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Convex Functions

Convex 函数

Master Convex functions including queries, mutations, actions, and HTTP endpoints with proper validation, error handling, and runtime considerations.

掌握Convex函数的编写，包括查询、变更、操作和HTTP端点，涵盖参数验证、错误处理及运行时考量。

Code Quality

代码质量

All examples in this skill comply with @convex-dev/eslint-plugin rules:

Object syntax with
```
handler
```
property
Argument validators on all functions
Explicit table names in database operations

See convex-eslint for linting setup.

本技能中的所有示例均符合@convex-dev/eslint-plugin规则：

使用带
```
handler
```
属性的对象语法
所有函数均添加参数验证器
数据库操作中使用明确的表名

查看convex-eslint了解代码检查设置方法。

Documentation Sources

文档来源

Before implementing, do not assume; fetch the latest documentation:

Primary: https://docs.convex.dev/functions
Query Functions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/query-functions
Mutation Functions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/mutation-functions
Actions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/actions
HTTP Actions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/http-actions
For broader context: https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt

实现前请勿自行假设，务必查阅最新文档：

主文档：https://docs.convex.dev/functions
查询函数：https://docs.convex.dev/functions/query-functions
变更函数：https://docs.convex.dev/functions/mutation-functions
操作：https://docs.convex.dev/functions/actions
HTTP操作：https://docs.convex.dev/functions/http-actions
更多上下文：https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt

Instructions

操作指南

Function Types Overview

函数类型概述

Type	Database Access	External APIs	Caching	Use Case
Query	Read-only	No	Yes, reactive	Fetching data
Mutation	Read/Write	No	No	Modifying data
Action	Via runQuery/runMutation	Yes	No	External integrations
HTTP Action	Via runQuery/runMutation	Yes	No	Webhooks, APIs

类型	数据库访问权限	外部API调用	缓存特性	使用场景
Query	只读	不支持	支持，响应式	获取数据
Mutation	读写	不支持	不支持	修改数据
Action	通过runQuery/runMutation	支持	不支持	外部系统集成
HTTP Action	通过runQuery/runMutation	支持	不支持	Webhook、API服务

Queries

查询（Queries）

Queries are reactive, cached, and read-only:

typescript

import { query } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

export const getUser = query({
  args: { userId: v.id("users") },
  returns: v.union(
    v.object({
      _id: v.id("users"),
      _creationTime: v.number(),
      name: v.string(),
      email: v.string(),
    }),
    v.null(),
  ),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.db.get("users", args.userId);
  },
});

// Query with index
export const listUserTasks = query({
  args: { userId: v.id("users") },
  returns: v.array(
    v.object({
      _id: v.id("tasks"),
      _creationTime: v.number(),
      title: v.string(),
      completed: v.boolean(),
    }),
  ),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.db
      .query("tasks")
      .withIndex("by_user", (q) => q.eq("userId", args.userId))
      .order("desc")
      .collect();
  },
});

查询是响应式、可缓存且只读的：

typescript

import { query } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

export const getUser = query({
  args: { userId: v.id("users") },
  returns: v.union(
    v.object({
      _id: v.id("users"),
      _creationTime: v.number(),
      name: v.string(),
      email: v.string(),
    }),
    v.null(),
  ),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.db.get("users", args.userId);
  },
});

// Query with index
export const listUserTasks = query({
  args: { userId: v.id("users") },
  returns: v.array(
    v.object({
      _id: v.id("tasks"),
      _creationTime: v.number(),
      title: v.string(),
      completed: v.boolean(),
    }),
  ),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.db
      .query("tasks")
      .withIndex("by_user", (q) => q.eq("userId", args.userId))
      .order("desc")
      .collect();
  },
});

Mutations

变更（Mutations）

Mutations modify the database and are transactional:

typescript

import { mutation } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { ConvexError } from "convex/values";

export const createTask = mutation({
  args: {
    title: v.string(),
    userId: v.id("users"),
  },
  returns: v.id("tasks"),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Validate user exists
    const user = await ctx.db.get("users", args.userId);
    if (!user) {
      throw new ConvexError("User not found");
    }

    return await ctx.db.insert("tasks", {
      title: args.title,
      userId: args.userId,
      completed: false,
      createdAt: Date.now(),
    });
  },
});

export const deleteTask = mutation({
  args: { taskId: v.id("tasks") },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    await ctx.db.delete("tasks", args.taskId);
    return null;
  },
});

