visual-design-foundations

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Visual Design Foundations

视觉设计基础

Build cohesive, accessible visual systems using typography, color, spacing, and iconography fundamentals.

运用排版、色彩、间距和图标设计的基础原理，构建协调统一、无障碍的视觉系统。

When to Use This Skill

何时使用此技能

Establishing design tokens for a new project
Creating or refining a spacing and sizing system
Selecting and pairing typefaces
Building accessible color palettes
Designing icon systems and visual assets
Improving visual hierarchy and readability
Auditing designs for visual consistency
Implementing dark mode or theming

为新项目创建设计令牌
创建或优化间距与尺寸系统
选择和搭配字体
构建无障碍调色板
设计图标系统与视觉资产
优化视觉层级与可读性
审核设计的视觉一致性
实现深色模式或主题切换

Core Systems

核心系统

1. Typography Scale

1. 排版比例

Modular Scale (ratio-based sizing):

css

:root {
  --font-size-xs: 0.75rem; /* 12px */
  --font-size-sm: 0.875rem; /* 14px */
  --font-size-base: 1rem; /* 16px */
  --font-size-lg: 1.125rem; /* 18px */
  --font-size-xl: 1.25rem; /* 20px */
  --font-size-2xl: 1.5rem; /* 24px */
  --font-size-3xl: 1.875rem; /* 30px */
  --font-size-4xl: 2.25rem; /* 36px */
  --font-size-5xl: 3rem; /* 48px */
}

Line Height Guidelines:

Text Type	Line Height
Headings	1.1 - 1.3
Body text	1.5 - 1.7
UI labels	1.2 - 1.4

Modular Scale（基于比例的尺寸系统）：

css

:root {
  --font-size-xs: 0.75rem; /* 12px */
  --font-size-sm: 0.875rem; /* 14px */
  --font-size-base: 1rem; /* 16px */
  --font-size-lg: 1.125rem; /* 18px */
  --font-size-xl: 1.25rem; /* 20px */
  --font-size-2xl: 1.5rem; /* 24px */
  --font-size-3xl: 1.875rem; /* 30px */
  --font-size-4xl: 2.25rem; /* 36px */
  --font-size-5xl: 3rem; /* 48px */
}

行高指南:

文本类型	行高
标题	1.1 - 1.3
正文	1.5 - 1.7
UI标签	1.2 - 1.4

2. Spacing System

2. 间距系统

8-point grid (industry standard):

css

:root {
  --space-1: 0.25rem; /* 4px */
  --space-2: 0.5rem; /* 8px */
  --space-3: 0.75rem; /* 12px */
  --space-4: 1rem; /* 16px */
  --space-5: 1.25rem; /* 20px */
  --space-6: 1.5rem; /* 24px */
  --space-8: 2rem; /* 32px */
  --space-10: 2.5rem; /* 40px */
  --space-12: 3rem; /* 48px */
  --space-16: 4rem; /* 64px */
}

8-point grid（行业标准）：

css

:root {
  --space-1: 0.25rem; /* 4px */
  --space-2: 0.5rem; /* 8px */
  --space-3: 0.75rem; /* 12px */
  --space-4: 1rem; /* 16px */
  --space-5: 1.25rem; /* 20px */
  --space-6: 1.5rem; /* 24px */
  --space-8: 2rem; /* 32px */
  --space-10: 2.5rem; /* 40px */
  --space-12: 3rem; /* 48px */
  --space-16: 4rem; /* 64px */
}

3. Color System

3. 色彩系统

Semantic color tokens:

css

:root {
  /* Brand */
  --color-primary: #2563eb;
  --color-primary-hover: #1d4ed8;
  --color-primary-active: #1e40af;

  /* Semantic */
  --color-success: #16a34a;
  --color-warning: #ca8a04;
  --color-error: #dc2626;
  --color-info: #0891b2;

  /* Neutral */
  --color-gray-50: #f9fafb;
  --color-gray-100: #f3f4f6;
  --color-gray-200: #e5e7eb;
  --color-gray-300: #d1d5db;
  --color-gray-400: #9ca3af;
  --color-gray-500: #6b7280;
  --color-gray-600: #4b5563;
  --color-gray-700: #374151;
  --color-gray-800: #1f2937;
  --color-gray-900: #111827;
}

Semantic color tokens:

css

:root {
  /* Brand */
  --color-primary: #2563eb;
  --color-primary-hover: #1d4ed8;
  --color-primary-active: #1e40af;

  /* Semantic */
  --color-success: #16a34a;
  --color-warning: #ca8a04;
  --color-error: #dc2626;
  --color-info: #0891b2;

  /* Neutral */
  --color-gray-50: #f9fafb;
  --color-gray-100: #f3f4f6;
  --color-gray-200: #e5e7eb;
  --color-gray-300: #d1d5db;
  --color-gray-400: #9ca3af;
  --color-gray-500: #6b7280;
  --color-gray-600: #4b5563;
  --color-gray-700: #374151;
  --color-gray-800: #1f2937;
  --color-gray-900: #111827;
}

