good-services-service-design
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ChineseGood Services Service Design
Good Services服务设计
This skill helps you design, diagnose, and improve services end-to-end using the Good Services model: define the service from the user's perspective, map the steps/tasks across channels and operations, and then assess and improve using the 15 principles of good service design.
A service here means: something that helps someone to do something — defined by the user's goal, not your org chart.
本技能可借助《Good Services》模型帮助你端到端地设计、诊断和改进服务:从用户视角定义服务,梳理跨渠道和跨运营的步骤/任务,随后依托优质服务设计15条原则进行评估和优化。
此处所指的服务是:帮助用户完成某件事的载体——由用户目标而非你的组织架构定义。
When to use
适用场景
Use this skill when the user asks for any of the following:
- “Design a service” / “redesign a service” / “fix our service”
- “Service audit” / “service review” / “why is our service failing?”
- “Service blueprint” / “journey map” / “service map”
- “How do we make this service easier to find / understand / use?”
- “Apply the Good Services principles” / “the 15 principles”
当用户提出以下任意需求时可使用本技能:
- “设计一个服务”/“重新设计一个服务”/“修复我们的服务”
- “服务审计”/“服务复盘”/“我们的服务为什么运行不畅?”
- “服务蓝图”/“旅程地图”/“服务地图”
- “我们怎么让这个服务更容易被找到/理解/使用?”
- “应用Good Services原则”/“应用那15条原则”
When NOT to use
不适用场景
- Pure UI styling/visual design requests (unless tied to a service journey or ops)
- Marketing/copywriting that isn't part of explaining the service purpose/expectations
- Narrow technical debugging with no service context (use engineering/debug skills instead)
- 纯UI样式/视觉设计需求(除非和服务旅程或运营相关)
- 不属于服务用途/预期说明范畴的营销/文案写作需求
- 无服务上下文的狭义技术调试(请改用工程/调试相关技能)
Operating modes
使用模式
Choose the lightest mode that fits the user's need.
- Quick audit (30–60 min)
- Output: principles scorecard + top issues + recommended fixes/backlog
- Best when: user wants fast prioritisation or a “why is this broken?” diagnosis
- Full design / improvement plan
- Output: service definition + journey map + service blueprint + scorecard + prioritised backlog + service standard
- Best when: user is (re)designing a service or needs cross-team alignment
- Workshop facilitation
- Output: agenda + exercises + artefacts to fill live (templates)
- Best when: multiple stakeholders need to align on scope, ownership, and priorities
选择最匹配用户需求的轻量化模式即可。
- 快速审计(30-60分钟)
- 输出:原则评分卡+核心问题+推荐修复方案/待办事项
- 适用场景:用户需要快速确定优先级,或是诊断“服务运行不畅的原因”
- 完整设计/改进方案
- 输出:服务定义+旅程地图+服务蓝图+评分卡+优先级排序待办事项+服务标准
- 适用场景:用户需要(重新)设计服务,或是需要跨团队对齐目标
- 工作坊引导
- 输出:议程+练习+可实时填写的产出物(模板)
- 适用场景:需要让多名利益相关方对齐范围、权责和优先级
Inputs to collect (progressive)
需要收集的输入信息(渐进式)
Start with the minimum and expand only as needed.
Minimum (always ask):
- What is the service (in one sentence) and what outcome does the user want?
- Who are the primary users? (2–3 groups is enough)
- What channels exist today? (web/app/phone/post/in-person/physical)
- What is the main problem you're trying to solve? (symptoms + suspected causes)
Helpful (ask if doing more than a quick audit):
- Known constraints (policy/legal/technical/budget/SLAs)
- Current volume + failure points (drop-offs, call deflection, complaint themes)
- Any research, analytics, or frontline insights you already have
- Where support happens today (humans, scripts, escalation routes)
If information is missing, make assumptions explicit and provide a “data needed next” list.
从最少必要信息开始收集,仅在需要时扩展。
最少必要信息(每次都要询问):
- 用一句话描述服务是什么,以及用户想要达成什么结果?