变更用于修改数据库，且具备事务特性：

typescript

import { mutation } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { ConvexError } from "convex/values";

export const createTask = mutation({
  args: {
    title: v.string(),
    userId: v.id("users"),
  },
  returns: v.id("tasks"),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Validate user exists
    const user = await ctx.db.get("users", args.userId);
    if (!user) {
      throw new ConvexError("User not found");
    }

    return await ctx.db.insert("tasks", {
      title: args.title,
      userId: args.userId,
      completed: false,
      createdAt: Date.now(),
    });
  },
});

export const deleteTask = mutation({
  args: { taskId: v.id("tasks") },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    await ctx.db.delete("tasks", args.taskId);
    return null;
  },
});

Actions

操作（Actions）

Actions can call external APIs but have no direct database access:

typescript

"use node";

import { action } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { api, internal } from "./_generated/api";

export const sendEmail = action({
  args: {
    to: v.string(),
    subject: v.string(),
    body: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.object({ success: v.boolean() }),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Call external API
    const response = await fetch("https://api.email.com/send", {
      method: "POST",
      headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
      body: JSON.stringify(args),
    });

    return { success: response.ok };
  },
});

// Action calling queries and mutations
export const processOrder = action({
  args: { orderId: v.id("orders") },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Read data via query
    const order = await ctx.runQuery(api.orders.get, { orderId: args.orderId });

    if (!order) {
      throw new Error("Order not found");
    }

    // Call external payment API
    const paymentResult = await processPayment(order);

    // Update database via mutation
    await ctx.runMutation(internal.orders.updateStatus, {
      orderId: args.orderId,
      status: paymentResult.success ? "paid" : "failed",
    });

    return null;
  },
});

操作可调用外部API，但无直接数据库访问权限：

typescript

"use node";

import { action } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { api, internal } from "./_generated/api";

export const sendEmail = action({
  args: {
    to: v.string(),
    subject: v.string(),
    body: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.object({ success: v.boolean() }),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Call external API
    const response = await fetch("https://api.email.com/send", {
      method: "POST",
      headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
      body: JSON.stringify(args),
    });

    return { success: response.ok };
  },
});

// Action calling queries and mutations
export const processOrder = action({
  args: { orderId: v.id("orders") },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Read data via query
    const order = await ctx.runQuery(api.orders.get, { orderId: args.orderId });

    if (!order) {
      throw new Error("Order not found");
    }

    // Call external payment API
    const paymentResult = await processPayment(order);

    // Update database via mutation
    await ctx.runMutation(internal.orders.updateStatus, {
      orderId: args.orderId,
      status: paymentResult.success ? "paid" : "failed",
    });

    return null;
  },
});

HTTP Actions

HTTP操作（HTTP Actions）

HTTP actions handle webhooks and external requests:

typescript

// convex/http.ts
import { httpRouter } from "convex/server";
import { httpAction } from "./_generated/server";
import { api, internal } from "./_generated/api";

const http = httpRouter();

// Webhook endpoint
http.route({
  path: "/webhooks/stripe",
  method: "POST",
  handler: httpAction(async (ctx, request) => {
    const signature = request.headers.get("stripe-signature");
    const body = await request.text();

    // Verify webhook signature
    if (!verifyStripeSignature(body, signature)) {
      return new Response("Invalid signature", { status: 401 });
    }

    const event = JSON.parse(body);

    // Process webhook
    await ctx.runMutation(internal.payments.handleWebhook, {
      eventType: event.type,
      data: event.data,
    });

    return new Response("OK", { status: 200 });
  }),
});

// API endpoint
http.route({
  path: "/api/users/:userId",
  method: "GET",
  handler: httpAction(async (ctx, request) => {
    const url = new URL(request.url);
    const userId = url.pathname.split("/").pop();

    const user = await ctx.runQuery(api.users.get, {
      userId: userId as Id<"users">,
    });

    if (!user) {
      return new Response("Not found", { status: 404 });
    }

    return Response.json(user);
  }),
});

export default http;

HTTP操作用于处理Webhook和外部请求：

typescript

// convex/http.ts
import { httpRouter } from "convex/server";
import { httpAction } from "./_generated/server";
import { api, internal } from "./_generated/api";

const http = httpRouter();

// Webhook endpoint
http.route({
  path: "/webhooks/stripe",
  method: "POST",
  handler: httpAction(async (ctx, request) => {
    const signature = request.headers.get("stripe-signature");
    const body = await request.text();

    // Verify webhook signature
    if (!verifyStripeSignature(body, signature)) {
      return new Response("Invalid signature", { status: 401 });
    }

    const event = JSON.parse(body);

    // Process webhook
    await ctx.runMutation(internal.payments.handleWebhook, {
      eventType: event.type,
      data: event.data,
    });

    return new Response("OK", { status: 200 });
  }),
});

