🌐 MESH TOPOLOGY
   A ←→ B ←→ C
   ↕     ↕     ↕  
   D ←→ E ←→ F
   ↕     ↕     ↕
   G ←→ H ←→ I

Purpose: Information dissemination across the network
Process:
  1. Each node periodically selects random peers
  2. Exchange state information and updates
  3. Propagate changes throughout network
  4. Eventually consistent global state

Implementation:
  - Gossip interval: 2-5 seconds
  - Fanout factor: 3-5 peers per round
  - Anti-entropy mechanisms for consistency

Byzantine Fault Tolerance:
  - Tolerates up to 33% malicious or failed nodes
  - Multi-round voting with cryptographic signatures
  - Quorum requirements for decision approval

Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT):
  - Pre-prepare, prepare, commit phases
  - View changes for leader failures
  - Checkpoint and garbage collection

Bootstrap Process:
  1. Join network via known seed nodes
  2. Receive peer list and network topology
  3. Establish connections with neighboring peers
  4. Begin participating in consensus and coordination

Dynamic Discovery:
  - Periodic peer announcements
  - Reputation-based peer selection
  - Network partitioning detection and healing

class WorkStealingProtocol:
    def __init__(self):
        self.local_queue = TaskQueue()
        self.peer_connections = PeerNetwork()
    
    def steal_work(self):
        if self.local_queue.is_empty():
            # Find overloaded peers
            candidates = self.find_busy_peers()
            for peer in candidates:
                stolen_task = peer.request_task()
                if stolen_task:
                    self.local_queue.add(stolen_task)
                    break
    
    def distribute_work(self, task):
        if self.is_overloaded():
            # Find underutilized peers
            target_peer = self.find_available_peer()
            if target_peer:
                target_peer.assign_task(task)
                return
        self.local_queue.add(task)

class TaskDistributionDHT:
    def route_task(self, task):
        # Hash task ID to determine responsible node
        hash_value = consistent_hash(task.id)
        responsible_node = self.find_node_by_hash(hash_value)
        
        if responsible_node == self:
            self.execute_task(task)
        else:
            responsible_node.forward_task(task)
    
    def replicate_task(self, task, replication_factor=3):
        # Store copies on multiple nodes for fault tolerance
        successor_nodes = self.get_successors(replication_factor)
        for node in successor_nodes:
            node.store_task_copy(task)

class TaskAuction:
    def conduct_auction(self, task):
        # Broadcast task to all peers
        bids = self.broadcast_task_request(task)
        
        # Evaluate bids based on:
        evaluated_bids = []
        for bid in bids:
            score = self.evaluate_bid(bid, criteria={
                'capability_match': 0.4,
                'current_load': 0.3, 
                'past_performance': 0.2,
                'resource_availability': 0.1
            })
            evaluated_bids.append((bid, score))
        
        # Award to highest scorer
        winner = max(evaluated_bids, key=lambda x: x[1])
        return self.award_task(task, winner[0])

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Pre-Prepare Phase:
  - Primary broadcasts proposed operation
  - Includes sequence number and view number
  - Signed with primary's private key

Prepare Phase:  
  - Backup nodes verify and broadcast prepare messages
  - Must receive 2f+1 prepare messages (f = max faulty nodes)
  - Ensures agreement on operation ordering

Commit Phase:
  - Nodes broadcast commit messages after prepare phase
  - Execute operation after receiving 2f+1 commit messages
  - Reply to client with operation result

Leader Election:
  - Nodes start as followers with random timeout
  - Become candidate if no heartbeat from leader
  - Win election with majority votes

Log Replication:
  - Leader receives client requests
  - Appends to local log and replicates to followers
  - Commits entry when majority acknowledges
  - Applies committed entries to state machine

Epidemic Protocols:
  - Anti-entropy: Periodic state reconciliation
  - Rumor spreading: Event dissemination
  - Aggregation: Computing global functions

Convergence Properties:
  - Eventually consistent global state
  - Probabilistic reliability guarantees
  - Self-healing and partition tolerance

class HeartbeatMonitor:
    def __init__(self, timeout=10, interval=3):
        self.peers = {}
        self.timeout = timeout
        self.interval = interval
        
    def monitor_peer(self, peer_id):
        last_heartbeat = self.peers.get(peer_id, 0)
        if time.time() - last_heartbeat > self.timeout:
            self.trigger_failure_detection(peer_id)
    
    def trigger_failure_detection(self, peer_id):
        # Initiate failure confirmation protocol
        confirmations = self.request_failure_confirmations(peer_id)
        if len(confirmations) >= self.quorum_size():
            self.handle_peer_failure(peer_id)

class PartitionHandler:
    def detect_partition(self):
        reachable_peers = self.ping_all_peers()
        total_peers = len(self.known_peers)
        
        if len(reachable_peers) < total_peers * 0.5:
            return self.handle_potential_partition()
        
    def handle_potential_partition(self):
        # Use quorum-based decisions
        if self.has_majority_quorum():
            return "continue_operations"
        else:
            return "enter_read_only_mode"

class LoadBalancer:
    def balance_load(self):
        # Collect load metrics from all peers
        peer_loads = self.collect_load_metrics()
        
        # Identify overloaded and underutilized nodes
        overloaded = [p for p in peer_loads if p.cpu_usage > 0.8]
        underutilized = [p for p in peer_loads if p.cpu_usage < 0.3]
        
        # Migrate tasks from hot to cold nodes
        for hot_node in overloaded:
            for cold_node in underutilized:
                if self.can_migrate_task(hot_node, cold_node):
                    self.migrate_task(hot_node, cold_node)

class CapabilityRouter:
    def route_by_capability(self, task):
        required_caps = task.required_capabilities
        
        # Find peers with matching capabilities
        capable_peers = []
        for peer in self.peers:
            capability_match = self.calculate_match_score(
                peer.capabilities, required_caps
            )
            if capability_match > 0.7:  # 70% match threshold
                capable_peers.append((peer, capability_match))
        
        # Route to best match with available capacity
        return self.select_optimal_peer(capable_peers)