Practical Error Handling with fp-ts

This skill teaches you how to handle errors without try/catch spaghetti. No academic jargon - just practical patterns for real problems.

When to Use This Skill

When you want type-safe error handling in TypeScript
When replacing try/catch with Either and TaskEither patterns
When building APIs or services that need explicit error types
When accumulating multiple validation errors

The core idea: Errors are just data. Instead of throwing them into the void and hoping someone catches them, return them as values that TypeScript can track.

1. Stop Throwing Everywhere

The Problem with Exceptions

Exceptions are invisible in your types. They break the contract between functions.

typescript

// What this function signature promises:
function getUser(id: string): User

// What it actually does:
function getUser(id: string): User {
  if (!id) throw new Error('ID required')
  const user = db.find(id)
  if (!user) throw new Error('User not found')
  return user
}

// The caller has no idea this can fail
const user = getUser(id) // Might explode!

You end up with code like this:

typescript

// MESSY: try/catch everywhere
function processOrder(orderId: string) {
  let order
  try {
    order = getOrder(orderId)
  } catch (e) {
    console.error('Failed to get order')
    return null
  }

  let user
  try {
    user = getUser(order.userId)
  } catch (e) {
    console.error('Failed to get user')
    return null
  }

  let payment
  try {
    payment = chargeCard(user.cardId, order.total)
  } catch (e) {
    console.error('Payment failed')
    return null
  }

  return { order, user, payment }
}

The Solution: Return Errors as Values

typescript

import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

// Now TypeScript KNOWS this can fail
function getUser(id: string): E.Either<string, User> {
  if (!id) return E.left('ID required')
  const user = db.find(id)
  if (!user) return E.left('User not found')
  return E.right(user)
}

// The caller is forced to handle both cases
const result = getUser(id)
// result is Either<string, User> - error OR success, never both

2. The Result Pattern (Either)

Either<E, A>

is simple: it holds either an error (

) or a value (

```
Left
```
= error case
```
Right
```
= success case (think "right" as in "correct")

typescript

import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'

// Creating values
const success = E.right(42)           // Right(42)
const failure = E.left('Oops')        // Left('Oops')

// Checking what you have
if (E.isRight(result)) {
  console.log(result.right) // The success value
} else {
  console.log(result.left)  // The error
}

// Better: pattern match with fold
const message = pipe(
  result,
  E.fold(
    (error) => `Failed: ${error}`,
    (value) => `Got: ${value}`
  )
)

Converting Throwing Code to Either

typescript

// Wrap any throwing function with tryCatch
const parseJSON = (json: string): E.Either<Error, unknown> =>
  E.tryCatch(
    () => JSON.parse(json),
    (e) => (e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)))
  )

parseJSON('{"valid": true}')  // Right({ valid: true })
parseJSON('not json')          // Left(SyntaxError: ...)

// For functions you'll reuse, use tryCatchK
const safeParseJSON = E.tryCatchK(
  JSON.parse,
  (e) => (e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)))
)

Common Either Operations

typescript

import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

// Transform the success value
const doubled = pipe(
  E.right(21),
  E.map(n => n * 2)
) // Right(42)

// Transform the error
const betterError = pipe(
  E.left('bad'),
  E.mapLeft(e => `Error: ${e}`)
) // Left('Error: bad')

// Provide a default for errors
const value = pipe(
  E.left('failed'),
  E.getOrElse(() => 0)
) // 0

// Convert nullable to Either
const fromNullable = E.fromNullable('not found')
fromNullable(user)  // Right(user) if exists, Left('not found') if null/undefined

3. Chaining Operations That Might Fail

The real power comes from chaining. Each step can fail, but you write it as a clean pipeline.

Before: Nested Try/Catch Hell

typescript

// MESSY: Each step can fail, nested try/catch everywhere
function processUserOrder(userId: string, productId: string): Result | null {
  let user
  try {
    user = getUser(userId)
  } catch (e) {
    logError('User fetch failed', e)
    return null
  }

  if (!user.isActive) {
    logError('User not active')
    return null
  }

  let product
  try {
    product = getProduct(productId)
  } catch (e) {
    logError('Product fetch failed', e)
    return null
  }

  if (product.stock < 1) {
    logError('Out of stock')
    return null
  }

  let order
  try {
    order = createOrder(user, product)
  } catch (e) {
    logError('Order creation failed', e)
    return null
  }

  return order
}

After: Clean Chain with Either

typescript

import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

// Each function returns Either<Error, T>
const getUser = (id: string): E.Either<string, User> => { ... }
const getProduct = (id: string): E.Either<string, Product> => { ... }
const createOrder = (user: User, product: Product): E.Either<string, Order> => { ... }

