vietnamese-education-copy

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Original

English

🇨🇳

Translation

Chinese

Vietnamese school and academic writing (vi-VN)

越南语学校与学术写作（vi-VN）

Vietnamese education writing fails by flattening a rigidly hierarchical, legally codified system into one generic voice. A teacher writing to a 9-year-old, a school broadcasting to parents, and a university registrar addressing an adult student are three different registers with three different pronouns — and two of the genres here (report-card language, diploma reissuance) use wording set by a Ministry circular, not by house style.

This skill covers instructional and administrative writing only. E-learning product UI, gamification, and subtitles belong to

vietnamese-tech-writing

; tutoring-centre, test-prep, and study-abroad advertising belong to

vietnamese-business-comms

— both are genuinely different registers (software microcopy, regulated advertising) wearing an education topic.

越南教育类写作的常见问题在于，将一个等级森严、有法律明文规定的体系简化为单一通用语气。教师写给9岁学生的内容、校方发给家长的通知、大学注册处写给成年学生的文件，分属三种不同的语体，使用三种不同的称呼——其中两类文体（成绩单用语、文凭补发）的措辞由教育部通告规定，而非机构自身的风格。

本技能仅涵盖教学及行政写作。在线学习产品UI、游戏化内容及字幕属于

vietnamese-tech-writing

范畴；辅导中心、备考及留学广告属于

vietnamese-business-comms

范畴——这两类虽涉及教育主题，但属于完全不同的语体（软件微文案、受监管的广告）。

Step 1 — Identify the writer, the reader, and the schooling stage

步骤1 — 明确撰写者、阅读者及教育阶段

Writer → Reader	Register	Notes
Teacher → secondary student (THCS/THPT)	`edu-k12` ( `em` )	The default K-12 classroom register
Teacher → primary student (tiểu học)	`edu-k12-primary` ( `con` )	Set by schooling stage, not the student's actual age
School/teacher → parents (collective)	`edu-parent` ( `quý phụ huynh` )	sổ liên lạc, Zalo broadcasts, report-card notices
University → student (administrative prose)	`edu-uni` (no direct address)	Transcripts, syllabi, registration — third-person `sinh viên`

bạn

addressed to a student in a teacher's voice is the single most common machine-translation tell in this domain — it strips the hierarchical respect the relationship requires. Full matrix, including how these four rows sit alongside every other Vietnamese skill's registers: references/register-matrix.md. The education-specific detail — the primary/secondary

con

em

line,

quý phụ huynh

versus a known parent's own register, and a teacher's self-reference (

thầy

cô

, never

tôi

) — is in references/doc-registers.md.

撰写者 → 阅读者	语体标识	说明
教师 → 中学生（THCS/THPT）	`edu-k12` （使用 `em` ）	K-12课堂默认语体
教师 → 小学生（tiểu học）	`edu-k12-primary` （使用 `con` ）	由教育阶段决定，而非学生实际年龄
学校/教师 → 家长（群体）	`edu-parent` （使用 `quý phụ huynh` ）	适用于sổ liên lạc（家校联系册）、Zalo通知、成绩单告知
大学 → 学生（行政文书）	`edu-uni` （无直接称呼）	成绩单、课程大纲、注册文件——使用第三人称 `sinh viên`

教师用

bạn

称呼学生是该领域机器翻译最明显的特征——这会消解师生关系所需的等级尊重。完整的语体矩阵，包括这四类语体与其他越南语技能语体的对应关系，请查看：references/register-matrix.md。教育领域的特定细节——小学/中学阶段的

con

em

区分、

quý phụ huynh

与针对特定家长的语体差异、教师的自称（

thầy

cô

，绝不能用

tôi

）——请查看：references/doc-registers.md。

Step 2 — Use the statutory grading terms, not the ones that sound right

步骤2 — 使用法定评分术语，而非看似合理的表述

Grading and credential terminology in Vietnam is set by Bộ GD&ĐT circulars, and they changed recently enough that an LLM's training data still defaults to the abolished terms:

Secondary (THCS/THPT), Thông tư 22/2021/TT-BGDĐT: overall classification is
```
Tốt
```
/
```
Khá
```
/
```
Đạt
```
/
```
Chưa đạt
```
.
```
Học sinh Tiên tiến
```
and an overall
```
Giỏi
```
/
```
Trung bình
```
label are abolished — generating them is the clearest tell that a report card is machine-written.
Primary (tiểu học), Thông tư 27/2020/TT-BGDĐT: routine assessment is qualitative, not numeric —
```
Hoàn thành tốt
```
/
```
Hoàn thành
```
/
```
Cần cố gắng
```
.
```
Cần cải thiện
```
is the calque; the statutory phrase is
```
Cần cố gắng
```
.
Higher education, Thông tư 08/2021/TT-BGDĐT: credit is
```
tín chỉ
```
, never
```
tín dụng
```
(that is financial credit). GPA is written with a Vietnamese decimal comma (
```
3,6/4,0
```
), and maps to
```
Xuất sắc
```
/
```
Giỏi
```
/
```
Khá
```
— an untranslated
```
3.6/4.0
```
is a locale bug, not a style choice.
Diplomas, Thông tư 21/2019/TT-BGDĐT: an original diploma is issued once. A lost diploma is never "reissued as an original" — the correct, and only legal, output is
```
cấp bản sao từ sổ gốc
```
(a copy from the master register).

Full tables, article citations, and effective dates: references/grading-terminology.md.

越南的评分及学历术语由Bộ GD&ĐT（越南教育部）的通告规定，且近期有更新，因此大语言模型的训练数据仍会默认使用已废止的术语：

中学（THCS/THPT），Thông tư 22/2021/TT-BGDĐT： 整体评级为
```
Tốt
```
/
```
Khá
```
/
```
Đạt
```
/
```
Chưa đạt
```
。
```
Học sinh Tiên tiến
```
（优秀学生）及整体
```
Giỏi
```
/
```
Trung bình
```
（良好/中等）标签已废止——使用这些术语是成绩单为机器生成的最明显标志。
小学（tiểu học），Thông tư 27/2020/TT-BGDĐT： 常规评估为定性描述，而非数字评分——
```
Hoàn thành tốt
```
（完成良好）/
```
Hoàn thành
```
（完成）/
```
Cần cố gắng
```
（需努力）。
```
Cần cải thiện
```
（需改进）是直译错误，法定表述为
```
Cần cố gắng
```
。
高等教育，Thông tư 08/2021/TT-BGDĐT： 学分是
```
tín chỉ
```
，绝不能用
```
tín dụng
```
（该词指金融信贷）。GPA需使用越南语的十进制逗号（
```
3,6/4,0
```
），对应评级为
```
Xuất sắc
```
/
```
Giỏi
```
/
```
Khá
```
——未转换的
```
3.6/4.0
```
属于区域设置错误，而非风格选择。
文凭，Thông tư 21/2019/TT-BGDĐT： 原始文凭仅颁发一次。遗失的文凭绝不会“补发原件”——唯一合法的正确表述是
```
cấp bản sao từ sổ gốc
```
（从原始档案开具副本）。

完整的术语表、法规引用及生效日期，请查看：references/grading-terminology.md。

Step 3 — Look up the term before inventing one

步骤3 — 先查证术语，勿自行创造

giáo trình

(textbook/course material) is not

đề cương

(syllabus/course outline);

đăng ký khóa học

is the EdTech phrase,

đăng ký học phần

is the university-registration one;

ăn cắp ý tưởng

is not the formal

đạo văn

(plagiarism). The calque table, with severities: references/glossary.md.

giáo trình

（教材/课程资料）不等于

đề cương

（课程大纲/教学计划）；

đăng ký khóa học

是教育科技领域的表述，

đăng ký học phần

是大学注册的术语；

ăn cắp ý tưởng

不是正式的

đạo văn

（剽窃）。包含严重程度说明的直译错误对照表，请查看：references/glossary.md。

Step 4 — Check compliance and formatting

步骤4 — 检查合规性与格式

quý phụ huynh

for parent-facing notices is close to a legal expectation, not just house style — Điều 89 Luật Giáo dục 2019 frames school-home communication as formal coordination, and a casual or literal

các bậc cha mẹ

reads as a failure to take that seriously. A K-12 app or portal that reports a child's grades to a parent is processing a minor's data and needs the consent language in references/compliance.md (Nghị định 13/2023/NĐ-CP). Number, date, and currency formatting (tuition fees, GPA decimals) follows references/locale-formatting.md; regulated superlatives in school-branding language follow references/banned-phrases.md.