- 核心用户是谁?(2-3个群体即可)
- 当前有哪些可用渠道?(网页/应用/电话/邮件/线下/实体载体)
- 你想要解决的核心问题是什么?(现象+疑似原因)
补充信息(如果做的不只是快速审计可以询问):
- 已知约束(政策/法律/技术/预算/服务水平协议)
- 当前服务量+故障点(用户流失、呼叫转移、投诉集中点)
- 你已有的任何用户研究、数据分析或一线洞察
- 当前的支持渠道(人工、话术、升级路径)
如果信息缺失,明确说明假设内容,并提供“后续需要收集的数据”列表。
Core workflow
核心工作流
Step 1 — Define the service (user-first)
步骤1——定义服务(用户优先)
Goal: anchor on what the user is trying to achieve, and where the service starts/ends.
Use:
references/templates/service-definition-canvas.mdDo:
- Rewrite the service name as a verb phrase users would search for.
- Define start trigger and done condition (what does “complete” mean?).
- Identify user groups + accessibility needs.
- List channels and key touchpoints.
- Capture success measures (user + organisation + societal).
Output: a filled Service Definition Canvas.
目标:锚定用户想要达成的目标,以及服务的起止边界。
使用模板:
references/templates/service-definition-canvas.md执行动作:
- 将服务名称重写为用户会搜索的动词短语。
- 定义启动触发条件和完成条件(“服务完成”的标准是什么?)。
- 识别用户群体+可访问性需求。
- 列出渠道和核心触点。
- 明确成功衡量指标(用户侧+组织侧+社会侧)。
输出:填写完成的服务定义画布。
Step 2 — Map the journey (steps and tasks)
步骤2——梳理旅程(步骤和任务)
Goal: describe the service as one continuous set of actions towards the user's goal — across org boundaries and channels.
Use:
- (journey map)
references/templates/service-map.md - (frontstage/backstage/support)
references/templates/service-blueprint.md
Do:
- Break the service into steps (major decision points / moments needing visibility).
- Break steps into tasks (individual actions).
- Note channel(s) per step/task and any handoffs between teams/orgs.
- Capture pain points, drop-offs, and where users seek help.
Output: a journey map (minimum) and blueprint (if ops matter, which they usually do).
目标:将服务描述为用户朝着目标行动的一系列连续动作——跨组织边界和渠道。
使用模板:
- (旅程地图)
references/templates/service-map.md - (前台/后台/支持侧)
references/templates/service-blueprint.md
执行动作:
- 将服务拆分为多个步骤(主要决策点/需要感知的关键节点)。
- 将步骤拆分为多个任务(单个动作)。
- 标注每个步骤/任务对应的渠道,以及团队/组织之间的交接节点。
- 记录痛点、用户流失点、用户寻求帮助的节点。
输出:旅程地图(最低要求)和服务蓝图(如果运营相关,通常都需要)。
Step 3 — Assess against the 15 principles
步骤3——对照15条原则评估
Goal: identify where the service violates universal good-service needs.
Use:
references/templates/principles-scorecard.md- (detailed guidance + checks)
references/15-principles.md
Do:
- Score each principle (0–2) and record evidence.
- List the top failure modes and where they appear in the journey.
- Highlight cross-cutting root causes (language, data silos, incentives, policy).
Output: completed principles scorecard + summary of top 5 issues.
目标:识别服务违反通用优质服务要求的点。
使用模板:
references/templates/principles-scorecard.md- (详细指南+检查项)
references/15-principles.md
执行动作:
- 为每条原则打分(0-2)并记录佐证。
- 列出 top 故障模式以及它们在旅程中出现的位置。
- 梳理跨环节的根本原因(语言、数据孤岛、激励机制、政策)。
输出:填写完成的原则评分卡+top5问题总结。
Step 4 — Design improvements and prioritise
步骤4——设计优化方案并排序
Goal: turn findings into a realistic plan.
Use:
references/templates/improvement-backlog.mdDo:
- Propose fixes that directly address failures (avoid “nice-to-haves”).
- Prefer changes that reduce user effort, clarify purpose/expectations, and remove dead ends.
- Prioritise by user impact, risk, frequency, and implementation effort.
- Write acceptance criteria in user-outcome language.
Output: prioritised backlog (Now / Next / Later).
目标:将发现的问题转化为可落地的方案。
使用模板:
references/templates/improvement-backlog.md执行动作:
- 提出直接对应故障点的修复方案(避免“锦上添花”的需求)。
- 优先选择可降低用户成本、明确用途/预期、消除死胡同的改动。
- 按照用户影响、风险、发生频率、实施成本排序优先级。
- 用用户侧结果的语言编写验收标准。
输出:按优先级排序的待办事项(现在/下一步/未来)。
Step 5 — Define the service standard and measurement
步骤5——定义服务标准和衡量方式
Goal: make the service operable and improvable over time.
