Compliance Skill

Privacy Regulation Overview

GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)

• Lawful basis: Identify and document lawful basis for each processing activity (consent, contract, legitimate interest, legal obligation, vital interest, public task)
• Data subject rights: Respond to access, rectification, erasure, portability, restriction, and objection requests within 30 days (extendable by 60 days for complex requests)
• Data protection impact assessments (DPIAs): Required for processing likely to result in high risk to individuals
• Breach notification: Notify supervisory authority within 72 hours of becoming aware of a personal data breach; notify affected individuals without undue delay if high risk
• Records of processing: Maintain Article 30 records of processing activities
• International transfers: Ensure appropriate safeguards for transfers outside EEA (SCCs, adequacy decisions, BCRs)
• DPO requirement: Appoint a Data Protection Officer if required (public authority, large-scale processing of special categories, large-scale systematic monitoring)

• Reviewing vendor DPAs for GDPR compliance
• Advising product teams on privacy by design requirements
• Responding to supervisory authority inquiries
• Managing cross-border data transfer mechanisms
• Reviewing consent mechanisms and privacy notices

CCPA / CPRA (California Consumer Privacy Act / California Privacy Rights Act)

• Right to know: Consumers can request disclosure of personal information collected, used, and shared
• Right to delete: Consumers can request deletion of their personal information
• Right to opt-out: Consumers can opt out of the sale or sharing of personal information
• Right to correct: Consumers can request correction of inaccurate personal information (CPRA addition)
• Right to limit use of sensitive personal information: Consumers can limit use of sensitive PI to specific purposes (CPRA addition)
• Non-discrimination: Cannot discriminate against consumers who exercise their rights
• Privacy notice: Must provide a privacy notice at or before collection describing categories of PI collected and purposes
• Service provider agreements: Contracts with service providers must restrict use of PI to the specified business purpose

• Acknowledge receipt within 10 business days
• Respond substantively within 45 calendar days (extendable by 45 days with notice)

Other Key Regulations to Monitor

DPA Review Checklist

Required Elements (GDPR Article 28)

• Subject matter and duration: Clearly defined scope and term of processing
• Nature and purpose: Specific description of what processing will occur and why
• Type of personal data: Categories of personal data being processed
• Categories of data subjects: Whose personal data is being processed
• Controller obligations and rights: Controller's instructions and oversight rights

Processor Obligations

• Process only on documented instructions: Processor commits to process only per controller's instructions (with exception for legal requirements)
• Confidentiality: Personnel authorized to process have committed to confidentiality
• Security measures: Appropriate technical and organizational measures described (Article 32 reference)
• Sub-processor requirements:
  • Written authorization requirement (general or specific)
  • If general authorization: notification of changes with opportunity to object
  • Sub-processors bound by same obligations via written agreement
  • Processor remains liable for sub-processor performance
• Data subject rights assistance: Processor will assist controller in responding to data subject requests
• Security and breach assistance: Processor will assist with security obligations, breach notification, DPIAs, and prior consultation
• Deletion or return: On termination, delete or return all personal data (at controller's choice) and delete existing copies unless legal retention required
• Audit rights: Controller has right to conduct audits and inspections (or accept third-party audit reports)
• Breach notification: Processor will notify controller of personal data breaches without undue delay (ideally within 24-48 hours; must enable controller to meet 72-hour regulatory deadline)

International Transfers

• Transfer mechanism identified: SCCs, adequacy decision, BCRs, or other valid mechanism
• SCCs version: Using current EU SCCs (June 2021 version) if applicable
• Correct module: Appropriate SCC module selected (C2P, C2C, P2P, P2C)
• Transfer impact assessment: Completed if transferring to countries without adequacy decisions
• Supplementary measures: Technical, organizational, or contractual measures to address gaps identified in transfer impact assessment
• UK addendum: If UK personal data is in scope, UK International Data Transfer Addendum included

Practical Considerations

• Liability: DPA liability provisions align with (or don't conflict with) the main services agreement
• Termination alignment: DPA term aligns with the services agreement
• Data locations: Processing locations specified and acceptable
• Security standards: Specific security standards or certifications required (SOC 2, ISO 27001, etc.)
• Insurance: Adequate insurance coverage for data processing activities

Common DPA Issues

Data Subject Request Handling

Request Intake

1. Identify the request type:
   • Access (copy of personal data)
   • Rectification (correction of inaccurate data)
   • Erasure / deletion ("right to be forgotten")
   • Restriction of processing
   • Data portability (structured, machine-readable format)
   • Objection to processing
   • Opt-out of sale/sharing (CCPA/CPRA)
   • Limit use of sensitive personal information (CPRA)
2. Identify applicable regulation(s):
   • Where is the data subject located?
   • Which laws apply based on your organization's presence and activities?
   • What are the specific requirements and timelines?
3. Verify identity:
   • Confirm the requester is who they claim to be
   • Use reasonable verification measures proportionate to the sensitivity of the data
   • Do not require excessive documentation
4. Log the request:
   • Date received
   • Request type
   • Requester identity
   • Applicable regulation
   • Response deadline
   • Assigned handler

Response Timelines

Exemptions and Exceptions

• Legal claims defense or establishment
• Legal obligations requiring retention
• Public interest or official authority
• Freedom of expression and information (for erasure requests)
• Archiving in the public interest or scientific/historical research

• Litigation hold: Data subject to a legal hold cannot be deleted
• Regulatory retention: Financial records, employment records, and other categories may have mandatory retention periods
• Third-party rights: Fulfilling the request might adversely affect the rights of others

Response Process

1. Gather all personal data of the requester across systems
2. Apply any exemptions and document the basis
3. Prepare response: fulfill the request or explain why (in whole or part) it cannot be fulfilled
4. If denying (in whole or part): cite the specific legal basis for denial
5. Inform the requester of their right to lodge a complaint with the supervisory authority
6. Document the response and retain records of the request and response

Regulatory Monitoring Basics

What to Monitor

• Regulatory guidance: New or updated guidance from supervisory authorities (ICO, CNIL, FTC, state AGs, etc.)
• Enforcement actions: Fines, orders, and settlements that signal regulatory priorities
• Legislative changes: New privacy laws, amendments to existing laws, implementing regulations
• Industry standards: Updates to ISO 27001, SOC 2, NIST frameworks, and sector-specific requirements
• Cross-border transfer developments: Adequacy decisions, SCC updates, data localization requirements

Monitoring Approach

1. Subscribe to regulatory authority communications (newsletters, RSS feeds, official announcements)
2. Track relevant legal publications for analysis of new developments
3. Review industry association updates for sector-specific guidance
4. Maintain a regulatory calendar of known upcoming deadlines, effective dates, and compliance milestones
5. Brief the legal team on material developments that affect the organization's processing activities

Escalation Criteria

• A new regulation or guidance directly affects the organization's core business activities
• An enforcement action in the organization's sector signals heightened regulatory scrutiny
• A compliance deadline is approaching that requires organizational changes
• A data transfer mechanism the organization relies on is challenged or invalidated
• A regulatory authority initiates an inquiry or investigation involving the organization