contract-review
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ChineseContract Review
合同审查
When to Use
何时使用
Activate when a founder has received a contract to sign and wants to understand the risks before proceeding. This includes vendor agreements, customer enterprise agreements, partnership deals, investment documents, employment agreements, NDAs, IP assignment agreements, and any other binding legal document. Also activate when the user says things like "review this contract," "is this agreement fair," "what should I push back on," or "flag anything concerning."
当创始人收到待签合同并希望在继续之前了解相关风险时启用。这包括供应商协议、企业客户协议、合作伙伴交易、投资文件、雇佣协议、NDA、IP 转让协议,以及任何其他具有约束力的法律文件。当用户说出类似“审查这份合同”“这份协议公平吗”“我应该对哪些内容提出异议”或“标记任何值得担忧之处”等话语时,也应启用。
Context Required
所需上下文
- From startup-context: company stage, team size, business model, fundraising status, current revenue, and any existing legal counsel.
- From the user: the contract text (or key sections), who the counterparty is, the business relationship context (are they a customer, vendor, investor, partner), the user's negotiating leverage, and any specific concerns they have. Also helpful: whether this is a template/standard agreement or has been negotiated.
- 来自 startup-context: 公司阶段、团队规模、商业模式、融资状态、当前收入,以及是否已有法律顾问。
- 来自用户: 合同文本(或关键章节)、交易对方的身份、业务关系背景(对方是客户、供应商、投资方还是合作伙伴)、用户的谈判筹码,以及用户特别关注的问题。此外,如果合同是模板/标准协议,还是经过谈判形成的,也会很有帮助。
Workflow
工作流程
- Contract intake — Receive the contract text. Identify the contract type, parties, effective date, and term. Create a one-paragraph summary of what the contract does.
- Section-by-section analysis — Walk through each major section, summarizing what it means in plain language and flagging anything noteworthy.
- Risk flagging — Apply the red/yellow/green flagging system (see below) to each clause. Assign a severity and explain why.
- Missing protections — Identify standard protections that are absent from the contract but should be present given the contract type and relationship.
- Negotiation recommendations — For each red and yellow flag, suggest specific alternative language or a negotiation strategy.
- Summary report — Produce a structured risk assessment with prioritized action items.
- 合同接收与梳理 — 接收合同文本。识别合同类型、各方、生效日期和期限。用一段话总结合同的主要作用。
- 逐节分析 — 逐项分析每个主要章节,用通俗语言说明其含义,并标记任何值得注意的内容。
- 风险标记 — 对每项条款应用红/黄/绿标记体系(见下文)。确定严重程度并解释原因。
- 缺失的保护条款 — 根据合同类型和业务关系,识别合同中缺失但应当包含的标准保护条款。
- 谈判建议 — 针对每个红色和黄色标记,提出具体的替代措辞或谈判策略。
- 总结报告 — 输出一份结构化的风险评估报告,并按优先级列出行动项。
Output Format
输出格式
Contract Summary (top of report)
合同摘要(报告顶部)
- Contract type: (e.g., SaaS vendor agreement, MSA, NDA)
- Parties: Company name vs. counterparty name
- Term: Duration, renewal mechanism
- Total value: Financial commitment if applicable
- Overall risk level: Red / Yellow / Green with one-sentence rationale
- 合同类型:(例如,SaaS 供应商协议、MSA、NDA)
- 各方: 公司名称 vs. 交易对方名称
- 期限: 持续时间、续约机制
- 总价值: 如适用,填写财务承诺金额
- 整体风险等级: 红 / 黄 / 绿,并用一句话说明理由
Clause-by-Clause Analysis Table
逐条分析表
| Section | Summary | Flag | Risk | Recommended Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liability Cap | Capped at fees paid in prior 6 months | Yellow | Low cap for potential damages | Negotiate to 12-month cap |
| IP Assignment | Broad assignment of all work product | Red | Could capture pre-existing IP | Add carve-out for pre-existing IP |
| 章节 | 摘要 | 标记 | 风险 | 建议操作 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 责任上限 | 上限为此前 6 个月已支付的费用 | 黄色 | 相对于潜在损害金额而言,上限过低 | 谈判争取按 12 个月费用设限 |
| IP 转让 | 广泛转让所有工作成果 | 红色 | 可能涵盖既有 IP | 增加对既有 IP 的例外条款 |
Missing Protections Checklist
缺失保护条款检查清单
Bulleted list of protections that should be present but are not.
以项目符号列出应当存在但当前缺失的保护条款。
Prioritized Action Items
按优先级排列的行动项
Numbered list of what to do, in order of importance.
