Proof Checker: Rigorous Mathematical Verification & Fixing

Systematically verify a mathematical proof via cross-model adversarial review, fix identified gaps, re-review until convergence, and generate a detailed audit report with proof-obligation accounting.

Context: $ARGUMENTS

Constants

MAX_REVIEW_ROUNDS = 3
REVIEWER_MODEL =
```
gpt-5.4
```
via Codex MCP, reasoning effort always
```
xhigh
```
REVIEWER_BACKEND =
codex
— Default: Codex MCP (xhigh). Override with
```
— reviewer: oracle-pro
```
for GPT-5.4 Pro via Oracle MCP. See
```
shared-references/reviewer-routing.md
```
.
AUDIT_DOC:
```
PROOF_AUDIT.md
```
at the paper directory root, alongside
```
main.tex
```
(cumulative log; when invoked via
```
/paper-writing
```
, this is
```
paper/PROOF_AUDIT.md
```
)
REPORT_TEX:
```
proof_audit_report.tex
```
(formal before/after PDF)
STATE_FILE:
```
PROOF_CHECK_STATE.json
```
(for recovery)
SKELETON_DOC:
```
PROOF_SKELETON.md
```
(micro-claim inventory)

Acceptance Gate (objective, replaces subjective scoring)

The proof passes when ALL of the following hold:

Zero open FATAL or CRITICAL issues
Every theorem/lemma has: (i) explicit hypotheses, (ii) proof with all interchanges justified, (iii) every application discharges hypotheses in the ledger
All big-O/Θ/o statements have declared parameter dependence and uniformity scope
Counterexample pass executed on all key lemmas (log candidates even if none found)

Issue Taxonomy (20 categories, 4 groups)

Group A: Logic & Proof Structure

Category	Description	Example
UNJUSTIFIED_ASSERTION	Claim stated without proof or reference	"The Hessian splits into Gram blocks"
UNPROVEN_SUBCLAIM	"Clearly" / "it follows" hides a nontrivial lemma	"By symmetry, the cross-terms vanish" without checking
QUANTIFIER_ERROR	Wrong order ∀/∃, missing "for sufficiently small κ"	"For all π, there exists ε" vs "there exists ε for all π"
IMPLICATION_REVERSAL	Uses (A⇒B) as (B⇒A), or claims equivalence with only one direction
CASE_INCOMPLETE	Misses boundary/degenerate cases	Singular covariance, zero weight, non-unique argmin
CIRCULAR_DEPENDENCY	Lemma uses theorem that depends on it
LOGICAL_GAP	A step is not justified by what precedes it	B=Θ(1) → β_K=0 without analyzing W

Group B: Analysis & Measure Theory

Category	Description	Example
ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE	Swaps limit/expectation/derivative/integral without DCT/MCT/Fubini	Differentiating under E without domination
NONUNIFORM_CONVERGENCE	Pointwise convergence used as uniform	sup and limit swapped
MISSING_DOMINATION	DCT cited but no dominating function given
INTEGRABILITY_GAP	Uses E	X
REGULARITY_GAP	Differentiability/Lipschitz/convexity used but not established
STOCHASTIC_MODE_CONFUSION	Mixes a.s./in prob./in L²/in expectation

Group C: Model & Parameter Tracking

Category	Description	Example
MISSING_DERIVATION	A quantity is used but never derived from the model	Risk functional with undefined B, W
HIDDEN_ASSUMPTION	Proof silently uses a condition not in the theorem	Gaussianity assumed but not stated
INSUFFICIENT_ASSUMPTION	Hypotheses too weak for proof (counterexample exists)	Moment conditions admitting 2-point distributions
DIMENSION_TRACKING	Parameter dependence (d, n, K, ...) not explicit	d enters only through κ
NORMALIZATION_MISMATCH	Coordinate/scaling conventions inconsistent	Rescaled vs raw coordinates
CONSTANT_DEPENDENCE_HIDDEN	"C" depends on d,n,K but treated as universal