// API endpoint
http.route({
  path: "/api/users/:userId",
  method: "GET",
  handler: httpAction(async (ctx, request) => {
    const url = new URL(request.url);
    const userId = url.pathname.split("/").pop();

    const user = await ctx.runQuery(api.users.get, {
      userId: userId as Id<"users">,
    });

    if (!user) {
      return new Response("Not found", { status: 404 });
    }

    return Response.json(user);
  }),
});

export default http;

Internal Functions

内部函数（Internal Functions）

Use internal functions for sensitive operations:

typescript

import {
  internalMutation,
  internalQuery,
  internalAction,
} from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

// Only callable from other Convex functions
export const _updateUserCredits = internalMutation({
  args: {
    userId: v.id("users"),
    amount: v.number(),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const user = await ctx.db.get("users", args.userId);
    if (!user) return null;

    await ctx.db.patch("users", args.userId, {
      credits: (user.credits || 0) + args.amount,
    });
    return null;
  },
});

// Call internal function from action
export const purchaseCredits = action({
  args: { userId: v.id("users"), amount: v.number() },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Process payment externally
    await processPayment(args.amount);

    // Update credits via internal mutation
    await ctx.runMutation(internal.users._updateUserCredits, {
      userId: args.userId,
      amount: args.amount,
    });

    return null;
  },
});

使用内部函数处理敏感操作：

typescript

import {
  internalMutation,
  internalQuery,
  internalAction,
} from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

// Only callable from other Convex functions
export const _updateUserCredits = internalMutation({
  args: {
    userId: v.id("users"),
    amount: v.number(),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const user = await ctx.db.get("users", args.userId);
    if (!user) return null;

    await ctx.db.patch("users", args.userId, {
      credits: (user.credits || 0) + args.amount,
    });
    return null;
  },
});

// Call internal function from action
export const purchaseCredits = action({
  args: { userId: v.id("users"), amount: v.number() },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Process payment externally
    await processPayment(args.amount);

    // Update credits via internal mutation
    await ctx.runMutation(internal.users._updateUserCredits, {
      userId: args.userId,
      amount: args.amount,
    });

    return null;
  },
});

Scheduling Functions

调度函数（Scheduling Functions）

Schedule functions to run later:

typescript

import { mutation, internalMutation } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { internal } from "./_generated/api";

export const scheduleReminder = mutation({
  args: {
    userId: v.id("users"),
    message: v.string(),
    delayMs: v.number(),
  },
  returns: v.id("_scheduled_functions"),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(
      args.delayMs,
      internal.notifications.sendReminder,
      { userId: args.userId, message: args.message },
    );
  },
});

export const sendReminder = internalMutation({
  args: {
    userId: v.id("users"),
    message: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    await ctx.db.insert("notifications", {
      userId: args.userId,
      message: args.message,
      sentAt: Date.now(),
    });
    return null;
  },
});

调度函数用于延迟执行：

typescript

import { mutation, internalMutation } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { internal } from "./_generated/api";

export const scheduleReminder = mutation({
  args: {
    userId: v.id("users"),
    message: v.string(),
    delayMs: v.number(),
  },
  returns: v.id("_scheduled_functions"),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(
      args.delayMs,
      internal.notifications.sendReminder,
      { userId: args.userId, message: args.message },
    );
  },
});

export const sendReminder = internalMutation({
  args: {
    userId: v.id("users"),
    message: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    await ctx.db.insert("notifications", {
      userId: args.userId,
      message: args.message,
      sentAt: Date.now(),
    });
    return null;
  },
});

Examples

示例

Complete Function File

完整函数文件

typescript

// convex/messages.ts
import { query, mutation, internalMutation } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { ConvexError } from "convex/values";
import { internal } from "./_generated/api";

const messageValidator = v.object({
  _id: v.id("messages"),
  _creationTime: v.number(),
  channelId: v.id("channels"),
  authorId: v.id("users"),
  content: v.string(),
  editedAt: v.optional(v.number()),
});

// Public query
export const list = query({
  args: {
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    limit: v.optional(v.number()),
  },
  returns: v.array(messageValidator),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const limit = args.limit ?? 50;
    return await ctx.db
      .query("messages")
      .withIndex("by_channel", (q) => q.eq("channelId", args.channelId))
      .order("desc")
      .take(limit);
  },
});

// Public mutation
export const send = mutation({
  args: {
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    authorId: v.id("users"),
    content: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.id("messages"),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    if (args.content.trim().length === 0) {
      throw new ConvexError("Message cannot be empty");
    }

    const messageId = await ctx.db.insert("messages", {
      channelId: args.channelId,
      authorId: args.authorId,
      content: args.content.trim(),
    });