面向家长的通知使用

quý phụ huynh

近乎法律要求，而非仅机构风格——《2019年教育法》第89条将家校沟通定义为正式协作，随意或直译的

các bậc cha mẹ

会被视为未严肃对待此事。向家长报告孩子成绩的K-12应用或平台属于处理未成年人数据，需使用**references/compliance.md中的同意话术（Nghị định 13/2023/NĐ-CP）。数字、日期及货币格式（学费、GPA小数）遵循references/locale-formatting.md；学校品牌语言中的受监管最高级表述遵循references/banned-phrases.md**。

Step 5 — Validate, fix, then ship

步骤5 — 验证、修正后再交付

Run the validator immediately after writing. If it reports errors, fix them and run again. Only present the copy once it passes.

bash

python scripts/validate_copy.py hoc-ba.md --doctype secondary-report-card
python scripts/validate_copy.py so-lien-lac.md --doctype primary-report-card --register edu-parent
python scripts/validate_copy.py nhan-xet.md --doctype teacher-to-student --register edu-k12
python scripts/validate_copy.py bang-diem.md --doctype transcript
python scripts/validate_copy.py cap-lai-bang.md --doctype diploma
python scripts/validate_copy.py de-cuong.md --doctype higher-ed --register edu-uni

--register edu-k12|edu-k12-primary|edu-parent|edu-uni

enables

PRO002

--doctype
turns on the statutory and structural rules — they stay silent otherwise, because
```
Cần cải thiện
```
is only wrong on a primary report card:
```
primary-report-card
```
,
```
secondary-report-card
```
,
```
teacher-to-student
```
,
```
transcript
```
,
```
diploma
```
,
```
higher-ed
```
.
Exit
```
0
```
= clean or warnings only. Exit
```
1
```
= errors that must be fixed.
```
--json
```
for machine-readable findings;
```
--strict
```
to fail on warnings too;
```
--fix
```
repairs NFC in place.

撰写完成后立即运行验证工具。若报告错误，修正后再次运行。仅在验证通过后提交文案。

bash

python scripts/validate_copy.py hoc-ba.md --doctype secondary-report-card
python scripts/validate_copy.py so-lien-lac.md --doctype primary-report-card --register edu-parent
python scripts/validate_copy.py nhan-xet.md --doctype teacher-to-student --register edu-k12
python scripts/validate_copy.py bang-diem.md --doctype transcript
python scripts/validate_copy.py cap-lai-bang.md --doctype diploma
python scripts/validate_copy.py de-cuong.md --doctype higher-ed --register edu-uni

--register edu-k12|edu-k12-primary|edu-parent|edu-uni

启用

PRO002

规则。

--doctype
会开启法定及结构规则——否则这些规则不会生效，因为
```
Cần cải thiện
```
仅在小学成绩单中属于错误表述：可用的
```
doctype
```
包括
```
primary-report-card
```
、
```
secondary-report-card
```
、
```
teacher-to-student
```
、
```
transcript
```
、
```
diploma
```
、
```
higher-ed
```
。
退出码
```
0
```
= 无错误或仅警告。退出码
```
1
```
= 必须修正的错误。
```
--json
```
用于生成机器可读的检查结果；
```
--strict
```
会将警告视为错误；
```
--fix
```
会就地修复NFC编码问题。

Step 6 — Learn from the worked pairs, then hand it to a human

步骤6 — 参考示例，再交由人工审核

references/examples.md — bad→good pairs, each with the circular or article it fixes. Then run the checklist: the linter catches statutory terms, calques, and encoding; it cannot tell you whether a report-card remark is actually encouraging, or whether a parent notice reads as sincere. Those need a native speaker who has taught or parented inside this system: references/qa-checklist.md

references/examples.md——包含错误→修正的示例对，每个示例均标注了对应的法规条款。之后请运行检查清单：校验工具可检测法定术语、直译错误及编码问题，但无法判断成绩单评语是否具有鼓励性，或家长通知是否显得真诚。这些需要具备越南教育系统教学或育儿经验的母语人士审核：references/qa-checklist.md