Group D: Scope & Claims

Category	Description	Example
SCOPE_OVERCLAIM	Conclusion stated more broadly than proof supports	"β_K=0" with only generic overlap
REFERENCE_MISMATCH	Cited theorem's hypotheses not verified at point of use

Two-Axis Severity System

Axis A — Proof Status (what is wrong)

Status	Meaning
INVALID	Statement false as written (counterexample exists or contradiction)
UNJUSTIFIED	Could be true, but current proof does not establish it
UNDERSTATED	True only after strengthening assumptions
OVERSTATED	True only after weakening conclusion / adding qualifiers
UNCLEAR	Ambiguous notation / definition drift (not wrong per se)

Axis B — Impact (how much breaks)

Impact	Meaning
GLOBAL	Breaks main theorem or core dependency chain
LOCAL	Affects a side result but not the main theorem
COSMETIC	Exposition only

Severity Labels (derived)

Label	Definition
FATAL	INVALID + GLOBAL
CRITICAL	(INVALID + LOCAL) or (UNJUSTIFIED + GLOBAL)
MAJOR	(UNJUSTIFIED + LOCAL) or (UNDERSTATED/OVERSTATED + GLOBAL)
MINOR	Clarity / notation / dimension bookkeeping that doesn't change claims

Side-Condition Checklists for Common Theorems

When the proof invokes any of the following, require explicit verification of ALL listed conditions:

Theorem	Required Conditions
DCT (Dominated Convergence)	Pointwise a.e. convergence + integrable dominating function
MCT (Monotone Convergence)	Monotone increasing + non-negative
Fubini/Tonelli	Product measurability + integrability (Fubini) or non-negative (Tonelli)
Leibniz integral rule	Continuity of integrand + dominating function for derivative
Implicit Function Theorem	Continuous differentiability + non-singular Jacobian
Taylor with remainder	Sufficient differentiability + remainder form (Lagrange/integral)
Jensen's inequality	Convexity of function + integrability
Cauchy-Schwarz	Correct inner product space + integrability of both factors
Weyl/Davis-Kahan	Symmetry/Hermiticity + perturbation bound conditions
Analytic continuation	Domain connectivity + identity theorem conditions
WLOG reduction	Invariance under claimed symmetry + reduction is reversible

Workflow

Phase 0: Preparation

Locate the proof: Find the main
```
.tex
```
file(s).
Read the entire proof: Extract list of all theorems/lemmas/propositions/corollaries/definitions/assumptions.
Read reference materials: Reference papers, prior results.
Build a section map: Structured list with line numbers and key claims.
Identify the main theorem: Central result, assumptions, claims.

Phase 0.5: Proof-Obligation Ledger

Build formal accounting artifacts. Save to

PROOF_SKELETON.md

1. Dependency DAG

Nodes = Definitions / Assumptions / Lemmas / Theorems. Edges = "uses". Detect cycles (including semantic circularity where Lemma A uses a corollary that quietly depends on A).

2. Assumption Ledger

For each theorem/lemma, list every hypothesis with WHERE each is verified (or mark "UNVERIFIED"). Track usage-minimal assumption sets — which assumptions were actually used vs merely stated.

3. Typed Symbol Table

Each symbol must have a type signature:

κ : scalar ∈ (0,1), depends on (d, α_t, Σ, μ)
u* : vector ∈ ℝ^d, u* = C^{-1}m
B^even : matrix ∈ ℝ^{(L+1)×(L+1)}, symmetric PSD
Ψ_v : function ℝ → ℝ, analytic in (ζ,κ), parity determined by v

Flag any symbol whose meaning changes or whose type is inconsistent across uses.

4. Canonical Quantified Statements

For each theorem/lemma, rewrite the statement with explicit quantifiers, domains, and limit order:

∀K ≥ 3, ∀π ∈ Π_K^{ms,∘} \ E_K, ∃κ_0 > 0 such that ∀κ ∈ (0, κ_0):
  h_act^{(K,π)} = Θ(κ^{α_K^act})  [uniform in π on compact subsets]

If you cannot restate a theorem this precisely, mark it UNCLEAR — needs disambiguation.

