accessibility-compliance

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Accessibility Compliance

无障碍合规性

Master accessibility implementation to create inclusive experiences that work for everyone, including users with disabilities.
掌握无障碍实现方法,打造适合所有人(包括残障用户)的包容性体验。

When to Use This Skill

何时使用该技能

  • Implementing WCAG 2.2 Level AA or AAA compliance
  • Building screen reader accessible interfaces
  • Adding keyboard navigation to interactive components
  • Implementing focus management and focus trapping
  • Creating accessible forms with proper labeling
  • Supporting reduced motion and high contrast preferences
  • Building mobile accessibility features (iOS VoiceOver, Android TalkBack)
  • Conducting accessibility audits and fixing violations
  • 实现WCAG 2.2 AA级或AAA级合规性
  • 开发适配屏幕阅读器的界面
  • 为交互组件添加键盘导航
  • 实现焦点管理与焦点捕获
  • 创建带有正确标签的无障碍表单
  • 支持减少动画与高对比度偏好设置
  • 开发移动无障碍功能(iOS VoiceOver、Android TalkBack)
  • 开展无障碍审计并修复违规问题

Core Capabilities

核心能力

1. WCAG 2.2 Guidelines

1. WCAG 2.2指南

  • Perceivable: Content must be presentable in different ways
  • Operable: Interface must be navigable with keyboard and assistive tech
  • Understandable: Content and operation must be clear
  • Robust: Content must work with current and future assistive technologies
  • 可感知性:内容需支持多种呈现方式
  • 可操作性:界面需支持键盘与辅助技术导航
  • 可理解性:内容与操作逻辑需清晰明确
  • 健壮性:内容需兼容当前及未来的辅助技术

2. ARIA Patterns

2. ARIA模式

  • Roles: Define element purpose (button, dialog, navigation)
  • States: Indicate current condition (expanded, selected, disabled)
  • Properties: Describe relationships and additional info (labelledby, describedby)
  • Live regions: Announce dynamic content changes
  • 角色:定义元素用途(按钮、对话框、导航栏等)
  • 状态:标识当前状态(展开、选中、禁用等)
  • 属性:描述元素关系与附加信息(labelledby、describedby等)
  • 实时区域:动态内容变更时自动向辅助技术播报

3. Keyboard Navigation

3. 键盘导航

  • Focus order and tab sequence
  • Focus indicators and visible focus states
  • Keyboard shortcuts and hotkeys
  • Focus trapping for modals and dialogs
  • 焦点顺序与Tab键序列
  • 焦点指示器与可见焦点状态
  • 键盘快捷键与热键
  • 模态框与对话框的焦点捕获

4. Screen Reader Support

4. 屏幕阅读器支持

  • Semantic HTML structure
  • Alternative text for images
  • Proper heading hierarchy
  • Skip links and landmarks
  • 语义化HTML结构
  • 图片替代文本
  • 正确的标题层级
  • 跳转链接与地标

5. Mobile Accessibility

5. 移动无障碍

  • Touch target sizing (44x44dp minimum)
  • VoiceOver and TalkBack compatibility
  • Gesture alternatives
  • Dynamic Type support
  • 触摸目标尺寸(最小44x44dp)
  • VoiceOver与TalkBack兼容性
  • 手势替代方案
  • 动态字体支持

Quick Reference

快速参考

WCAG 2.2 Success Criteria Checklist

WCAG 2.2成功标准检查表

LevelCriterionDescription
A1.1.1Non-text content has text alternatives
A1.3.1Info and relationships programmatically determinable
A2.1.1All functionality keyboard accessible
A2.4.1Skip to main content mechanism
AA1.4.3Contrast ratio 4.5:1 (text), 3:1 (large text)
AA1.4.11Non-text contrast 3:1
AA2.4.7Focus visible
AA2.5.8Target size minimum 24x24px (NEW in 2.2)
AAA1.4.6Enhanced contrast 7:1
AAA2.5.5Target size minimum 44x44px
级别标准编号描述
A1.1.1非文本内容配有文本替代方案
A1.3.1信息与关系可通过程序识别
A2.1.1所有功能支持键盘操作
A2.4.1提供跳转到主内容的机制
AA1.4.3文本对比度4.5:1(常规文本),3:1(大文本)
AA1.4.11非文本元素对比度3:1
AA2.4.7焦点状态可见
AA2.5.8目标尺寸最小24x24px(2.2版本新增)
AAA1.4.6增强对比度7:1
AAA2.5.5目标尺寸最小44x44px