// Chain them together - first error stops the chain
const processUserOrder = (userId: string, productId: string): E.Either<string, Order> =>
  pipe(
    getUser(userId),
    E.filterOrElse(
      user => user.isActive,
      () => 'User not active'
    ),
    E.chain(user =>
      pipe(
        getProduct(productId),
        E.filterOrElse(
          product => product.stock >= 1,
          () => 'Out of stock'
        ),
        E.chain(product => createOrder(user, product))
      )
    )
  )

// Or use Do notation for cleaner access to intermediate values
const processUserOrder = (userId: string, productId: string): E.Either<string, Order> =>
  pipe(
    E.Do,
    E.bind('user', () => getUser(userId)),
    E.filterOrElse(
      ({ user }) => user.isActive,
      () => 'User not active'
    ),
    E.bind('product', () => getProduct(productId)),
    E.filterOrElse(
      ({ product }) => product.stock >= 1,
      () => 'Out of stock'
    ),
    E.chain(({ user, product }) => createOrder(user, product))
  )

Different Error Types? Use chainW

typescript

type ValidationError = { type: 'validation'; message: string }
type DbError = { type: 'db'; message: string }

const validateInput = (id: string): E.Either<ValidationError, string> => { ... }
const fetchFromDb = (id: string): E.Either<DbError, User> => { ... }

// chainW (W = "wider") automatically unions the error types
const process = (id: string): E.Either<ValidationError | DbError, User> =>
  pipe(
    validateInput(id),
    E.chainW(validId => fetchFromDb(validId))
  )

4. Collecting Multiple Errors

Sometimes you want ALL errors, not just the first one. Form validation is the classic example.

Before: Collecting Errors Manually

typescript

// MESSY: Manual error accumulation
function validateForm(form: FormData): { valid: boolean; errors: string[] } {
  const errors: string[] = []

  if (!form.email) {
    errors.push('Email required')
  } else if (!form.email.includes('@')) {
    errors.push('Invalid email')
  }

  if (!form.password) {
    errors.push('Password required')
  } else if (form.password.length < 8) {
    errors.push('Password too short')
  }

  if (!form.age) {
    errors.push('Age required')
  } else if (form.age < 18) {
    errors.push('Must be 18+')
  }

  return { valid: errors.length === 0, errors }
}

After: Validation with Error Accumulation

typescript

import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
import * as NEA from 'fp-ts/NonEmptyArray'
import { sequenceS } from 'fp-ts/Apply'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

// Errors as a NonEmptyArray (always at least one)
type Errors = NEA.NonEmptyArray<string>

// Create the applicative that accumulates errors
const validation = E.getApplicativeValidation(NEA.getSemigroup<string>())

// Validators that return Either<Errors, T>
const validateEmail = (email: string): E.Either<Errors, string> =>
  !email ? E.left(NEA.of('Email required'))
  : !email.includes('@') ? E.left(NEA.of('Invalid email'))
  : E.right(email)

const validatePassword = (password: string): E.Either<Errors, string> =>
  !password ? E.left(NEA.of('Password required'))
  : password.length < 8 ? E.left(NEA.of('Password too short'))
  : E.right(password)

const validateAge = (age: number | undefined): E.Either<Errors, number> =>
  age === undefined ? E.left(NEA.of('Age required'))
  : age < 18 ? E.left(NEA.of('Must be 18+'))
  : E.right(age)

// Combine all validations - collects ALL errors
const validateForm = (form: FormData) =>
  sequenceS(validation)({
    email: validateEmail(form.email),
    password: validatePassword(form.password),
    age: validateAge(form.age)
  })

// Usage
validateForm({ email: '', password: '123', age: 15 })
// Left(['Email required', 'Password too short', 'Must be 18+'])

validateForm({ email: 'a@b.com', password: 'longpassword', age: 25 })
// Right({ email: 'a@b.com', password: 'longpassword', age: 25 })

Field-Level Errors for Forms

typescript

interface FieldError {
  field: string
  message: string
}

type FormErrors = NEA.NonEmptyArray<FieldError>

const fieldError = (field: string, message: string): FormErrors =>
  NEA.of({ field, message })

const formValidation = E.getApplicativeValidation(NEA.getSemigroup<FieldError>())

// Now errors know which field they belong to
const validateEmail = (email: string): E.Either<FormErrors, string> =>
  !email ? E.left(fieldError('email', 'Required'))
  : !email.includes('@') ? E.left(fieldError('email', 'Invalid format'))
  : E.right(email)