用编号列表列出需要完成的事项,并按重要性排序。
Frameworks & Best Practices
框架与最佳实践
The Red/Yellow/Green Flagging System
红/黄/绿标记体系
Red Flags — Immediate concern, do not sign without modification:
- Unlimited liability or liability cap below a reasonable threshold
- Broad IP assignment that could capture pre-existing IP or IP unrelated to the engagement
- Non-compete clauses that are overly broad in scope, geography, or duration
- Unilateral termination rights without cure period for one party only
- Automatic renewal with no opt-out window or unreasonable notice requirements
- Indemnification obligations that are uncapped or wildly asymmetric
- Most-favored-nation clauses that constrain your pricing with other customers
- Exclusivity provisions that limit your ability to work with competitors
- Audit rights with unreasonable scope or no notice requirement
- Governing law in an unfavorable or distant jurisdiction with no negotiation
Yellow Flags — Worth negotiating, but not necessarily deal-breakers:
- Liability caps that are low relative to the contract value
- Warranty periods or SLA credits that are below industry standard
- Payment terms exceeding net-60
- Change-of-control provisions that allow termination on acquisition
- Broad confidentiality definitions with long or indefinite survival periods
- Assignment restrictions that prevent assignment in an acquisition scenario
- Force majeure clauses that are overly broad or favor one party
- Data handling terms that are vague about deletion, portability, or sub-processors
Green Flags — Standard and reasonable:
- Mutual confidentiality obligations
- Balanced termination rights with cure periods
- Liability capped at 12 months of fees paid
- Standard representations and warranties
- Clear payment terms (net-30)
- Reasonable non-solicitation (employees only, 12 months)
红色标记 — 需要立即关注;未经修改不要签署:
- 无限责任,或责任上限低于合理阈值
- 广泛的 IP 转让,可能涵盖既有 IP 或与合作无关的 IP
- 竞业禁止条款在范围、地域或期限上过于宽泛
- 单方终止权,且仅一方没有补救期
- 自动续约,但没有退出窗口或通知要求不合理
- 赔偿义务没有上限或极度不对称
- 最惠条款限制了公司向其他客户收取价格的能力
- 排他性条款限制了公司与竞争对手合作的能力
- 审计权范围不合理或没有通知要求
- 适用法律位于不利或遥远的司法管辖区,且没有谈判空间
黄色标记 — 值得谈判,但未必构成交易阻碍:
- 相对于合同价值而言,责任上限过低
- 保证期限或 SLA 补偿低于行业标准
- 付款期限超过 net-60
- 控制权变更条款允许在收购发生时终止合同
- 保密信息定义宽泛,且长期或无限期存续
- 转让限制妨碍在收购场景下转让合同
- 不可抗力条款过于宽泛或偏向其中一方
- 数据处理条款对数据删除、可移植性或子处理者的规定含糊不清
绿色标记 — 标准且合理:
- 双方对等的保密义务
- 对等的终止权,并设有补救期
- 责任上限为已支付费用的 12 个月
- 标准的陈述与保证
- 明确的付款期限(net-30)
- 合理的不招揽条款(仅限员工,12 个月)
Negotiation Principles
谈判原则
- Symmetry first. Any obligation imposed on one party should apply to both unless there is a clear business reason for asymmetry.
- Cap everything. Liability, indemnification, and damages should all have explicit caps.
- Cure periods. Both parties should have the opportunity to fix a breach before termination.
- Specificity over breadth. Narrow definitions protect both parties. "Confidential Information means everything" protects nothing.
- Survival clarity. Specify exactly which clauses survive termination and for how long.
- 优先确保对等。 除非有明确的业务理由需要不对称,否则施加于任何一方的义务都应同时适用于双方。
- 为所有责任设限。 责任、赔偿和损害赔偿都应有明确上限。
- 设置补救期。 双方都应有机会在终止合同前纠正违约行为。
- 具体优于宽泛。 狭窄的定义能够保护双方。“保密信息指所有内容”并不能保护任何一方。
- 明确存续条款。 准确说明哪些条款在合同终止后继续有效,以及持续多长时间。
Related Skills
相关 Skills
- — When reviewing a customer's redlines to your terms of service, use contract-review to assess their proposed modifications.
terms-of-service - — Data processing addendums and DPAs often accompany contracts. Review these for consistency with your privacy commitments.
privacy-policy
- — 当审查客户对你的服务条款提出的修订稿时,使用 contract-review 评估其拟议的修改。
terms-of-service - — 数据处理附录和 DPA 通常会随合同一并提供。审查这些文件,确保其与你的隐私承诺一致。
privacy-policy
Examples
示例
Example 1: Reviewing a vendor SaaS agreement
示例 1:审查供应商 SaaS 协议
User: "We're about to sign a contract with a data enrichment vendor. Here are the terms. Can you flag anything concerning?"
Good output excerpt:
Overall Risk Level: YellowThe agreement is mostly standard but has three issues worth negotiating before signing.