Key Patterns

关键模式

Pattern 1: Accessible Button

模式1:无障碍按钮

tsx
interface ButtonProps extends React.ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement> {
  variant?: "primary" | "secondary";
  isLoading?: boolean;
}

function AccessibleButton({
  children,
  variant = "primary",
  isLoading = false,
  disabled,
  ...props
}: ButtonProps) {
  return (
    <button
      // Disable when loading
      disabled={disabled || isLoading}
      // Announce loading state to screen readers
      aria-busy={isLoading}
      // Describe the button's current state
      aria-disabled={disabled || isLoading}
      className={cn(
        // Visible focus ring
        "focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-offset-2",
        // Minimum touch target size (44x44px)
        "min-h-[44px] min-w-[44px]",
        variant === "primary" && "bg-primary text-primary-foreground",
        (disabled || isLoading) && "opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed",
      )}
      {...props}
    >
      {isLoading ? (
        <>
          <span className="sr-only">Loading</span>
          <Spinner aria-hidden="true" />
        </>
      ) : (
        children
      )}
    </button>
  );
}
tsx
interface ButtonProps extends React.ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement> {
  variant?: "primary" | "secondary";
  isLoading?: boolean;
}

function AccessibleButton({
  children,
  variant = "primary",
  isLoading = false,
  disabled,
  ...props
}: ButtonProps) {
  return (
    <button
      // Disable when loading
      disabled={disabled || isLoading}
      // Announce loading state to screen readers
      aria-busy={isLoading}
      // Describe the button's current state
      aria-disabled={disabled || isLoading}
      className={cn(
        // Visible focus ring
        "focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-offset-2",
        // Minimum touch target size (44x44px)
        "min-h-[44px] min-w-[44px]",
        variant === "primary" && "bg-primary text-primary-foreground",
        (disabled || isLoading) && "opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed",
      )}
      {...props}
    >
      {isLoading ? (
        <>
          <span className="sr-only">Loading</span>
          <Spinner aria-hidden="true" />
        </>
      ) : (
        children
      )}
    </button>
  );
}

Pattern 2: Accessible Modal Dialog

模式2:无障碍模态对话框

tsx
import * as React from "react";
import { FocusTrap } from "@headlessui/react";

interface DialogProps {
  isOpen: boolean;
  onClose: () => void;
  title: string;
  children: React.ReactNode;
}

function AccessibleDialog({ isOpen, onClose, title, children }: DialogProps) {
  const titleId = React.useId();
  const descriptionId = React.useId();

  // Close on Escape key
  React.useEffect(() => {
    const handleKeyDown = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
      if (e.key === "Escape" && isOpen) {
        onClose();
      }
    };
    document.addEventListener("keydown", handleKeyDown);
    return () => document.removeEventListener("keydown", handleKeyDown);
  }, [isOpen, onClose]);

  // Prevent body scroll when open
  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (isOpen) {
      document.body.style.overflow = "hidden";
    }
    return () => {
      document.body.style.overflow = "";
    };
  }, [isOpen]);

  if (!isOpen) return null;

  return (
    <div
      role="dialog"
      aria-modal="true"
      aria-labelledby={titleId}
      aria-describedby={descriptionId}
    >
      {/* Backdrop */}
      <div
        className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/50"
        aria-hidden="true"
        onClick={onClose}
      />

      {/* Focus trap container */}
      <FocusTrap>
        <div className="fixed inset-0 flex items-center justify-center p-4">
          <div className="bg-background rounded-lg shadow-lg max-w-md w-full p-6">
            <h2 id={titleId} className="text-lg font-semibold">
              {title}
            </h2>
            <div id={descriptionId}>{children}</div>
            <button
              onClick={onClose}
              className="absolute top-4 right-4"
              aria-label="Close dialog"
            >
              <X className="h-4 w-4" />
            </button>
          </div>
        </div>
      </FocusTrap>
    </div>
  );
}
tsx
import * as React from "react";
import { FocusTrap } from "@headlessui/react";

interface DialogProps {
  isOpen: boolean;
  onClose: () => void;
  title: string;
  children: React.ReactNode;
}

function AccessibleDialog({ isOpen, onClose, title, children }: DialogProps) {
  const titleId = React.useId();
  const descriptionId = React.useId();