// Easy to display in UI
const getFieldError = (errors: FormErrors, field: string): string | undefined =>
  errors.find(e => e.field === field)?.message

5. Async Operations (TaskEither)

For async operations that can fail, use

TaskEither

. It's like

Either

but for promises.

```
TaskEither<E, A>
```
= a function that returns
```
Promise<Either<E, A>>
```
Lazy: nothing runs until you execute it

typescript

import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

// Wrap any async operation
const fetchUser = (id: string): TE.TaskEither<Error, User> =>
  TE.tryCatch(
    () => fetch(`/api/users/${id}`).then(r => r.json()),
    (e) => (e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)))
  )

// Chain async operations - just like Either
const getUserPosts = (userId: string): TE.TaskEither<Error, Post[]> =>
  pipe(
    fetchUser(userId),
    TE.chain(user => fetchPosts(user.id))
  )

// Execute when ready
const result = await getUserPosts('123')() // Returns Either<Error, Post[]>

Before: Promise Chain with Error Handling

typescript

// MESSY: try/catch mixed with promise chains
async function loadDashboard(userId: string) {
  try {
    const user = await fetchUser(userId)
    if (!user) throw new Error('User not found')

    let posts, notifications, settings
    try {
      [posts, notifications, settings] = await Promise.all([
        fetchPosts(user.id),
        fetchNotifications(user.id),
        fetchSettings(user.id)
      ])
    } catch (e) {
      // Which one failed? Who knows!
      console.error('Failed to load data', e)
      return null
    }

    return { user, posts, notifications, settings }
  } catch (e) {
    console.error('Failed to load user', e)
    return null
  }
}

After: Clean TaskEither Pipeline

typescript

import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
import { sequenceS } from 'fp-ts/Apply'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

const loadDashboard = (userId: string) =>
  pipe(
    fetchUser(userId),
    TE.chain(user =>
      pipe(
        // Parallel fetch with sequenceS
        sequenceS(TE.ApplyPar)({
          posts: fetchPosts(user.id),
          notifications: fetchNotifications(user.id),
          settings: fetchSettings(user.id)
        }),
        TE.map(data => ({ user, ...data }))
      )
    )
  )

// Execute and handle both cases
pipe(
  loadDashboard('123'),
  TE.fold(
    (error) => T.of(renderError(error)),
    (data) => T.of(renderDashboard(data))
  )
)()

Retry Failed Operations

typescript

import * as T from 'fp-ts/Task'
import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

const retry = <E, A>(
  task: TE.TaskEither<E, A>,
  attempts: number,
  delayMs: number
): TE.TaskEither<E, A> =>
  pipe(
    task,
    TE.orElse((error) =>
      attempts > 1
        ? pipe(
            T.delay(delayMs)(T.of(undefined)),
            T.chain(() => retry(task, attempts - 1, delayMs * 2))
          )
        : TE.left(error)
    )
  )

// Retry up to 3 times with exponential backoff
const fetchWithRetry = retry(fetchUser('123'), 3, 1000)

Fallback to Alternative

typescript

// Try cache first, fall back to API
const getUserData = (id: string) =>
  pipe(
    fetchFromCache(id),
    TE.orElse(() => fetchFromApi(id)),
    TE.orElse(() => TE.right(defaultUser)) // Last resort default
  )

6. Converting Between Patterns

Real codebases have throwing functions, nullable values, and promises. Here's how to work with them.

From Nullable to Either

typescript

import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
import * as O from 'fp-ts/Option'

// Direct conversion
const user = users.find(u => u.id === id) // User | undefined
const result = E.fromNullable('User not found')(user)

// From Option
const maybeUser: O.Option<User> = O.fromNullable(user)
const eitherUser = pipe(
  maybeUser,
  E.fromOption(() => 'User not found')
)

From Throwing Function to Either

typescript

// Wrap at the boundary
const safeParse = <T>(schema: ZodSchema<T>) => (data: unknown): E.Either<ZodError, T> =>
  E.tryCatch(
    () => schema.parse(data),
    (e) => e as ZodError
  )

// Use throughout your code
const parseUser = safeParse(UserSchema)
const result = parseUser(rawData) // Either<ZodError, User>

From Promise to TaskEither

typescript

import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'

// Wrap external async functions
const fetchJson = <T>(url: string): TE.TaskEither<Error, T> =>
  TE.tryCatch(
    () => fetch(url).then(r => r.json()),
    (e) => new Error(`Fetch failed: ${e}`)
  )

// Wrap axios, prisma, any async library
const getUserFromDb = (id: string): TE.TaskEither<DbError, User> =>
  TE.tryCatch(
    () => prisma.user.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id } }),
    (e) => ({ code: 'DB_ERROR', cause: e })
  )

