e2e-testing-patterns

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E2E Testing Patterns

E2E测试模式

Build reliable, fast, and maintainable end-to-end test suites that provide confidence to ship code quickly and catch regressions before users do.

构建可靠、快速且易于维护的端到端测试套件，让你能够自信地快速交付代码，并在用户发现之前捕获回归问题。

When to Use This Skill

何时使用此技能

Implementing end-to-end test automation
Debugging flaky or unreliable tests
Testing critical user workflows
Setting up CI/CD test pipelines
Testing across multiple browsers
Validating accessibility requirements
Testing responsive designs
Establishing E2E testing standards

实施端到端测试自动化
调试不稳定或不可靠的测试
测试关键用户工作流
搭建CI/CD测试流水线
跨多浏览器测试
验证无障碍访问要求
测试响应式设计
建立E2E测试标准

Core Concepts

核心概念

1. E2E Testing Fundamentals

1. E2E测试基础

What to Test with E2E:

Critical user journeys (login, checkout, signup)
Complex interactions (drag-and-drop, multi-step forms)
Cross-browser compatibility
Real API integration
Authentication flows

What NOT to Test with E2E:

Unit-level logic (use unit tests)
API contracts (use integration tests)
Edge cases (too slow)
Internal implementation details

E2E测试的适用场景：

关键用户旅程（登录、结账、注册）
复杂交互（拖拽、多步骤表单）
跨浏览器兼容性
真实API集成
认证流程

E2E测试的不适用场景：

单元级逻辑（使用单元测试）
API契约（使用集成测试）
边缘情况（速度太慢）
内部实现细节

2. Test Philosophy

2. 测试理念

The Testing Pyramid:

        /\
       /E2E\         ← Few, focused on critical paths
      /─────\
     /Integr\        ← More, test component interactions
    /────────\
   /Unit Tests\      ← Many, fast, isolated
  /────────────\

Best Practices:

Test user behavior, not implementation
Keep tests independent
Make tests deterministic
Optimize for speed
Use data-testid, not CSS selectors

测试金字塔：

        /\
       /E2E\         ← 少量，聚焦关键路径
      /─────\
     /Integr\        ← 较多，测试组件交互
    /────────\
   /Unit Tests\      ← 大量，快速，独立
  /────────────\

最佳实践：

测试用户行为，而非实现细节
保持测试独立
确保测试确定性
优化测试速度
使用data-testid，而非CSS选择器

Playwright Patterns

Playwright测试模式

Setup and Configuration

安装与配置

typescript

// playwright.config.ts
import { defineConfig, devices } from "@playwright/test";

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: "./e2e",
  timeout: 30000,
  expect: {
    timeout: 5000,
  },
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: [["html"], ["junit", { outputFile: "results.xml" }]],
  use: {
    baseURL: "http://localhost:3000",
    trace: "on-first-retry",
    screenshot: "only-on-failure",
    video: "retain-on-failure",
  },
  projects: [
    { name: "chromium", use: { ...devices["Desktop Chrome"] } },
    { name: "firefox", use: { ...devices["Desktop Firefox"] } },
    { name: "webkit", use: { ...devices["Desktop Safari"] } },
    { name: "mobile", use: { ...devices["iPhone 13"] } },
  ],
});

typescript

// playwright.config.ts
import { defineConfig, devices } from "@playwright/test";

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: "./e2e",
  timeout: 30000,
  expect: {
    timeout: 5000,
  },
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: [["html"], ["junit", { outputFile: "results.xml" }]],
  use: {
    baseURL: "http://localhost:3000",
    trace: "on-first-retry",
    screenshot: "only-on-failure",
    video: "retain-on-failure",
  },
  projects: [
    { name: "chromium", use: { ...devices["Desktop Chrome"] } },
    { name: "firefox", use: { ...devices["Desktop Firefox"] } },
    { name: "webkit", use: { ...devices["Desktop Safari"] } },
    { name: "mobile", use: { ...devices["iPhone 13"] } },
  ],
});

Pattern 1: Page Object Model

模式1：页面对象模型

typescript

// pages/LoginPage.ts
import { Page, Locator } from "@playwright/test";

export class LoginPage {
  readonly page: Page;
  readonly emailInput: Locator;
  readonly passwordInput: Locator;
  readonly loginButton: Locator;
  readonly errorMessage: Locator;