Section Flag Issue 4.2 Data Rights Red Vendor claims a "perpetual, irrevocable license to use Customer Data for product improvement and benchmarking." This means they keep and use your data forever, even after termination. Negotiate to: license limited to providing the service, terminates on contract end, anonymization required for any aggregate use. 7.1 Liability Yellow Cap is set at "fees paid in the prior 3 months." For a $2K/month contract, that is a $6K cap. If they cause a data breach affecting your customers, your exposure could be much higher. Negotiate to: 12 months of fees, with a carve-out for uncapped liability on data breaches and IP infringement. 9.3 Termination Yellow 90-day notice required to cancel, even on annual renewal. Combined with auto-renewal, this means you need to decide 3 months before your renewal date. Negotiate to: 30-day notice, or set a calendar reminder now. Missing Protections:
- No data deletion timeline after termination
- No breach notification obligation
- No sub-processor list or approval rights
- No SLA or uptime commitment
用户: “我们即将与一家数据增强供应商签订合同。这是相关条款。能标记出任何值得担忧的问题吗?”
良好的输出摘录:
整体风险等级:黄色该协议大体上属于标准条款,但有三个问题值得在签署前进行谈判。
章节 标记 问题 4.2 数据权利 红色 供应商主张对客户数据拥有“永久、不可撤销的许可,可用于产品改进和基准测试”。这意味着即使合同终止后,他们仍可永久使用你的数据。谈判建议: 将许可限制为仅用于提供服务;合同终止时许可自动终止;任何汇总使用都必须经过匿名化处理。 7.1 责任 黄色 上限设为“此前 3 个月已支付的费用”。对于一份 $2K/月的合同来说,上限为 $6K。如果他们造成影响你客户的数据泄露,你的风险敞口可能高得多。谈判建议: 按 12 个月费用设限,并对数据泄露和 IP 侵权设置不受上限约束的责任例外。 9.3 终止 黄色 即使按年续约,取消合同也需要提前 90 天通知。结合自动续约机制,这意味着你需要在续约日前 3 个月作出决定。谈判建议: 改为提前 30 天通知,或现在设置日历提醒。 缺失的保护条款:
- 终止后没有数据删除时限
- 没有数据泄露通知义务
- 没有子处理者清单或审批权
- 没有 SLA 或正常运行时间承诺
Example 2: Reviewing an IP assignment in an employment agreement
示例 2:审查雇佣协议中的 IP 转让条款
User: "A new engineer's offer letter has an IP assignment clause. They're concerned about their open-source side projects. Can you review?"
Good output excerpt:
Section 8 — Invention Assignment: Red FlagThe current language reads: "Employee assigns to the Company all right, title, and interest in any invention, improvement, or work of authorship created during the term of employment."This is overly broad. It captures the engineer's weekend open-source contributions, personal projects, and anything they create during employment regardless of whether it relates to company business.Recommended revision: Add a carve-out: "...created during the term of employment that (a) relates to the Company's current or reasonably anticipated business, (b) was developed using Company resources, or (c) resulted from work performed for the Company."Also add a Schedule A listing the engineer's pre-existing IP and active side projects, explicitly excluded from assignment. Note: California Labor Code Section 2870 already provides some protection, but an explicit carve-out is clearer and avoids disputes.
Disclaimer: This skill provides contract analysis for educational and planning purposes only. It does not constitute legal advice. Contract interpretation depends on jurisdiction-specific law, the full context of the business relationship, and facts that may not be apparent from the document alone. Always have a qualified attorney review contracts before signing, especially those involving significant financial commitments, IP rights, or liability exposure.
用户: “一名新工程师的录用通知书中包含 IP 转让条款。他们担心自己的开源副项目受到影响。能帮我审查吗?”
良好的输出摘录:
第 8 节——发明转让:红色标记当前条款的表述为:“员工将雇佣期间创作的任何发明、改进或著作成果中的全部权利、所有权和权益转让给公司。”该条款的范围过于宽泛。它会涵盖工程师周末的开源贡献、个人项目,以及任职期间创作的任何内容,无论其是否与公司业务相关。建议修改: 增加一项除外约定:“……即在雇佣期间创作,并且 (a) 与公司当前业务或合理预期的业务相关,(b) 使用公司资源开发,或 (c) 因为公司开展的工作而产生的内容。”此外,增加附录 A,列出工程师的既有 IP 和正在进行的业余项目,并明确将其排除在转让范围之外。注意:《加州劳动法典》第 2870 条已经提供了一定的保护,但明确的除外约定更加清晰,也有助于避免争议。
免责声明: 本 skill 仅为教育和规划目的提供合同分析,不构成法律建议。合同解释取决于特定司法管辖区的法律、业务关系的完整背景,以及仅凭文件本身可能无法看出的事实。在签署合同前,务必让合格的律师进行审查,尤其是涉及重大财务承诺、IP 权利或责任风险的合同。