Back to Promise (Escape Hatch)

Sometimes you need a plain Promise for external APIs.

typescript

import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'

const myTaskEither: TE.TaskEither<Error, User> = fetchUser('123')

// Option 1: Get the Either (preserves both cases)
const either: E.Either<Error, User> = await myTaskEither()

// Option 2: Throw on error (for legacy code)
const toThrowingPromise = <E, A>(te: TE.TaskEither<E, A>): Promise<A> =>
  te().then(E.fold(
    (error) => Promise.reject(error),
    (value) => Promise.resolve(value)
  ))

const user = await toThrowingPromise(fetchUser('123')) // Throws if Left

// Option 3: Default on error
const user = await pipe(
  fetchUser('123'),
  TE.getOrElse(() => T.of(defaultUser))
)()

Real Scenarios

Parse User Input Safely

typescript

interface ParsedInput {
  id: number
  name: string
  tags: string[]
}

const parseInput = (raw: unknown): E.Either<string, ParsedInput> =>
  pipe(
    E.Do,
    E.bind('obj', () =>
      typeof raw === 'object' && raw !== null
        ? E.right(raw as Record<string, unknown>)
        : E.left('Input must be an object')
    ),
    E.bind('id', ({ obj }) =>
      typeof obj.id === 'number'
        ? E.right(obj.id)
        : E.left('id must be a number')
    ),
    E.bind('name', ({ obj }) =>
      typeof obj.name === 'string' && obj.name.length > 0
        ? E.right(obj.name)
        : E.left('name must be a non-empty string')
    ),
    E.bind('tags', ({ obj }) =>
      Array.isArray(obj.tags) && obj.tags.every(t => typeof t === 'string')
        ? E.right(obj.tags as string[])
        : E.left('tags must be an array of strings')
    ),
    E.map(({ id, name, tags }) => ({ id, name, tags }))
  )

// Usage
parseInput({ id: 1, name: 'test', tags: ['a', 'b'] })
// Right({ id: 1, name: 'test', tags: ['a', 'b'] })

parseInput({ id: 'wrong', name: '', tags: null })
// Left('id must be a number')

API Call with Full Error Handling

typescript

interface ApiError {
  code: string
  message: string
  status?: number
}

const createApiError = (message: string, code = 'UNKNOWN', status?: number): ApiError =>
  ({ code, message, status })

const fetchWithErrorHandling = <T>(url: string): TE.TaskEither<ApiError, T> =>
  pipe(
    TE.tryCatch(
      () => fetch(url),
      () => createApiError('Network error', 'NETWORK')
    ),
    TE.chain(response =>
      response.ok
        ? TE.tryCatch(
            () => response.json() as Promise<T>,
            () => createApiError('Invalid JSON', 'PARSE')
          )
        : TE.left(createApiError(
            `HTTP ${response.status}`,
            response.status === 404 ? 'NOT_FOUND' : 'HTTP_ERROR',
            response.status
          ))
    )
  )

// Usage with pattern matching on error codes
const handleUserFetch = (userId: string) =>
  pipe(
    fetchWithErrorHandling<User>(`/api/users/${userId}`),
    TE.fold(
      (error) => {
        switch (error.code) {
          case 'NOT_FOUND': return T.of(showNotFoundPage())
          case 'NETWORK': return T.of(showOfflineMessage())
          default: return T.of(showGenericError(error.message))
        }
      },
      (user) => T.of(showUserProfile(user))
    )
  )

Process List Where Some Items Might Fail

typescript

import * as A from 'fp-ts/Array'
import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

interface ProcessResult<T> {
  successes: T[]
  failures: Array<{ item: unknown; error: string }>
}

// Process all, collect successes and failures separately
const processAllCollectErrors = <T, R>(
  items: T[],
  process: (item: T) => E.Either<string, R>
): ProcessResult<R> => {
  const results = items.map((item, index) =>
    pipe(
      process(item),
      E.mapLeft(error => ({ item, error, index }))
    )
  )

  return {
    successes: pipe(results, A.filterMap(E.toOption)),
    failures: pipe(
      results,
      A.filterMap(r => E.isLeft(r) ? O.some(r.left) : O.none)
    )
  }
}

// Usage
const parseNumbers = (inputs: string[]) =>
  processAllCollectErrors(inputs, input => {
    const n = parseInt(input, 10)
    return isNaN(n) ? E.left(`Invalid number: ${input}`) : E.right(n)
  })

parseNumbers(['1', 'abc', '3', 'def'])
// {
//   successes: [1, 3],
//   failures: [
//     { item: 'abc', error: 'Invalid number: abc', index: 1 },
//     { item: 'def', error: 'Invalid number: def', index: 3 }
//   ]
// }