  // Close on Escape key
  React.useEffect(() => {
    const handleKeyDown = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
      if (e.key === "Escape" && isOpen) {
        onClose();
      }
    };
    document.addEventListener("keydown", handleKeyDown);
    return () => document.removeEventListener("keydown", handleKeyDown);
  }, [isOpen, onClose]);

  // Prevent body scroll when open
  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (isOpen) {
      document.body.style.overflow = "hidden";
    }
    return () => {
      document.body.style.overflow = "";
    };
  }, [isOpen]);

  if (!isOpen) return null;

  return (
    <div
      role="dialog"
      aria-modal="true"
      aria-labelledby={titleId}
      aria-describedby={descriptionId}
    >
      {/* Backdrop */}
      <div
        className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/50"
        aria-hidden="true"
        onClick={onClose}
      />

      {/* Focus trap container */}
      <FocusTrap>
        <div className="fixed inset-0 flex items-center justify-center p-4">
          <div className="bg-background rounded-lg shadow-lg max-w-md w-full p-6">
            <h2 id={titleId} className="text-lg font-semibold">
              {title}
            </h2>
            <div id={descriptionId}>{children}</div>
            <button
              onClick={onClose}
              className="absolute top-4 right-4"
              aria-label="Close dialog"
            >
              <X className="h-4 w-4" />
            </button>
          </div>
        </div>
      </FocusTrap>
    </div>
  );
}

Pattern 3: Accessible Form

模式3:无障碍表单

tsx
function AccessibleForm() {
  const [errors, setErrors] = React.useState<Record<string, string>>({});

  return (
    <form aria-describedby="form-errors" noValidate>
      {/* Error summary for screen readers */}
      {Object.keys(errors).length > 0 && (
        <div
          id="form-errors"
          role="alert"
          aria-live="assertive"
          className="bg-destructive/10 border border-destructive p-4 rounded-md mb-4"
        >
          <h2 className="font-semibold text-destructive">
            Please fix the following errors:
          </h2>
          <ul className="list-disc list-inside mt-2">
            {Object.entries(errors).map(([field, message]) => (
              <li key={field}>
                <a href={`#${field}`} className="underline">
                  {message}
                </a>
              </li>
            ))}
          </ul>
        </div>
      )}

      {/* Required field with error */}
      <div className="space-y-2">
        <label htmlFor="email" className="block font-medium">
          Email address
          <span aria-hidden="true" className="text-destructive ml-1">
            *
          </span>
          <span className="sr-only">(required)</span>
        </label>
        <input
          id="email"
          name="email"
          type="email"
          required
          aria-required="true"
          aria-invalid={!!errors.email}
          aria-describedby={errors.email ? "email-error" : "email-hint"}
          className={cn(
            "w-full px-3 py-2 border rounded-md",
            errors.email && "border-destructive",
          )}
        />
        {errors.email ? (
          <p id="email-error" className="text-sm text-destructive" role="alert">
            {errors.email}
          </p>
        ) : (
          <p id="email-hint" className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
            We'll never share your email.
          </p>
        )}
      </div>

      <button type="submit" className="mt-4">
        Submit
      </button>
    </form>
  );
}
tsx
function AccessibleForm() {
  const [errors, setErrors] = React.useState<Record<string, string>>({});

  return (
    <form aria-describedby="form-errors" noValidate>
      {/* Error summary for screen readers */}
      {Object.keys(errors).length > 0 && (
        <div
          id="form-errors"
          role="alert"
          aria-live="assertive"
          className="bg-destructive/10 border border-destructive p-4 rounded-md mb-4"
        >
          <h2 className="font-semibold text-destructive">
            Please fix the following errors:
          </h2>
          <ul className="list-disc list-inside mt-2">
            {Object.entries(errors).map(([field, message]) => (
              <li key={field}>
                <a href={`#${field}`} className="underline">
                  {message}
                </a>
              </li>
            ))}
          </ul>
        </div>
      )}

