Core Premise: Gender is fundamental organizing principle of social life; social structures reflect and reproduce gender inequality
Waves of Feminism:
First Wave (19th-early 20th century): Suffrage and legal rights
Second Wave (1960s-1980s): Broader issues—workplace, sexuality, family, reproductive rights
- "The personal is political" (what happens in private sphere is political issue)
Third Wave (1990s-2000s): Diversity, intersectionality, challenging binary categories
Fourth Wave (2010s-present): Digital activism, #MeToo, intersectionality mainstreamed
Key Concepts:
Patriarchy: System of male dominance
- Structural (men hold power in institutions) and ideological (masculine values prioritized)
Gender as Social Construction:
- Sex: Biological (chromosomes, anatomy)
- Gender: Social (behaviors, roles, identities associated with sex)
- "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman" (Simone de Beauvoir)
Public/Private Divide:
- Public sphere (work, politics) coded masculine
- Private sphere (home, family) coded feminine
- Women's domestic labor invisible and devalued
Intersectionality (Kimberlé Crenshaw):
- Systems of oppression (race, class, gender, sexuality, disability) intersect
- Black women experience racism and sexism simultaneously, not additively
- Cannot understand one axis of oppression in isolation
- Matrix of domination (Patricia Hill Collins): Interlocking systems of oppression
Standpoint Theory (Sandra Harding, Dorothy Smith):
- Knowledge is situated; marginalized positions offer epistemic advantage
- Those oppressed can see both dominant and oppressed perspectives
- Challenges "view from nowhere" claims of objectivity
Different Feminist Theories:
Liberal Feminism: Equality through legal reform and equal opportunity
- Focus on discrimination, access, representation
Radical Feminism: Patriarchy as fundamental oppression
- Focus on male violence, sexuality, reproduction
Socialist Feminism: Capitalism and patriarchy intertwined
- Focus on class and gender together
Intersectional Feminism: Multiple oppressions intersect
- Focus on race, class, gender, sexuality, disability, etc.
Queer Theory: Challenges binary gender categories and heteronormativity
- Gender and sexuality as fluid, performative (Judith Butler)
Strengths:
- Makes visible invisible power relations
- Centers experiences of marginalized groups
- Shows how systems of oppression interconnect
Critiques:
- Tensions among different feminist approaches
- Western/white feminism criticized for universalizing
- Risk of essentialism (assuming shared women's experience)
Application: Essential for analyzing gender inequality, intersecting oppressions, and movements for social justice.
Sources:
核心前提：性别是社会生活的基本组织原则；社会结构反映并再生产性别不平等
女性主义浪潮：
第一波（19世纪-20世纪初）：选举权与法律权利
第二波（1960年代-1980年代）：更广泛的议题——职场、性、家庭、生殖权利
- “个人的就是政治的”（私人领域发生的事是政治议题）
第三波（1990年代-2000年代）：多样性、交叉性、挑战二元类别
第四波（2010年代至今）：数字行动主义、#MeToo、交叉性主流化
核心概念：
父权制：男性主导的系统
- 结构性的（男性在机构中掌握权力）与意识形态的（男性价值观被优先考虑）
性别作为社会建构：
- 性：生物学的（染色体、解剖结构）
- 性别：与生理性别相关的行为、角色、身份是社会建构的
- “人不是生而为女人，而是变成女人的”（西蒙娜·德·波伏娃）
公共/私人领域划分：
- 公共领域（工作、政治）被编码为男性化
- 私人领域（家庭、家务）被编码为女性化
- 女性的家务劳动是无形且被低估的
交叉性（金伯利·克伦肖）：
- 压迫系统（种族、阶级、性别、性取向、残疾）相互交织
- 黑人女性同时经历种族主义与性别歧视，而非简单相加
- 不能孤立地理解某一压迫轴
- 统治矩阵（帕特里夏·希尔·柯林斯）：相互交织的压迫系统
立场理论（桑德拉·哈丁、多萝西·史密斯）：
- 知识是情境化的；边缘位置具有认知优势
- 被压迫者可以同时看到主导与被压迫的视角
- 挑战“无立场”的客观性主张
不同的女性主义理论：
自由女性主义：通过法律改革与机会平等实现平等
激进女性主义：父权制是根本的压迫
社会主义女性主义：资本主义与父权制相互交织
交叉性女性主义：多种压迫相互交织
酷儿理论：挑战二元性别类别与异性恋规范
优势：
- 使无形的权力关系可见
- 以边缘群体的经验为中心
- 展示压迫系统如何相互关联
批判：
- 不同女性主义方法之间存在张力
- 西方/白人女性主义因普遍化而受到批评
- 存在本质主义风险（假设女性有共同的经历）
应用：对分析性别不平等、交叉压迫与社会正义运动至关重要。
资料来源：