  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page;
    this.emailInput = page.getByLabel("Email");
    this.passwordInput = page.getByLabel("Password");
    this.loginButton = page.getByRole("button", { name: "Login" });
    this.errorMessage = page.getByRole("alert");
  }

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto("/login");
  }

  async login(email: string, password: string) {
    await this.emailInput.fill(email);
    await this.passwordInput.fill(password);
    await this.loginButton.click();
  }

  async getErrorMessage(): Promise<string> {
    return (await this.errorMessage.textContent()) ?? "";
  }
}

// Test using Page Object
import { test, expect } from "@playwright/test";
import { LoginPage } from "./pages/LoginPage";

test("successful login", async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);
  await loginPage.goto();
  await loginPage.login("user@example.com", "password123");

  await expect(page).toHaveURL("/dashboard");
  await expect(page.getByRole("heading", { name: "Dashboard" })).toBeVisible();
});

test("failed login shows error", async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);
  await loginPage.goto();
  await loginPage.login("invalid@example.com", "wrong");

  const error = await loginPage.getErrorMessage();
  expect(error).toContain("Invalid credentials");
});

typescript

// pages/LoginPage.ts
import { Page, Locator } from "@playwright/test";

export class LoginPage {
  readonly page: Page;
  readonly emailInput: Locator;
  readonly passwordInput: Locator;
  readonly loginButton: Locator;
  readonly errorMessage: Locator;

  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page;
    this.emailInput = page.getByLabel("Email");
    this.passwordInput = page.getByLabel("Password");
    this.loginButton = page.getByRole("button", { name: "Login" });
    this.errorMessage = page.getByRole("alert");
  }

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto("/login");
  }

  async login(email: string, password: string) {
    await this.emailInput.fill(email);
    await this.passwordInput.fill(password);
    await this.loginButton.click();
  }

  async getErrorMessage(): Promise<string> {
    return (await this.errorMessage.textContent()) ?? "";
  }
}

// Test using Page Object
import { test, expect } from "@playwright/test";
import { LoginPage } from "./pages/LoginPage";

test("successful login", async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);
  await loginPage.goto();
  await loginPage.login("user@example.com", "password123");

  await expect(page).toHaveURL("/dashboard");
  await expect(page.getByRole("heading", { name: "Dashboard" })).toBeVisible();
});

test("failed login shows error", async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);
  await loginPage.goto();
  await loginPage.login("invalid@example.com", "wrong");

  const error = await loginPage.getErrorMessage();
  expect(error).toContain("Invalid credentials");
});

Pattern 2: Fixtures for Test Data

模式2：测试数据夹具

typescript

// fixtures/test-data.ts
import { test as base } from "@playwright/test";

type TestData = {
  testUser: {
    email: string;
    password: string;
    name: string;
  };
  adminUser: {
    email: string;
    password: string;
  };
};

export const test = base.extend<TestData>({
  testUser: async ({}, use) => {
    const user = {
      email: `test-${Date.now()}@example.com`,
      password: "Test123!@#",
      name: "Test User",
    };
    // Setup: Create user in database
    await createTestUser(user);
    await use(user);
    // Teardown: Clean up user
    await deleteTestUser(user.email);
  },

  adminUser: async ({}, use) => {
    await use({
      email: "admin@example.com",
      password: process.env.ADMIN_PASSWORD!,
    });
  },
});

// Usage in tests
import { test } from "./fixtures/test-data";

test("user can update profile", async ({ page, testUser }) => {
  await page.goto("/login");
  await page.getByLabel("Email").fill(testUser.email);
  await page.getByLabel("Password").fill(testUser.password);
  await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Login" }).click();

  await page.goto("/profile");
  await page.getByLabel("Name").fill("Updated Name");
  await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Save" }).click();

  await expect(page.getByText("Profile updated")).toBeVisible();
});

typescript

// fixtures/test-data.ts
import { test as base } from "@playwright/test";

type TestData = {
  testUser: {
    email: string;
    password: string;
    name: string;
  };
  adminUser: {
    email: string;
    password: string;
  };
};

export const test = base.extend<TestData>({
  testUser: async ({}, use) => {
    const user = {
      email: `test-${Date.now()}@example.com`,
      password: "Test123!@#",
      name: "Test User",
    };
    // Setup: Create user in database
    await createTestUser(user);
    await use(user);
    // Teardown: Clean up user
    await deleteTestUser(user.email);
  },

  adminUser: async ({}, use) => {
    await use({
      email: "admin@example.com",
      password: process.env.ADMIN_PASSWORD!,
    });
  },
});