5. Micro-Claim Inventory

Every nontrivial step becomes a numbered micro-claim in sequent form:

MC-17: Context: [Lemma 3.1, κ < κ_0, Z_κ has bounded moments up to order 2m+2]
       ⊢ Goal: P̂_0 is positive definite
       Rule: monomials linearly independent on support of continuous distribution
       Side-conditions: positive density near origin ✓ (by GMM weak convergence)

Each micro-claim has: justification rule name + required conditions + where conditions are proven.

6. Limit-Order Map

Track every asymptotic statement's limit order and uniformity scope:

h_act = Θ(κ^α)  [as κ→0, uniform in π on compact subsets of Π_K, for fixed K]
τ_act ~ (b/a)n   [as n→∞, for fixed κ,K,π with x_K ≪ 1]

Flag any statement where limit order is ambiguous or uniformity is unclear.

Phase 1: First Review (Codex GPT-5.4 xhigh)

Submit the complete proof content with the following mandatory reviewer checklist in the prompt:

mcp__codex__codex:
  config: {"model_reasoning_effort": "xhigh"}
  prompt: |
    You are performing a rigorous mathematical proof review. For EVERY theorem,
    lemma, and proposition, check ALL of the following:

    ## MANDATORY CHECKS

    A. DEFINITIONS: List any symbol whose meaning is ambiguous or changes.
    B. HYPOTHESIS DISCHARGE: For each lemma/theorem APPLICATION (not statement),
       list each hypothesis and whether it was verified, with location.
    C. INEQUALITY AUDIT: For each inequality chain, verify direction, missing
       absolute values, missing conditions (convexity, PSD, integrability).
    D. INTERCHANGE AUDIT: Flag every limit/derivative/expectation/integral
       interchange. State which theorem justifies it (DCT/MCT/Fubini/Leibniz)
       and which conditions are verified/missing.
    E. PROBABILITY MODE: Track whether claims are a.s./in prob./in expectation/
       w.h.p. Ensure transitions are justified.
    F. UNIFORMITY & CONSTANTS: For every O(·), o(·), Θ(·), ≲, state whether
       it is uniform over all parameters. List hidden parameter dependence.
    G. EDGE/DEGENERATE CASES: Attempt to break each key lemma with a 1D,
       low-rank, or extreme-parameter construction.
    H. DEPENDENCY CONSISTENCY: Detect cycles or forward references to unproven
       results.

    ## OUTPUT FORMAT (per issue)
    For each issue found, provide:
    - id: sequential number
    - status: INVALID / UNJUSTIFIED / UNDERSTATED / OVERSTATED / UNCLEAR
    - impact: GLOBAL / LOCAL / COSMETIC
    - category: [from taxonomy]
    - location: section/equation/line
    - statement: what the proof claims
    - why_invalid: why this is wrong or unjustified
    - counterexample: YES (describe) / NO / CANDIDATE (describe attempt)
    - affects: which downstream results break if this is wrong
    - minimal_fix: how to fix it

    [FULL PROOF CONTENT HERE]

Save the threadId. Parse into structured issue list. Write to

PROOF_AUDIT.md

Phase 1.5: Counterexample Red Team

For each CRITICAL or MAJOR issue, and for every key lemma that introduces:

a new inequality bound
an identifiability/uniqueness claim
a curvature/PSD/strong convexity assertion
a uniform-in-parameter claim
a convergence mode upgrade (pointwise → uniform, in prob → w.h.p.)