Quick Start: Design Tokens in Tailwind

快速入门：在Tailwind中使用设计令牌

// tailwind.config.js
module.exports = {
  theme: {
    extend: {
      fontFamily: {
        sans: ["Inter", "system-ui", "sans-serif"],
        mono: ["JetBrains Mono", "monospace"],
      },
      fontSize: {
        xs: ["0.75rem", { lineHeight: "1rem" }],
        sm: ["0.875rem", { lineHeight: "1.25rem" }],
        base: ["1rem", { lineHeight: "1.5rem" }],
        lg: ["1.125rem", { lineHeight: "1.75rem" }],
        xl: ["1.25rem", { lineHeight: "1.75rem" }],
        "2xl": ["1.5rem", { lineHeight: "2rem" }],
      },
      colors: {
        brand: {
          50: "#eff6ff",
          500: "#3b82f6",
          600: "#2563eb",
          700: "#1d4ed8",
        },
      },
      spacing: {
        // Extends default with custom values
        18: "4.5rem",
        88: "22rem",
      },
    },
  },
};

// tailwind.config.js
module.exports = {
  theme: {
    extend: {
      fontFamily: {
        sans: ["Inter", "system-ui", "sans-serif"],
        mono: ["JetBrains Mono", "monospace"],
      },
      fontSize: {
        xs: ["0.75rem", { lineHeight: "1rem" }],
        sm: ["0.875rem", { lineHeight: "1.25rem" }],
        base: ["1rem", { lineHeight: "1.5rem" }],
        lg: ["1.125rem", { lineHeight: "1.75rem" }],
        xl: ["1.25rem", { lineHeight: "1.75rem" }],
        "2xl": ["1.5rem", { lineHeight: "2rem" }],
      },
      colors: {
        brand: {
          50: "#eff6ff",
          500: "#3b82f6",
          600: "#2563eb",
          700: "#1d4ed8",
        },
      },
      spacing: {
        // Extends default with custom values
        18: "4.5rem",
        88: "22rem",
      },
    },
  },
};

Typography Best Practices

排版最佳实践

Font Pairing

字体搭配

Safe combinations:

Heading: Inter / Body: Inter (single family)
Heading: Playfair Display / Body: Source Sans Pro (contrast)
Heading: Space Grotesk / Body: IBM Plex Sans (geometric)

安全搭配组合:

标题：Inter / 正文：Inter（单字体家族）
标题：Playfair Display / 正文：Source Sans Pro（对比风格）
标题：Space Grotesk / 正文：IBM Plex Sans（几何风格）

Responsive Typography

响应式排版

css

/* Fluid typography using clamp() */
h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 5vw + 1rem, 3.5rem);
  line-height: 1.1;
}

p {
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 2vw + 0.5rem, 1.125rem);
  line-height: 1.6;
  max-width: 65ch; /* Optimal reading width */
}

css

/* Fluid typography using clamp() */
h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 5vw + 1rem, 3.5rem);
  line-height: 1.1;
}

p {
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 2vw + 0.5rem, 1.125rem);
  line-height: 1.6;
  max-width: 65ch; /* Optimal reading width */
}

Font Loading

字体加载

css

/* Prevent layout shift */
@font-face {
  font-family: "Inter";
  src: url("/fonts/Inter.woff2") format("woff2");
  font-display: swap;
  font-weight: 400 700;
}

css

/* Prevent layout shift */
@font-face {
  font-family: "Inter";
  src: url("/fonts/Inter.woff2") format("woff2");
  font-display: swap;
  font-weight: 400 700;
}

Color Theory

色彩理论

Contrast Requirements (WCAG)

对比度要求（WCAG标准）

Element	Minimum Ratio
Body text	4.5:1 (AA)
Large text (18px+)	3:1 (AA)
UI components	3:1 (AA)
Enhanced	7:1 (AAA)

元素	最低对比度
正文	4.5:1 (AA)
大文本（18px+）	3:1 (AA)
UI组件	3:1 (AA)
增强级	7:1 (AAA)

Dark Mode Strategy

深色模式策略

css

:root {
  --bg-primary: #ffffff;
  --bg-secondary: #f9fafb;
  --text-primary: #111827;
  --text-secondary: #6b7280;
  --border: #e5e7eb;
}

[data-theme="dark"] {
  --bg-primary: #111827;
  --bg-secondary: #1f2937;
  --text-primary: #f9fafb;
  --text-secondary: #9ca3af;
  --border: #374151;
}

css

:root {
  --bg-primary: #ffffff;
  --bg-secondary: #f9fafb;
  --text-primary: #111827;
  --text-secondary: #6b7280;
  --border: #e5e7eb;
}

[data-theme="dark"] {
  --bg-primary: #111827;
  --bg-secondary: #1f2937;
  --text-primary: #f9fafb;
  --text-secondary: #9ca3af;
  --border: #374151;
}

