async function fetchWithRetry(url, options, retries = 3) {
  try {
    const res = await fetch(url, options);
    if (res.status === 429) {
      const wait = parseFloat(res.headers.get("Retry-After") || "1.0");
      if (retries > 0) {
        await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, wait * 1000));
        return fetchWithRetry(url, options, retries - 1);
      }
    }
    return res;
  } catch (err) {
    // network error handling
  }
}

npm install bottleneck

import Bottleneck from "bottleneck";

const limiter = new Bottleneck({
  minTime: 500, // wait 500ms between requests (2 req/sec)
  maxConcurrent: 5,
});

const products = await limiter.schedule(() => shopify.rest.Product.list({ ... }));

npm install cockatiel

import { CircuitBreaker, handleAll, retry } from 'cockatiel';

// Create a Retry Policy
const retryPolicy = retry(handleAll, { maxAttempts: 3, backoff: new ExponentialBackoff() });

// Create a Circuit Breaker (open after 5 failures, reset after 10s)
const circuitBreaker = new CircuitBreaker(handleAll, {
  halfOpenAfter: 10 * 1000,
  breaker: new ConsecutiveBreaker(5),
});

// Execute
const result = await retryPolicy.execute(() => 
  circuitBreaker.execute(() => fetchMyService())
);