      {/* Required field with error */}
      <div className="space-y-2">
        <label htmlFor="email" className="block font-medium">
          Email address
          <span aria-hidden="true" className="text-destructive ml-1">
            *
          </span>
          <span className="sr-only">(required)</span>
        </label>
        <input
          id="email"
          name="email"
          type="email"
          required
          aria-required="true"
          aria-invalid={!!errors.email}
          aria-describedby={errors.email ? "email-error" : "email-hint"}
          className={cn(
            "w-full px-3 py-2 border rounded-md",
            errors.email && "border-destructive",
          )}
        />
        {errors.email ? (
          <p id="email-error" className="text-sm text-destructive" role="alert">
            {errors.email}
          </p>
        ) : (
          <p id="email-hint" className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
            We'll never share your email.
          </p>
        )}
      </div>

      <button type="submit" className="mt-4">
        Submit
      </button>
    </form>
  );
}

Pattern 4: Skip Navigation Link

模式4:跳转到导航链接

tsx
function SkipLink() {
  return (
    <a
      href="#main-content"
      className={cn(
        // Hidden by default, visible on focus
        "sr-only focus:not-sr-only",
        "focus:absolute focus:top-4 focus:left-4 focus:z-50",
        "focus:bg-background focus:px-4 focus:py-2 focus:rounded-md",
        "focus:ring-2 focus:ring-primary",
      )}
    >
      Skip to main content
    </a>
  );
}

// In layout
function Layout({ children }) {
  return (
    <>
      <SkipLink />
      <header>...</header>
      <nav aria-label="Main navigation">...</nav>
      <main id="main-content" tabIndex={-1}>
        {children}
      </main>
      <footer>...</footer>
    </>
  );
}
tsx
function SkipLink() {
  return (
    <a
      href="#main-content"
      className={cn(
        // Hidden by default, visible on focus
        "sr-only focus:not-sr-only",
        "focus:absolute focus:top-4 focus:left-4 focus:z-50",
        "focus:bg-background focus:px-4 focus:py-2 focus:rounded-md",
        "focus:ring-2 focus:ring-primary",
      )}
    >
      Skip to main content
    </a>
  );
}

// In layout
function Layout({ children }) {
  return (
    <>
      <SkipLink />
      <header>...</header>
      <nav aria-label="Main navigation">...</nav>
      <main id="main-content" tabIndex={-1}>
        {children}
      </main>
      <footer>...</footer>
    </>
  );
}

Pattern 5: Live Region for Announcements

模式5:用于播报的实时区域

tsx
function useAnnounce() {
  const [message, setMessage] = React.useState("");

  const announce = React.useCallback(
    (text: string, priority: "polite" | "assertive" = "polite") => {
      setMessage(""); // Clear first to ensure re-announcement
      setTimeout(() => setMessage(text), 100);
    },
    [],
  );

  const Announcer = () => (
    <div
      role="status"
      aria-live="polite"
      aria-atomic="true"
      className="sr-only"
    >
      {message}
    </div>
  );

  return { announce, Announcer };
}

// Usage
function SearchResults({ results, isLoading }) {
  const { announce, Announcer } = useAnnounce();

  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (!isLoading && results) {
      announce(`${results.length} results found`);
    }
  }, [results, isLoading, announce]);

  return (
    <>
      <Announcer />
      <ul>{/* results */}</ul>
    </>
  );
}
tsx
function useAnnounce() {
  const [message, setMessage] = React.useState("");

  const announce = React.useCallback(
    (text: string, priority: "polite" | "assertive" = "polite") => {
      setMessage(""); // Clear first to ensure re-announcement
      setTimeout(() => setMessage(text), 100);
    },
    [],
  );

  const Announcer = () => (
    <div
      role="status"
      aria-live="polite"
      aria-atomic="true"
      className="sr-only"
    >
      {message}
    </div>
  );

  return { announce, Announcer };
}

// Usage
function SearchResults({ results, isLoading }) {
  const { announce, Announcer } = useAnnounce();

  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (!isLoading && results) {
      announce(`${results.length} results found`);
    }
  }, [results, isLoading, announce]);

  return (
    <>
      <Announcer />
      <ul>{/* results */}</ul>
    </>
  );
}