// Usage in tests
import { test } from "./fixtures/test-data";

test("user can update profile", async ({ page, testUser }) => {
  await page.goto("/login");
  await page.getByLabel("Email").fill(testUser.email);
  await page.getByLabel("Password").fill(testUser.password);
  await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Login" }).click();

  await page.goto("/profile");
  await page.getByLabel("Name").fill("Updated Name");
  await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Save" }).click();

  await expect(page.getByText("Profile updated")).toBeVisible();
});

Pattern 3: Waiting Strategies

模式3：等待策略

typescript

// ❌ Bad: Fixed timeouts
await page.waitForTimeout(3000); // Flaky!

// ✅ Good: Wait for specific conditions
await page.waitForLoadState("networkidle");
await page.waitForURL("/dashboard");
await page.waitForSelector('[data-testid="user-profile"]');

// ✅ Better: Auto-waiting with assertions
await expect(page.getByText("Welcome")).toBeVisible();
await expect(page.getByRole("button", { name: "Submit" })).toBeEnabled();

// Wait for API response
const responsePromise = page.waitForResponse(
  (response) =>
    response.url().includes("/api/users") && response.status() === 200,
);
await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Load Users" }).click();
const response = await responsePromise;
const data = await response.json();
expect(data.users).toHaveLength(10);

// Wait for multiple conditions
await Promise.all([
  page.waitForURL("/success"),
  page.waitForLoadState("networkidle"),
  expect(page.getByText("Payment successful")).toBeVisible(),
]);

typescript

// ❌ Bad: Fixed timeouts
await page.waitForTimeout(3000); // Flaky!

// ✅ Good: Wait for specific conditions
await page.waitForLoadState("networkidle");
await page.waitForURL("/dashboard");
await page.waitForSelector('[data-testid="user-profile"]');

// ✅ Better: Auto-waiting with assertions
await expect(page.getByText("Welcome")).toBeVisible();
await expect(page.getByRole("button", { name: "Submit" })).toBeEnabled();

// Wait for API response
const responsePromise = page.waitForResponse(
  (response) =>
    response.url().includes("/api/users") && response.status() === 200,
);
await page.getByRole("button", { name: "Load Users" }).click();
const response = await responsePromise;
const data = await response.json();
expect(data.users).toHaveLength(10);

// Wait for multiple conditions
await Promise.all([
  page.waitForURL("/success"),
  page.waitForLoadState("networkidle"),
  expect(page.getByText("Payment successful")).toBeVisible(),
]);

Pattern 4: Network Mocking and Interception

模式4：网络模拟与拦截

typescript

// Mock API responses
test("displays error when API fails", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.route("**/api/users", (route) => {
    route.fulfill({
      status: 500,
      contentType: "application/json",
      body: JSON.stringify({ error: "Internal Server Error" }),
    });
  });

  await page.goto("/users");
  await expect(page.getByText("Failed to load users")).toBeVisible();
});

// Intercept and modify requests
test("can modify API request", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.route("**/api/users", async (route) => {
    const request = route.request();
    const postData = JSON.parse(request.postData() || "{}");

    // Modify request
    postData.role = "admin";

    await route.continue({
      postData: JSON.stringify(postData),
    });
  });

  // Test continues...
});

// Mock third-party services
test("payment flow with mocked Stripe", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.route("**/api/stripe/**", (route) => {
    route.fulfill({
      status: 200,
      body: JSON.stringify({
        id: "mock_payment_id",
        status: "succeeded",
      }),
    });
  });

  // Test payment flow with mocked response
});

typescript

// Mock API responses
test("displays error when API fails", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.route("**/api/users", (route) => {
    route.fulfill({
      status: 500,
      contentType: "application/json",
      body: JSON.stringify({ error: "Internal Server Error" }),
    });
  });

  await page.goto("/users");
  await expect(page.getByText("Failed to load users")).toBeVisible();
});