Bulk Operations with Partial Success

typescript

import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
import * as T from 'fp-ts/Task'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

interface BulkResult<T> {
  succeeded: T[]
  failed: Array<{ id: string; error: string }>
}

const bulkProcess = <T>(
  ids: string[],
  process: (id: string) => TE.TaskEither<string, T>
): T.Task<BulkResult<T>> =>
  pipe(
    ids,
    A.map(id =>
      pipe(
        process(id),
        TE.fold(
          (error) => T.of({ type: 'failed' as const, id, error }),
          (result) => T.of({ type: 'succeeded' as const, result })
        )
      )
    ),
    T.sequenceArray,
    T.map(results => ({
      succeeded: results
        .filter((r): r is { type: 'succeeded'; result: T } => r.type === 'succeeded')
        .map(r => r.result),
      failed: results
        .filter((r): r is { type: 'failed'; id: string; error: string } => r.type === 'failed')
        .map(({ id, error }) => ({ id, error }))
    }))
  )

// Usage
const deleteUsers = (userIds: string[]) =>
  bulkProcess(userIds, id =>
    pipe(
      deleteUser(id),
      TE.mapLeft(e => e.message)
    )
  )

// All operations run, you get a report of what worked and what didn't

Quick Reference

Pattern	Use When	Example
`E.right(value)`	Creating a success	`E.right(42)`
`E.left(error)`	Creating a failure	`E.left('not found')`
`E.tryCatch(fn, onError)`	Wrapping throwing code	`E.tryCatch(() => JSON.parse(s), toError)`
`E.fromNullable(error)`	Converting nullable	`E.fromNullable('missing')(maybeValue)`
`E.map(fn)`	Transform success	`pipe(result, E.map(x => x * 2))`
`E.mapLeft(fn)`	Transform error	`pipe(result, E.mapLeft(addContext))`
`E.chain(fn)`	Chain operations	`pipe(getA(), E.chain(a => getB(a.id)))`
`E.chainW(fn)`	Chain with different error type	`pipe(validate(), E.chainW(save))`
`E.fold(onError, onSuccess)`	Handle both cases	`E.fold(showError, showData)`
`E.getOrElse(onError)`	Extract with default	`E.getOrElse(() => 0)`
`E.filterOrElse(pred, onFalse)`	Validate with error	`E.filterOrElse(x => x > 0, () => 'must be positive')`
`sequenceS(validation)({...})`	Collect all errors	Form validation

TaskEither Equivalents

All Either operations have TaskEither equivalents:

```
TE.right
```
,
```
TE.left
```
,
```
TE.tryCatch
```
```
TE.map
```
,
```
TE.mapLeft
```
,
```
TE.chain
```
,
```
TE.chainW
```
```
TE.fold
```
,
```
TE.getOrElse
```
,
```
TE.filterOrElse
```
```
TE.orElse
```
for fallbacks

Summary

Return errors as values - Use Either/TaskEither instead of throwing
Chain with confidence -
```
chain
```
stops at first error automatically
Collect all errors when needed - Use validation applicative for forms
Wrap at boundaries - Convert throwing/Promise code at the edges
Match at the end - Use
```
fold
```
to handle both cases when you're ready to act

The payoff: TypeScript tracks your errors, no more forgotten try/catch, clear control flow, and composable error handling.

fp-ts-errors

NPX Install

Tags

SKILL.md Content

Practical Error Handling with fp-ts

When to Use This Skill

1. Stop Throwing Everywhere

The Problem with Exceptions

The Solution: Return Errors as Values

2. The Result Pattern (Either)

Converting Throwing Code to Either

Common Either Operations

3. Chaining Operations That Might Fail

Before: Nested Try/Catch Hell

After: Clean Chain with Either

Different Error Types? Use chainW

4. Collecting Multiple Errors

Before: Collecting Errors Manually

After: Validation with Error Accumulation

Field-Level Errors for Forms

5. Async Operations (TaskEither)

Before: Promise Chain with Error Handling

After: Clean TaskEither Pipeline

Retry Failed Operations

Fallback to Alternative

6. Converting Between Patterns

From Nullable to Either

From Throwing Function to Either

From Promise to TaskEither

Back to Promise (Escape Hatch)

Real Scenarios

Parse User Input Safely

API Call with Full Error Handling

Process List Where Some Items Might Fail

Bulk Operations with Partial Success

Quick Reference

TaskEither Equivalents

Summary