    // Schedule notification
    await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(0, internal.messages.notifySubscribers, {
      channelId: args.channelId,
      messageId,
    });

    return messageId;
  },
});

// Internal mutation
export const notifySubscribers = internalMutation({
  args: {
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    messageId: v.id("messages"),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Get channel subscribers and notify them
    const subscribers = await ctx.db
      .query("subscriptions")
      .withIndex("by_channel", (q) => q.eq("channelId", args.channelId))
      .collect();

    for (const sub of subscribers) {
      await ctx.db.insert("notifications", {
        userId: sub.userId,
        messageId: args.messageId,
        read: false,
      });
    }
    return null;
  },
});

typescript

// convex/messages.ts
import { query, mutation, internalMutation } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { ConvexError } from "convex/values";
import { internal } from "./_generated/api";

const messageValidator = v.object({
  _id: v.id("messages"),
  _creationTime: v.number(),
  channelId: v.id("channels"),
  authorId: v.id("users"),
  content: v.string(),
  editedAt: v.optional(v.number()),
});

// Public query
export const list = query({
  args: {
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    limit: v.optional(v.number()),
  },
  returns: v.array(messageValidator),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const limit = args.limit ?? 50;
    return await ctx.db
      .query("messages")
      .withIndex("by_channel", (q) => q.eq("channelId", args.channelId))
      .order("desc")
      .take(limit);
  },
});

// Public mutation
export const send = mutation({
  args: {
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    authorId: v.id("users"),
    content: v.string(),
  },
  returns: v.id("messages"),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    if (args.content.trim().length === 0) {
      throw new ConvexError("Message cannot be empty");
    }

    const messageId = await ctx.db.insert("messages", {
      channelId: args.channelId,
      authorId: args.authorId,
      content: args.content.trim(),
    });

    // Schedule notification
    await ctx.scheduler.runAfter(0, internal.messages.notifySubscribers, {
      channelId: args.channelId,
      messageId,
    });

    return messageId;
  },
});

// Internal mutation
export const notifySubscribers = internalMutation({
  args: {
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    messageId: v.id("messages"),
  },
  returns: v.null(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Get channel subscribers and notify them
    const subscribers = await ctx.db
      .query("subscriptions")
      .withIndex("by_channel", (q) => q.eq("channelId", args.channelId))
      .collect();

    for (const sub of subscribers) {
      await ctx.db.insert("notifications", {
        userId: sub.userId,
        messageId: args.messageId,
        read: false,
      });
    }
    return null;
  },
});

Best Practices

最佳实践

Never run
```
npx convex deploy
```
unless explicitly instructed
Never run any git commands unless explicitly instructed
Always define args and returns validators
Use queries for read operations (they are cached and reactive)
Use mutations for write operations (they are transactional)
Use actions only when calling external APIs
Use internal functions for sensitive operations
Add
```
"use node";
```
at the top of action files using Node.js APIs
Handle errors with ConvexError for user-facing messages

除非明确要求，否则不要运行
```
npx convex deploy
```
除非明确要求，否则不要运行任何git命令
始终定义参数和返回值验证器
使用查询执行只读操作（它们支持缓存且响应式）
使用变更执行写操作（它们具备事务特性）
仅在需要调用外部API时使用操作
使用内部函数处理敏感逻辑
在使用Node.js API的操作文件顶部添加
```
"use node";
```
使用ConvexError返回面向用户的错误信息

Common Pitfalls

常见陷阱

Using actions for database operations - Use queries/mutations instead
Calling external APIs from queries/mutations - Use actions
Forgetting to add "use node" - Required for Node.js APIs in actions
Missing return validators - Always specify returns
Not using internal functions for sensitive logic - Protect with internalMutation

使用操作执行数据库操作 - 应使用查询/变更替代
在查询/变更中调用外部API - 应使用操作替代
忘记添加"use node" - 在操作中使用Node.js API时必须添加
缺少返回值验证器 - 始终指定返回值类型
未使用内部函数处理敏感逻辑 - 使用internalMutation保护敏感操作

References

参考资料

Convex Documentation: https://docs.convex.dev/
Convex LLMs.txt: https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt
Functions Overview: https://docs.convex.dev/functions
Query Functions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/query-functions
Mutation Functions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/mutation-functions
Actions: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/actions

Convex官方文档：https://docs.convex.dev/
Convex LLMs.txt：https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt
函数总览：https://docs.convex.dev/functions
查询函数：https://docs.convex.dev/functions/query-functions
变更函数：https://docs.convex.dev/functions/mutation-functions
操作：https://docs.convex.dev/functions/actions