Use:
references/templates/service-standard.mdDo:
- Define what “good” looks like: promises, service levels, accessibility bar, support model.
- Define key measures (not just what’s easy to count).
- Make incentives explicit: what behaviours are you encouraging in users and staff?
Output: service standard + measurement plan.
目标:让服务可运营,且可长期迭代优化。
使用模板:
references/templates/service-standard.md执行动作:
- 定义“优质”的标准:服务承诺、服务等级、可访问性门槛、支持模式。
- 定义核心衡量指标(不只是容易统计的指标)。
- 明确激励机制:你想要引导用户和工作人员产生什么行为?
输出:服务标准+衡量方案。
Step 6 — Validate and iterate
步骤6——验证和迭代
Goal: ensure improvements work for real users and real staff.
Do:
- List the riskiest assumptions (who/what/when/why/how).
- Propose a lightweight validation plan (research, prototype, pilot, operational test).
- Plan for change: what user circumstances can change, and how will the service respond?
Output: validation plan + “unknowns / next evidence to collect”.
目标:确保优化方案对真实用户和一线工作人员有效。
执行动作:
- 列出风险最高的假设(谁/什么/何时/为什么/如何)。
- 提出轻量化的验证方案(用户研究、原型、试点、运营测试)。
- 为变化做规划:用户的什么情况可能变化,服务要如何响应?
输出:验证方案+“待确认/后续需要收集的证据”列表。
The 15 principles (as checks)
15条原则(作为检查项)
- A good service is easy to find
- A good service clearly explains its purpose
- A good service sets the expectations a user has of it
- A good service enables a user to complete the outcome they set out to do
- A good service works in a way that’s familiar
- A good service requires no prior knowledge to use
- A good service is agnostic to organisational structures
- A good service requires as few steps as possible to complete
- A good service is consistent throughout
- A good service should have no dead ends
- A good service is usable by everyone, equally
- A good service encourages the right behaviours from users and staff
- A good service should respond to change quickly
- A good service clearly explains why a decision has been made
- A good service makes it easy to get human assistance
(Use for practical tests and improvement moves.)
references/15-principles.md- 好的服务易于查找
- 好的服务清晰说明自身用途
- 好的服务会明确用户对它的预期
- 好的服务能帮助用户完成他们想要达成的目标
- 好的服务的运作方式符合用户的熟悉认知
- 好的服务无需用户具备前置知识即可使用
- 好的服务不受组织架构的限制
- 好的服务完成所需步骤尽可能少
- 好的服务全程体验一致
- 好的服务不会出现死胡同
- 好的服务对所有人都同等可用
- 好的服务会引导用户和工作人员做出正确行为
- 好的服务能够快速响应变化
- 好的服务会清晰解释决策的原因
- 好的服务让获取人工协助变得简单
(可参考获取实操测试方法和优化动作。)
references/15-principles.mdOutput format (recommended)
输出格式(推荐)
When delivering results, structure the response like this:
- Service definition (1–2 paragraphs + canvas)
- Journey map (table)
- Service blueprint (if relevant)
- Principles scorecard (table + top issues)
- Prioritised backlog (Now/Next/Later)
- Service standard + measures
- Validation plan (what to test next)
Keep everything in plain language, using the user's terms (verbs), not internal acronyms.
交付结果时,请按照以下结构组织回复:
- 服务定义(1-2段文字+画布)
- 旅程地图(表格)
- 服务蓝图(如果相关)
- 原则评分卡(表格+核心问题)
- 优先级排序待办事项(现在/下一步/未来)
- 服务标准+衡量指标
- 验证方案(后续要测试的内容)
所有内容请使用平实语言,采用用户的术语(动词),不要使用内部缩写。
Quality checklist (before finalising)
质量检查清单(定稿前)
- The service name is a verb users would search for (not an internal noun/acronym).
- Purpose is clear in the first 10 seconds of the journey.
- Time/cost/eligibility expectations are set at the right moments.
- The journey supports the full user outcome (including aftercare and exceptions).
- Patterns and language are familiar and consistent across channels.
- No step assumes prior knowledge of your organisation or process.