Color Accessibility

色彩无障碍性

tsx

// Check contrast programmatically
function getContrastRatio(foreground: string, background: string): number {
  const getLuminance = (hex: string) => {
    const rgb = hexToRgb(hex);
    const [r, g, b] = rgb.map((c) => {
      c = c / 255;
      return c <= 0.03928 ? c / 12.92 : Math.pow((c + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
    });
    return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b;
  };

  const l1 = getLuminance(foreground);
  const l2 = getLuminance(background);
  const lighter = Math.max(l1, l2);
  const darker = Math.min(l1, l2);

  return (lighter + 0.05) / (darker + 0.05);
}

tsx

// Check contrast programmatically
function getContrastRatio(foreground: string, background: string): number {
  const getLuminance = (hex: string) => {
    const rgb = hexToRgb(hex);
    const [r, g, b] = rgb.map((c) => {
      c = c / 255;
      return c <= 0.03928 ? c / 12.92 : Math.pow((c + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
    });
    return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b;
  };

  const l1 = getLuminance(foreground);
  const l2 = getLuminance(background);
  const lighter = Math.max(l1, l2);
  const darker = Math.min(l1, l2);

  return (lighter + 0.05) / (darker + 0.05);
}

Spacing Guidelines

间距指南

Component Spacing

组件间距

Card padding:      16-24px (--space-4 to --space-6)
Section gap:       32-64px (--space-8 to --space-16)
Form field gap:    16-24px (--space-4 to --space-6)
Button padding:    8-16px vertical, 16-24px horizontal
Icon-text gap:     8px (--space-2)

卡片内边距：      16-24px (--space-4 至 --space-6)
区块间距：       32-64px (--space-8 至 --space-16)
表单字段间距：    16-24px (--space-4 至 --space-6)
按钮内边距：    8-16px 垂直，16-24px 水平
图标与文本间距：     8px (--space-2)

Visual Rhythm

视觉韵律

css

/* Consistent vertical rhythm */
.prose > * + * {
  margin-top: var(--space-4);
}

.prose > h2 + * {
  margin-top: var(--space-2);
}

.prose > * + h2 {
  margin-top: var(--space-8);
}

css

/* Consistent vertical rhythm */
.prose > * + * {
  margin-top: var(--space-4);
}

.prose > h2 + * {
  margin-top: var(--space-2);
}

.prose > * + h2 {
  margin-top: var(--space-8);
}

Iconography

图标设计

Icon Sizing System

图标尺寸系统

css

:root {
  --icon-xs: 12px;
  --icon-sm: 16px;
  --icon-md: 20px;
  --icon-lg: 24px;
  --icon-xl: 32px;
}

css

:root {
  --icon-xs: 12px;
  --icon-sm: 16px;
  --icon-md: 20px;
  --icon-lg: 24px;
  --icon-xl: 32px;
}

Icon Component

图标组件

tsx

interface IconProps {
  name: string;
  size?: "xs" | "sm" | "md" | "lg" | "xl";
  className?: string;
}

const sizeMap = {
  xs: 12,
  sm: 16,
  md: 20,
  lg: 24,
  xl: 32,
};

export function Icon({ name, size = "md", className }: IconProps) {
  return (
    <svg
      width={sizeMap[size]}
      height={sizeMap[size]}
      className={cn("inline-block flex-shrink-0", className)}
      aria-hidden="true"
    >
      <use href={`/icons.svg#${name}`} />
    </svg>
  );
}

tsx

interface IconProps {
  name: string;
  size?: "xs" | "sm" | "md" | "lg" | "xl";
  className?: string;
}

const sizeMap = {
  xs: 12,
  sm: 16,
  md: 20,
  lg: 24,
  xl: 32,
};

export function Icon({ name, size = "md", className }: IconProps) {
  return (
    <svg
      width={sizeMap[size]}
      height={sizeMap[size]}
      className={cn("inline-block flex-shrink-0", className)}
      aria-hidden="true"
    >
      <use href={`/icons.svg#${name}`} />
    </svg>
  );
}

Best Practices

最佳实践

Establish Constraints: Limit choices to maintain consistency
Document Decisions: Create a living style guide
Test Accessibility: Verify contrast, sizing, touch targets
Use Semantic Tokens: Name by purpose, not appearance
Design Mobile-First: Start with constraints, add complexity
Maintain Vertical Rhythm: Consistent spacing creates harmony
Limit Font Weights: 2-3 weights per family is sufficient

设定约束条件：限制选择范围以保持一致性
记录决策：创建动态更新的样式指南
测试无障碍性：验证对比度、尺寸、触摸目标
使用语义化令牌：按用途命名，而非外观
移动端优先设计：从约束条件入手，逐步增加复杂度
保持垂直韵律：一致的间距营造和谐感
限制字重数量：每个字体家族使用2-3种字重即可

Common Issues

常见问题

Inconsistent Spacing: Not using a defined scale
Poor Contrast: Failing WCAG requirements
Font Overload: Too many families or weights
Magic Numbers: Arbitrary values instead of tokens
Missing States: Forgetting hover, focus, disabled
No Dark Mode Plan: Retrofitting is harder than planning

间距不一致：未使用定义好的比例系统
对比度不足：未达到WCAG要求
字体过载：使用过多字体家族或字重
魔法数值：使用任意数值而非令牌
状态缺失：忽略悬停、聚焦、禁用等状态
无深色模式规划：事后适配比预先规划更困难