// Intercept and modify requests
test("can modify API request", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.route("**/api/users", async (route) => {
    const request = route.request();
    const postData = JSON.parse(request.postData() || "{}");

    // Modify request
    postData.role = "admin";

    await route.continue({
      postData: JSON.stringify(postData),
    });
  });

  // Test continues...
});

// Mock third-party services
test("payment flow with mocked Stripe", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.route("**/api/stripe/**", (route) => {
    route.fulfill({
      status: 200,
      body: JSON.stringify({
        id: "mock_payment_id",
        status: "succeeded",
      }),
    });
  });

  // Test payment flow with mocked response
});

Cypress Patterns

Cypress测试模式

Setup and Configuration

安装与配置

typescript

// cypress.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "cypress";

export default defineConfig({
  e2e: {
    baseUrl: "http://localhost:3000",
    viewportWidth: 1280,
    viewportHeight: 720,
    video: false,
    screenshotOnRunFailure: true,
    defaultCommandTimeout: 10000,
    requestTimeout: 10000,
    setupNodeEvents(on, config) {
      // Implement node event listeners
    },
  },
});

typescript

// cypress.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "cypress";

export default defineConfig({
  e2e: {
    baseUrl: "http://localhost:3000",
    viewportWidth: 1280,
    viewportHeight: 720,
    video: false,
    screenshotOnRunFailure: true,
    defaultCommandTimeout: 10000,
    requestTimeout: 10000,
    setupNodeEvents(on, config) {
      // Implement node event listeners
    },
  },
});

Pattern 1: Custom Commands

模式1：自定义命令

typescript

// cypress/support/commands.ts
declare global {
  namespace Cypress {
    interface Chainable {
      login(email: string, password: string): Chainable<void>;
      createUser(userData: UserData): Chainable<User>;
      dataCy(value: string): Chainable<JQuery<HTMLElement>>;
    }
  }
}

Cypress.Commands.add("login", (email: string, password: string) => {
  cy.visit("/login");
  cy.get('[data-testid="email"]').type(email);
  cy.get('[data-testid="password"]').type(password);
  cy.get('[data-testid="login-button"]').click();
  cy.url().should("include", "/dashboard");
});

Cypress.Commands.add("createUser", (userData: UserData) => {
  return cy.request("POST", "/api/users", userData).its("body");
});

Cypress.Commands.add("dataCy", (value: string) => {
  return cy.get(`[data-cy="${value}"]`);
});

// Usage
cy.login("user@example.com", "password");
cy.dataCy("submit-button").click();

typescript

// cypress/support/commands.ts
declare global {
  namespace Cypress {
    interface Chainable {
      login(email: string, password: string): Chainable<void>;
      createUser(userData: UserData): Chainable<User>;
      dataCy(value: string): Chainable<JQuery<HTMLElement>>;
    }
  }
}

Cypress.Commands.add("login", (email: string, password: string) => {
  cy.visit("/login");
  cy.get('[data-testid="email"]').type(email);
  cy.get('[data-testid="password"]').type(password);
  cy.get('[data-testid="login-button"]').click();
  cy.url().should("include", "/dashboard");
});

Cypress.Commands.add("createUser", (userData: UserData) => {
  return cy.request("POST", "/api/users", userData).its("body");
});

Cypress.Commands.add("dataCy", (value: string) => {
  return cy.get(`[data-cy="${value}"]`);
});

// Usage
cy.login("user@example.com", "password");
cy.dataCy("submit-button").click();

Pattern 2: Cypress Intercept

模式2：Cypress拦截

typescript

// Mock API calls
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/users", {
  statusCode: 200,
  body: [
    { id: 1, name: "John" },
    { id: 2, name: "Jane" },
  ],
}).as("getUsers");

cy.visit("/users");
cy.wait("@getUsers");
cy.get('[data-testid="user-list"]').children().should("have.length", 2);

// Modify responses
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/users", (req) => {
  req.reply((res) => {
    // Modify response
    res.body.users = res.body.users.slice(0, 5);
    res.send();
  });
});

// Simulate slow network
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/data", (req) => {
  req.reply((res) => {
    res.delay(3000); // 3 second delay
    res.send();
  });
});

typescript

// Mock API calls
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/users", {
  statusCode: 200,
  body: [
    { id: 1, name: "John" },
    { id: 2, name: "Jane" },
  ],
}).as("getUsers");

cy.visit("/users");
cy.wait("@getUsers");
cy.get('[data-testid="user-list"]').children().should("have.length", 2);