Systematically attempt to construct counterexamples using:

Strategy	Description
Dimensional collapse	Set d=1 or 2, K=2, n small
Degeneracy	Singular covariance, tiny weight, overlapping means, identical components
Extremal distributions	Two-point ±a, bounded non-subGaussian, heavy tails
Adversarial parameter scaling	Pick parameters making neglected terms dominate
Numeric falsification	Translate lemma to a function, brute-force optimize over small domain

Rule: Label "counterexample found" ONLY if algebraically verified. Otherwise log as "candidate counterexample — needs verification."

Record all attempts (successful or not) in

PROOF_AUDIT.md

Phase 2: Fix Implementation

For each issue, ordered by severity (FATAL → CRITICAL → MAJOR → MINOR):

Step 2a: Choose fix strategy

For each issue, explicitly choose one of:

ADD_DERIVATION: Write missing proof steps
STRENGTHEN_ASSUMPTION: Add conditions to theorem statement
WEAKEN_CLAIM: Reduce conclusion scope
ADD_REFERENCE: Cite known result + verify its conditions apply

Log this choice — it is a scope-changing decision when it alters theorem statements.

Step 2b: Derive the fix mathematically

Complete mathematical derivation, not just a claim
If new proposition/lemma needed, write in full theorem-proof style

Step 2c: Implement in LaTeX

Edit the
```
.tex
```
file
Preserve existing
```
\label
```
references where possible

Step 2d: Record the fix

markdown

### Fix N: [SHORT TITLE]
**Issue**: [id] [CATEGORY] — [description]
**Severity**: FATAL / CRITICAL / MAJOR / MINOR
**Status**: INVALID / UNJUSTIFIED / UNDERSTATED / OVERSTATED
**Impact**: GLOBAL / LOCAL / COSMETIC
**Fix strategy**: ADD_DERIVATION / STRENGTHEN_ASSUMPTION / WEAKEN_CLAIM / ADD_REFERENCE
**Location**: Section X, Lines Y-Z

**BEFORE**: [what the proof originally did]
**WHY WRONG**: [mathematical problem, with counterexample if applicable]
**AFTER**: [what the fix does]
**KEY EQUATION**: [central new equation]
**PROOF OBLIGATIONS ADDED**: [new conditions/lemmas introduced]
**DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS**: [which results now need re-checking]

Step 2e: Compile check

bash

pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode <file>.tex 2>&1 | grep -E "Error|Warning|undefined"

Phase 3: Re-Review (Codex GPT-5.4 xhigh)

Use

codex-reply

with saved threadId. Include fix summaries. Request the same mandatory checklist.

Check acceptance gate. If not met, repeat Phases 2-3 (up to MAX_REVIEW_ROUNDS).

Phase 3.5: Global Closure & Independent Verification

Global closure checks

After all fixes, verify the proof as a whole:

Statement–conclusion match: Does the proof end with EXACTLY what the theorem claims (quantifiers, constants, uniformity)?
All obligations discharged: Every node in the obligation DAG is proven or explicitly assumed (and the theorem statement includes it).
Case analysis coverage: Cases partition the domain AND include boundary/degenerate cases.
Induction correctness (if applicable): Base case, inductive step, correct use of IH, induction measure strictly decreases.
WLOG reductions: Each "without loss of generality" spawns a micro-claim proving the reduction is lossless.
No silent assumption strengthening: Any fix that strengthened assumptions has propagated to the main theorem statement.

Independent second review for FATAL/CRITICAL fixes

For any fix that resolved a FATAL or CRITICAL issue, submit the fixed section alone (without showing the previous critique) to a fresh Codex thread:

mcp__codex__codex:
  config: {"model_reasoning_effort": "xhigh"}
  prompt: |
    Blind review of the following proof section. You have NOT seen any prior
    review or discussion. Check every step for correctness, hidden assumptions,
    illegal interchanges, and counterexamples.
    [FIXED SECTION ONLY]

If the blind reviewer finds new issues, re-enter Phase 2.

Regression proof-audit

After fixes, re-run:

DAG acyclicity check (no new cycles introduced)
Counterexample suite on all DOWNSTREAM lemmas of modified results
Assumption-delta report: what became stronger/weaker due to fixes?

