a11y-debugging

Core Concepts

Accessibility Tree vs DOM: Visually hiding an element (e.g.,

CSS opacity: 0

) behaves differently for screen readers than

display: none

aria-hidden="true"

. The

take_snapshot

tool returns the accessibility tree of the page, which represents what assistive technologies "see", making it the most reliable source of truth for semantic structure.

Reading web.dev documentation: If you need to research specific accessibility guidelines (like

https://web.dev/articles/accessible-tap-targets

), you can append

.md.txt

to the URL (e.g.,

https://web.dev/articles/accessible-tap-targets.md.txt

) to fetch the clean, raw markdown version. This is much easier to read!

Workflow Patterns

1. Automated Audit (Lighthouse)

Start by running a Lighthouse accessibility audit to get a comprehensive baseline. This tool provides a high-level score and lists specific failing elements with remediation advice.

Run the audit:
- Set
```
mode
```
  to
```
"navigation"
```
  to refresh the page and capture load issues.
- Set
```
outputDirPath
```
  (e.g.,
```
/tmp/lh-report
```
  ) to save the full JSON report.
Analyze the Summary:
- Check
```
scores
```
  (0-1 scale). A score < 1 indicates violations.
- Review
```
audits.failed
```
  count.

Review the Report (CRITICAL):

Parsing: Do not read the entire file line-by-line. Use a CLI tool like

jq

or a Node.js one-liner to filter for failures:

bash

# Extract failing audits with their details
node -e "const r=require('./report.json'); Object.values(r.audits).filter(a=>a.score!==null && a.score<1).forEach(a=>console.log(JSON.stringify({id:a.id, title:a.title, items:a.details?.items})))"

This efficiently extracts the
```
selector
```
and
```
snippet
```
of failing elements without loading the full report into context.

2. Browser Issues & Audits

Chrome automatically checks for common accessibility problems. Use

list_console_messages

to check for these native audits:

```
types
```
:
```
["issue"]
```
```
includePreservedMessages
```
:
```
true
```
(to catch issues that occurred during page load)

This often reveals missing labels, invalid ARIA attributes, and other critical errors without manual investigation.

3. Semantics & Structure

The accessibility tree exposes the heading hierarchy and semantic landmarks.

Navigate to the page.
Use
```
take_snapshot
```
to capture the accessibility tree.
Check Heading Levels: Ensure heading levels (
```
h1
```
,
```
h2
```
,
```
h3
```
, etc.) are logical and do not skip levels. The snapshot will include heading roles.
Content Reordering: Verify that the DOM order (which drives the accessibility tree) matches the visual reading order. Use
```
take_screenshot
```
to inspect the visual layout and compare it against the snapshot structure to catch CSS floats or absolute positioning that jumbles the logical flow.

4. Labels, Forms & Text Alternatives

Locate buttons, inputs, and images in the
```
take_snapshot
```
output.
Ensure interactive elements have an accessible name (e.g., a button should not just say
```
""
```
if it only contains an icon).
Orphaned Inputs: Verify that all form inputs have associated labels. Use
```
evaluate_script
```
with the "Find Orphaned Form Inputs" snippet found in references/a11y-snippets.md.
Check images for
```
alt
```
text.

5. Focus & Keyboard Navigation

Testing "keyboard traps" and proper focus management without visual feedback relies on tracking the focused element.

Use the
```
press_key
```
tool with
```
"Tab"
```
or
```
"Shift+Tab"
```
to move focus.
Use
```
take_snapshot
```
to capture the updated accessibility tree.
Locate the element marked as focused in the snapshot to verify focus moved to the expected interactive element.
If a modal opens, focus must move into the modal and "trap" within it until closed.

6. Tap Targets and Visuals

According to web.dev, tap targets should be at least 48x48 pixels with sufficient spacing. Since the accessibility tree doesn't show sizes, use

evaluate_script

with the "Measure Tap Target Size" snippet found in references/a11y-snippets.md.

Pass the element's
uid
from the snapshot as an argument to
evaluate_script
.

7. Color Contrast

To verify color contrast ratios, start by checking for native accessibility issues:

Call
```
list_console_messages
```
with
```
types: ["issue"]
```
.
Look for "Low Contrast" issues in the output.

If native audits do not report issues (which may happen in some headless environments) or if you need to check a specific element manually, use

evaluate_script

with the "Check Color Contrast" snippet found in references/a11y-snippets.md.

8. Global Page Checks

Verify document-level accessibility settings often missed in component testing using the "Global Page Checks" snippet found in references/a11y-snippets.md.

Troubleshooting

If standard a11y queries fail or the

evaluate_script

snippets return unexpected results:

Visual Inspection: If automated scripts cannot determine contrast (e.g., text over gradient images or complex backgrounds), use
```
take_screenshot
```
to capture the element. While models cannot measure exact contrast ratios from images, they can visually assess legibility and identify obvious issues.