// Modify responses
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/users", (req) => {
  req.reply((res) => {
    // Modify response
    res.body.users = res.body.users.slice(0, 5);
    res.send();
  });
});

// Simulate slow network
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/data", (req) => {
  req.reply((res) => {
    res.delay(3000); // 3 second delay
    res.send();
  });
});

Advanced Patterns

高级模式

Pattern 1: Visual Regression Testing

模式1：视觉回归测试

typescript

// With Playwright
import { test, expect } from "@playwright/test";

test("homepage looks correct", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/");
  await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot("homepage.png", {
    fullPage: true,
    maxDiffPixels: 100,
  });
});

test("button in all states", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/components");

  const button = page.getByRole("button", { name: "Submit" });

  // Default state
  await expect(button).toHaveScreenshot("button-default.png");

  // Hover state
  await button.hover();
  await expect(button).toHaveScreenshot("button-hover.png");

  // Disabled state
  await button.evaluate((el) => el.setAttribute("disabled", "true"));
  await expect(button).toHaveScreenshot("button-disabled.png");
});

typescript

// With Playwright
import { test, expect } from "@playwright/test";

test("homepage looks correct", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/");
  await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot("homepage.png", {
    fullPage: true,
    maxDiffPixels: 100,
  });
});

test("button in all states", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/components");

  const button = page.getByRole("button", { name: "Submit" });

  // Default state
  await expect(button).toHaveScreenshot("button-default.png");

  // Hover state
  await button.hover();
  await expect(button).toHaveScreenshot("button-hover.png");

  // Disabled state
  await button.evaluate((el) => el.setAttribute("disabled", "true"));
  await expect(button).toHaveScreenshot("button-disabled.png");
});

Pattern 2: Parallel Testing with Sharding

模式2：分片并行测试

typescript

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  projects: [
    {
      name: "shard-1",
      use: { ...devices["Desktop Chrome"] },
      grepInvert: /@slow/,
      shard: { current: 1, total: 4 },
    },
    {
      name: "shard-2",
      use: { ...devices["Desktop Chrome"] },
      shard: { current: 2, total: 4 },
    },
    // ... more shards
  ],
});

// Run in CI
// npx playwright test --shard=1/4
// npx playwright test --shard=2/4

typescript

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  projects: [
    {
      name: "shard-1",
      use: { ...devices["Desktop Chrome"] },
      grepInvert: /@slow/,
      shard: { current: 1, total: 4 },
    },
    {
      name: "shard-2",
      use: { ...devices["Desktop Chrome"] },
      shard: { current: 2, total: 4 },
    },
    // ... more shards
  ],
});

// Run in CI
// npx playwright test --shard=1/4
// npx playwright test --shard=2/4

Pattern 3: Accessibility Testing

模式3：无障碍访问测试

typescript

// Install: npm install @axe-core/playwright
import { test, expect } from "@playwright/test";
import AxeBuilder from "@axe-core/playwright";

test("page should not have accessibility violations", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/");

  const accessibilityScanResults = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
    .exclude("#third-party-widget")
    .analyze();

  expect(accessibilityScanResults.violations).toEqual([]);
});

test("form is accessible", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/signup");

  const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page }).include("form").analyze();

  expect(results.violations).toEqual([]);
});

typescript

// Install: npm install @axe-core/playwright
import { test, expect } from "@playwright/test";
import AxeBuilder from "@axe-core/playwright";

test("page should not have accessibility violations", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/");

  const accessibilityScanResults = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
    .exclude("#third-party-widget")
    .analyze();

  expect(accessibilityScanResults.violations).toEqual([]);
});

test("form is accessible", async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto("/signup");

  const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page }).include("form").analyze();

  expect(results.violations).toEqual([]);
});

Best Practices

最佳实践

Use Data Attributes:
```
data-testid
```
or
```
data-cy
```
for stable selectors
Avoid Brittle Selectors: Don't rely on CSS classes or DOM structure
Test User Behavior: Click, type, see - not implementation details
Keep Tests Independent: Each test should run in isolation
Clean Up Test Data: Create and destroy test data in each test
Use Page Objects: Encapsulate page logic
Meaningful Assertions: Check actual user-visible behavior
Optimize for Speed: Mock when possible, parallel execution

typescript

// ❌ Bad selectors
cy.get(".btn.btn-primary.submit-button").click();
cy.get("div > form > div:nth-child(2) > input").type("text");