- No user is stranded: every “no” has a next step (alternative, referral, appeal, human help).
- Accessibility is treated as a baseline, not a bolt-on.
- Metrics and incentives encourage the right behaviours (users + staff + organisation + society).
- The service can handle change (user details, circumstances, policy, operational variance).
- 服务名称是用户会搜索的动词短语(不是内部名词/缩写)。
- 用户在旅程开始的10秒内就能明确服务用途。
- 时间/成本/准入资格的预期会在合适的节点告知用户。
- 旅程支持用户完整达成目标(包括售后和异常场景)。
- 不同渠道的设计模式和语言风格熟悉且一致。
- 没有步骤假设用户了解你的组织或流程的前置知识。
- 不会让用户陷入困境:每个“不通过”的结果都有下一步动作(替代方案、转介、申诉、人工帮助)。
- 可访问性是基础要求,不是附加功能。
- 指标和激励机制引导正确的行为(用户+工作人员+组织+社会)。
- 服务可以应对变化(用户信息、情况、政策、运营差异)。
Examples
示例
Example 1 — Quick audit
示例1——快速审计
User: “Can you audit our online appointment booking service? Drop-off is high.”
Actions:
- Collect minimal context (users, outcome, channels, evidence).
- Produce journey map + scorecard (0–2 per principle).
- Identify top 5 root causes and propose a Now/Next/Later backlog.
用户:“你能审计我们的在线预约服务吗?用户流失率很高。”
执行动作:
- 收集最少必要上下文(用户、目标、渠道、证据)。
- 产出旅程地图+评分卡(每条原则0-2分)。
- 识别top5根本原因,提出现在/下一步/未来的待办事项。
Example 2 — Blueprint + improvement plan
示例2——蓝图+优化方案
User: “Design an end-to-end ‘cancel my subscription’ service across web + phone.”
Actions:
- Define service boundaries (start, done, aftercare).
- Map journey and blueprint (frontstage/backstage/support).
- Check dead ends, expectations, and human assistance.
- Produce a service standard (what “good” means) + measures.
用户:“设计一个跨网页+电话的端到端‘取消订阅’服务。”
执行动作:
- 定义服务边界(开始、完成、售后)。
- 梳理旅程和服务蓝图(前台/后台/支持侧)。
- 检查死胡同、预期提示、人工协助通道。
- 产出服务标准(“优质”的定义)+衡量指标。
Example 3 — Workshop
示例3——工作坊
User: “We need a workshop agenda to align teams around our service redesign.”
Actions:
- Use .
references/workshop-agenda.md - Provide templates to fill and facilitation notes.
- End with an agreed backlog and ownership map.
用户:“我们需要一个工作坊议程,帮助团队对齐服务重设计的目标。”
执行动作:
- 使用模板。
references/workshop-agenda.md - 提供可填写的模板和引导说明。
- 输出达成共识的待办事项和权责地图。
Troubleshooting
问题排查
The request is too broad (“fix our whole customer experience”)
需求太宽泛(“修复我们的全部客户体验”)
- Narrow to one user outcome and define service boundaries.
- If needed, split into multiple services (each with its own “done”).
- 缩小范围到单个用户目标,定义服务边界。
- 如果需要,可以拆分为多个服务(每个都有自己的“完成”标准)。
The org is siloed / no single owner
组织是孤岛式架构/没有单一负责人
- Run Step 2 (map) explicitly across handoffs.
- Use Principle 7 guidance to propose shared standards/goals/incentives.
- 明确执行步骤2(旅程梳理)时要覆盖所有交接节点。
- 参考第7条原则的指导,提出共享的标准/目标/激励机制。
Users keep calling / staff are overwhelmed
用户不断来电/工作人员负担过重
- Check Principle 3 (expectations), 10 (dead ends), and 15 (human help model).
- Look for incentive problems (Principle 12).
- 检查第3条原则(预期设置)、第10条原则(死胡同)、第15条原则(人工帮助模式)。
- 排查激励机制问题(第12条原则)。
Not enough data
数据不足
- Make assumptions explicit.
- Provide a “minimum evidence to collect next” list: top drop-off steps, complaint themes, frontline pain points, accessibility issues.
- 明确说明假设内容。
- 提供“后续需要收集的最少证据”列表:top流失步骤、投诉集中点、一线痛点、可访问性问题。