Phase 3.9: Unrecoverable Proof Protocol

If acceptance gate is not met after MAX_REVIEW_ROUNDS, output a Proof Unrecoverable Report:

Minimal set of blocking FATAL/CRITICAL issues that could not be resolved
Salvage options ranked: (a) weaken claim, (b) strengthen assumptions, (c) add missing lemmas, (d) restructure argument
Which parts of the proof are likely still reusable
Recommended next steps for the author

Do NOT silently declare success. The report must be honest.

Phase 4: Audit Report Generation

Generate

proof_audit_report.tex

with:

Overview table: All issues with two-axis severity, category, fix strategy, status
Before/After logic chain: Red (BEFORE) → Green (AFTER) comparison
For each fix: original proof → why wrong → counterexample (if any) → complete derivation → remaining subtleties
Proof-obligation diff: What was unverified before, what is verified now
Summary: Now proven / still assumed / open problems
Colored boxes: BEFORE (red), AFTER (green), WHY WRONG (orange), KEY INSIGHT (blue), WARNING (yellow)

Compile:

pdflatex proof_audit_report.tex && pdflatex proof_audit_report.tex

Phase 5: State Persistence

Write

PROOF_CHECK_STATE.json

json

{
  "status": "completed",
  "rounds": 2,
  "threadId": "...",
  "fatal_fixed": 0,
  "critical_fixed": 3,
  "major_fixed": 2,
  "minor_fixed": 1,
  "counterexamples_found": 1,
  "counterexample_candidates": 2,
  "acceptance_gate": "PASS",
  "timestamp": "..."
}

Key Rules

Mathematical rigor

Never accept a proof step on faith. "Clearly" / "it follows" / "by standard arguments" are red flags — each must spawn a micro-claim.
Hypothesis discharge: Every time a lemma is APPLIED, verify EACH of its hypotheses at that point. Use the side-condition checklists above.
Interchange discipline: Every swap of limit/expectation/derivative/integral must cite a theorem (DCT/MCT/Fubini/Leibniz) and verify its conditions with explicit dominating function or integrability proof.
Uniformity discipline: Every O(·)/Θ(·) must declare what parameters it is uniform over. "O(1)" that secretly depends on d,n,K is a CONSTANT_DEPENDENCE_HIDDEN issue.
Quantifier discipline: Check ∀/∃ order. "For sufficiently small κ" must specify: does κ₀ depend on K? On π? On d?
Counterexample-first: Before trying to fix a gap, first try to break it.
WLOG prohibition: Every "without loss of generality" must have an explicit micro-claim proving the reduction. No free WLOGs.
No silent assumption strengthening: Any fix that adds conditions must propagate to the theorem statement.

Cross-model protocol

Claude analyzes, Codex reviews: Claude reads proof, formulates questions, implements fixes. Codex provides adversarial review.
Codex reasoning always xhigh: Never downgrade.
Send full content: Don't summarize — send actual math for line-by-line checking.
Preserve threadId: Use
```
codex-reply
```
for follow-up rounds.

Fix quality

Minimal fixes: Fix exactly what's broken, nothing more.
Full derivation: Every fix includes complete mathematical argument.
Explicit scope decisions: Each fix is tagged ADD_DERIVATION / STRENGTHEN_ASSUMPTION / WEAKEN_CLAIM / ADD_REFERENCE.
Compile after each fix: LaTeX must compile cleanly.

Scope honesty

Don't overclaim: If a fix makes a result conditional, say so.
Separate "proven" from "assumed": The audit report has an explicit section for this.
Log open problems: Issues requiring future work are listed, not hidden.

