ❌ Zod 3 legacy (still works but prefer the above)
z.string().email()
z.string().url()
z.string().uuid()

// ✅ Zod 4
z.email({ error: "Invalid email format" })
z.string().min(1, { error: "Required" })

// ❌ Zod 3 legacy
z.string().email({ message: "Invalid email format" })

import { z } from "zod";

const UserSchema = z.object({
  id: z.uuid(),
  email: z.email(),
  name: z.string().min(1),
  createdAt: z.string().transform((s) => new Date(s)),
});

type User = z.infer<typeof UserSchema>;

import { z, SafeParseReturnType } from "zod";

export function parseUserInput(raw: unknown): SafeParseReturnType<unknown, User> {
  return UserSchema.safeParse(raw);
}

// Caller handles both success and error:
const result = parseUserInput(formData);
if (!result.success) {
  setErrors(result.error.flatten().fieldErrors);
  return;
}
await submitUser(result.data);

export async function fetchUser(id: string): Promise<User> {
  const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`);
  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error(`fetch user ${id} failed: ${response.status}`);
  }
  const data = await response.json();
  return UserSchema.parse(data); // throws if API contract violated
}

const CreateUserSchema = UserSchema.omit({ id: true, createdAt: true });
const UpdateUserSchema = CreateUserSchema.partial();
const UserWithPostsSchema = UserSchema.extend({
  posts: z.array(PostSchema),
});

import { z } from "zod";

const ConfigSchema = z.object({
  PORT: z.coerce.number().default(3000),
  DATABASE_URL: z.url(),
  API_KEY: z.string().min(1),
  NODE_ENV: z.enum(["development", "production", "test"]).default("development"),
});

export const config = ConfigSchema.parse(process.env);

import { config } from "./config";

const server = app.listen(config.PORT);
const db = connect(config.DATABASE_URL);

import type { Opaque, PartialDeep, SetRequired } from 'type-fest';

// Branded type (cleaner than manual approach)
type UserId = Opaque<string, 'UserId'>;

// Deep partial for patch operations
type UserPatch = PartialDeep<User>;

// Make specific fields required
type UserWithEmail = SetRequired<Partial<User>, 'email'>;