Color Contrast Requirements

颜色对比度要求

typescript
// Contrast ratio utilities
function getContrastRatio(foreground: string, background: string): number {
  const fgLuminance = getLuminance(foreground);
  const bgLuminance = getLuminance(background);
  const lighter = Math.max(fgLuminance, bgLuminance);
  const darker = Math.min(fgLuminance, bgLuminance);
  return (lighter + 0.05) / (darker + 0.05);
}

// WCAG requirements
const CONTRAST_REQUIREMENTS = {
  // Normal text (<18pt or <14pt bold)
  normalText: {
    AA: 4.5,
    AAA: 7,
  },
  // Large text (>=18pt or >=14pt bold)
  largeText: {
    AA: 3,
    AAA: 4.5,
  },
  // UI components and graphics
  uiComponents: {
    AA: 3,
  },
};
typescript
// Contrast ratio utilities
function getContrastRatio(foreground: string, background: string): number {
  const fgLuminance = getLuminance(foreground);
  const bgLuminance = getLuminance(background);
  const lighter = Math.max(fgLuminance, bgLuminance);
  const darker = Math.min(fgLuminance, bgLuminance);
  return (lighter + 0.05) / (darker + 0.05);
}

// WCAG requirements
const CONTRAST_REQUIREMENTS = {
  // Normal text (<18pt or <14pt bold)
  normalText: {
    AA: 4.5,
    AAA: 7,
  },
  // Large text (>=18pt or >=14pt bold)
  largeText: {
    AA: 3,
    AAA: 4.5,
  },
  // UI components and graphics
  uiComponents: {
    AA: 3,
  },
};

Best Practices

最佳实践

  1. Use Semantic HTML: Prefer native elements over ARIA when possible
  2. Test with Real Users: Include people with disabilities in user testing
  3. Keyboard First: Design interactions to work without a mouse
  4. Don't Disable Focus Styles: Style them, don't remove them
  5. Provide Text Alternatives: All non-text content needs descriptions
  6. Support Zoom: Content should work at 200% zoom
  7. Announce Changes: Use live regions for dynamic content
  8. Respect Preferences: Honor prefers-reduced-motion and prefers-contrast
  1. 使用语义化HTML:优先使用原生元素而非ARIA
  2. 与真实用户测试:将残障用户纳入用户测试范围
  3. 键盘优先:设计无需鼠标即可操作的交互逻辑
  4. 不要禁用焦点样式:可自定义样式,但不要移除
  5. 提供文本替代方案:所有非文本内容都需要描述
  6. 支持缩放:内容需在200%缩放比例下正常显示
  7. 播报变更内容:使用实时区域处理动态内容变更
  8. 尊重用户偏好:遵循减少动画与高对比度的系统偏好设置

Common Issues

常见问题

  • Missing alt text: Images without descriptions
  • Poor color contrast: Text hard to read against background
  • Keyboard traps: Focus stuck in component
  • Missing labels: Form inputs without associated labels
  • Auto-playing media: Content that plays without user initiation
  • Inaccessible custom controls: Recreating native functionality poorly
  • Missing skip links: No way to bypass repetitive content
  • Focus order issues: Tab order doesn't match visual order
  • 缺少替代文本:图片未添加描述
  • 颜色对比度不足:文本与背景难以区分
  • 键盘焦点陷阱:焦点被困在组件内无法退出
  • 缺少标签:表单输入框未关联对应标签
  • 自动播放媒体:未经用户触发自动播放内容
  • 自定义控件无障碍性差:原生功能复刻效果不佳
  • 缺少跳转链接:无法跳过重复内容直接进入主内容
  • 焦点顺序异常:Tab键顺序与视觉顺序不一致

Testing Tools

测试工具

  • Automated: axe DevTools, WAVE, Lighthouse
  • Manual: VoiceOver (macOS/iOS), NVDA/JAWS (Windows), TalkBack (Android)
  • Simulators: NoCoffee (vision), Silktide (various disabilities)
  • 自动化工具:axe DevTools、WAVE、Lighthouse
  • 手动测试:VoiceOver(macOS/iOS)、NVDA/JAWS(Windows)、TalkBack(Android)
  • 模拟器:NoCoffee(视觉障碍)、Silktide(多种残障模拟)

Resources

资源