// ✅ Good selectors
cy.getByRole("button", { name: "Submit" }).click();
cy.getByLabel("Email address").type("user@example.com");
cy.get('[data-testid="email-input"]').type("user@example.com");

使用数据属性：
```
data-testid
```
或
```
data-cy
```
作为稳定选择器
避免脆弱选择器：不要依赖CSS类或DOM结构
测试用户行为：点击、输入、查看——而非实现细节
保持测试独立：每个测试应独立运行
清理测试数据：在每个测试中创建并销毁测试数据
使用页面对象：封装页面逻辑
有意义的断言：检查实际用户可见的行为
优化速度：尽可能模拟，并行执行

typescript

// ❌ Bad selectors
cy.get(".btn.btn-primary.submit-button").click();
cy.get("div > form > div:nth-child(2) > input").type("text");

// ✅ Good selectors
cy.getByRole("button", { name: "Submit" }).click();
cy.getByLabel("Email address").type("user@example.com");
cy.get('[data-testid="email-input"]').type("user@example.com");

Common Pitfalls

常见陷阱

Flaky Tests: Use proper waits, not fixed timeouts
Slow Tests: Mock external APIs, use parallel execution
Over-Testing: Don't test every edge case with E2E
Coupled Tests: Tests should not depend on each other
Poor Selectors: Avoid CSS classes and nth-child
No Cleanup: Clean up test data after each test
Testing Implementation: Test user behavior, not internals

不稳定测试：使用适当的等待策略，而非固定超时
测试缓慢：模拟外部API，使用并行执行
过度测试：不要用E2E测试每个边缘情况
测试耦合：测试之间不应相互依赖
选择器不佳：避免CSS类和nth-child
未清理数据：每个测试后清理测试数据
测试实现细节：测试用户行为，而非内部逻辑

Debugging Failing Tests

调试失败的测试

typescript

// Playwright debugging
// 1. Run in headed mode
npx playwright test --headed

// 2. Run in debug mode
npx playwright test --debug

// 3. Use trace viewer
await page.screenshot({ path: 'screenshot.png' });
await page.video()?.saveAs('video.webm');

// 4. Add test.step for better reporting
test('checkout flow', async ({ page }) => {
    await test.step('Add item to cart', async () => {
        await page.goto('/products');
        await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add to Cart' }).click();
    });

    await test.step('Proceed to checkout', async () => {
        await page.goto('/cart');
        await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Checkout' }).click();
    });
});

// 5. Inspect page state
await page.pause();  // Pauses execution, opens inspector

typescript

// Playwright debugging
// 1. Run in headed mode
npx playwright test --headed

// 2. Run in debug mode
npx playwright test --debug

// 3. Use trace viewer
await page.screenshot({ path: 'screenshot.png' });
await page.video()?.saveAs('video.webm');

// 4. Add test.step for better reporting
test('checkout flow', async ({ page }) => {
    await test.step('Add item to cart', async () => {
        await page.goto('/products');
        await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add to Cart' }).click();
    });

    await test.step('Proceed to checkout', async () => {
        await page.goto('/cart');
        await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Checkout' }).click();
    });
});

// 5. Inspect page state
await page.pause();  // Pauses execution, opens inspector

Resources

资源

references/playwright-best-practices.md: Playwright-specific patterns
references/cypress-best-practices.md: Cypress-specific patterns
references/flaky-test-debugging.md: Debugging unreliable tests
assets/e2e-testing-checklist.md: What to test with E2E
assets/selector-strategies.md: Finding reliable selectors
scripts/test-analyzer.ts: Analyze test flakiness and duration

references/playwright-best-practices.md：Playwright专属测试模式
references/cypress-best-practices.md：Cypress专属测试模式
references/flaky-test-debugging.md：调试不稳定测试
assets/e2e-testing-checklist.md：E2E测试检查清单
assets/selector-strategies.md：选择器策略
scripts/test-analyzer.ts：分析测试不稳定性与时长