Output Files

File	Content	When
`PROOF_SKELETON.md`	Dependency DAG + assumption ledger + micro-claims	Phase 0.5
`PROOF_AUDIT.md`	Cumulative round-by-round audit log	Updated each round
`PROOF_AUDIT.json`	Machine-readable submission verdict (see below)	Always emitted
`proof_audit_report.tex/.pdf`	Formal before/after report	Phase 4
`PROOF_CHECK_STATE.json`	State for recovery	Phase 5

Submission Artifact Emission

This skill always writes

PROOF_AUDIT.json

at the paper directory root (i.e.

paper/PROOF_AUDIT.json

when invoked from

/paper-writing

with paper-dir

paper/

;

<your-paper-dir>/PROOF_AUDIT.json

when invoked standalone), regardless of caller or whether the paper contains theorems. A paper with no

\begin{theorem}

\begin{lemma}

\begin{proof}

emits verdict

NOT_APPLICABLE

; silent skip is forbidden.

paper-writing

Phase 6 and

tools/verify_paper_audits.sh

both rely on this artifact existing at

<paper-dir>/PROOF_AUDIT.json

The artifact conforms to the schema in

shared-references/assurance-contract.md

json

{
  "audit_skill":      "proof-checker",
  "verdict":          "PASS | WARN | FAIL | NOT_APPLICABLE | BLOCKED | ERROR",
  "reason_code":      "all_proofs_complete | minor_gaps | critical_gap | no_theorems | ...",
  "summary":          "One-line human-readable verdict summary.",
  "audited_input_hashes": {
    "main.tex":                 "sha256:...",
    "sections/4.theory.tex":    "sha256:..."
  },
  "trace_path":       ".aris/traces/proof-checker/<date>_run<NN>/",
  "thread_id":        "<codex mcp thread id>",
  "reviewer_model":   "gpt-5.4",
  "reviewer_reasoning": "xhigh",
  "generated_at":     "<UTC ISO-8601>",
  "details": {
    "theorems_audited": <int>,
    "issues": [ { "id": "T1-H3", "severity": "FATAL|CRITICAL|MAJOR|MINOR",
                  "category": "quantifier|domination|...",
                  "location": "sections/4.theory.tex:L182",
                  "note": "..." }, ... ]
  }
}

audited_input_hashes

scope

Hash the declared input set actually reviewed — the theorem-bearing

.tex

files passed into this invocation — not a repo-wide union and not the reviewer's self-reported opened subset. The external verifier rehashes these entries; any mismatch flags

STALE

Path convention (must match

tools/verify_paper_audits.sh

): keys are paths relative to the paper directory (no

paper/

prefix — the verifier resolves relative to the paper dir; prefixing produces

paper/paper/...

and false-fails as STALE). Use absolute paths for files outside the paper dir.

Verdict decision table

Input state	Verdict	`reason_code` example
No theorems / lemmas / proofs in paper	`NOT_APPLICABLE`	`no_theorems`
Theorems present but referenced files unreadable	`BLOCKED`	`source_unreadable`
All proof obligations discharged, no gaps	`PASS`	`all_proofs_complete`
Only MINOR issues (notation / exposition)	`WARN`	`minor_gaps`
Any FATAL or CRITICAL issue (logic gap, wrong claim)	`FAIL`	`critical_gap`
Reviewer invocation failed (network / malformed)	`ERROR`	`reviewer_error`

MAJOR issues alone map to

WARN

FAIL

at the reviewer's discretion and must carry an explicit justification in

summary

details.issues

Thread independence

Every invocation uses a fresh

mcp__codex__codex

thread. Never

codex-reply

across proof-checker runs. Do not accept prior audit outputs (PAPER_CLAIM_AUDIT, CITATION_AUDIT, EXPERIMENT_LOG) as input — the fresh thread preserves reviewer independence per

shared-references/reviewer-independence.md

This skill never blocks by itself;

paper-writing

Phase 6 plus the verifier decide whether the verdict blocks finalization based on the

assurance

level.

Example Invocations

/proof-checker "neurips_2025.tex"
/proof-checker "check the GMM generalization proof, focus on dimension dependence"
/proof-checker "verify proof in paper.tex — difficulty: nightmare"

proof-checker

NPX Install

Tags

SKILL.md Content