Blender Cameras

Blender 相机设置

Set up cameras with the same decisions a real cinematographer makes: focal length for feel, f-stop for focus, composition for storytelling.

像专业摄影师那样设置相机：根据画面氛围选择焦距，根据对焦需求设置光圈值，根据叙事需求设计构图。

Focal length cheat sheet

焦距速查表

Length	Feel	Use
14–24mm	Very wide, distorted	Architecture, claustrophobic interiors, exaggerated perspective
28–35mm	Wide, "documentary"	Establishing shots, environments
50mm	Neutral (≈ human eye)	Default storytelling
85mm	Short telephoto	Portraits, character close-ups (flattering)
100–135mm	Telephoto	Hero product shots, isolated subjects
200mm+	Long tele	Wildlife, surveillance look, heavy compression

Quick rule: 85mm for intimacy, 24mm for spectacle, 50mm for neutral.

焦距范围	画面风格	适用场景
14–24mm	超广角，带有畸变	建筑摄影、压抑感室内场景、夸张透视效果
28–35mm	广角，「纪录片风格」	开场镜头、环境展示
50mm	中性视角（近似人眼）	默认叙事镜头
85mm	中长焦	肖像照、角色特写（效果更美观）
100–135mm	长焦	产品主角镜头、孤立主体拍摄
200mm+	超长焦	野生动物拍摄、监控视角、强压缩效果

快速规则：85mm用于营造亲密感，24mm用于宏大场景，50mm用于中性叙事。

Aperture / f-stop

光圈/光圈值（f-stop）

f-stop	DoF	Use
f/1.2–2.0	Razor thin	Hero portraits, dreamy
f/2.8	Shallow	Standard portrait
f/4	Moderate	Two subjects in frame
f/5.6–8	Medium-deep	Group portraits, environments
f/11+	Very deep	Landscape, "everything sharp"

光圈值	景深（DoF）	适用场景
f/1.2–2.0	极浅景深	主角肖像、梦幻风格画面
f/2.8	浅景深	标准肖像照
f/4	中等景深	画面包含两个主体时
f/5.6–8	中深景深	群体肖像、环境场景
f/11+	极深深景	风景摄影、「全画面清晰」需求

Recipes

配置方案

Recipe 0 — Bbox-aware hero camera (preferred for orchestrator chains)

方案0 — 基于 bounding box 的主角相机（编排链优先推荐）

Use this when you have a specific subject. Computes the subject's bounding box, places camera at a distance that fits the subject in ~80% of the frame vertically, and aims via Track-To.

python

import bpy, math
from mathutils import Vector

当拍摄特定主体时使用本方案。计算主体的 bounding box，将相机放置在能让主体垂直占比约80%画面的距离处，并通过Track-To约束自动对准主体。

python

import bpy, math
from mathutils import Vector

Choose subject — all meshes named GEO-* by default, or pass a specific list

subject_meshes = [o for o in bpy.data.objects if o.type == 'MESH' and o.name.startswith('GEO-')] if not subject_meshes: raise RuntimeError("No subject meshes found (looking for GEO- prefix)")

World-space bbox

deps = bpy.context.evaluated_depsgraph_get() all_verts = [] for o in subject_meshes: eo = o.evaluated_get(deps); em = eo.to_mesh() for v in em.vertices: all_verts.append(o.matrix_world @ v.co) eo.to_mesh_clear() xs = [v.x for v in all_verts]; ys = [v.y for v in all_verts]; zs = [v.z for v in all_verts] center = Vector(((min(xs)+max(xs))/2, (min(ys)+max(ys))/2, (min(zs)+max(zs))/2)) height = max(zs) - min(zs) width = max(xs) - min(xs) biggest = max(height, width)

Frame fit: at distance D, vertical frame = D × (sensor_h / focal). Solve for D.

focal_mm = 60 # 60mm gives a flattering not-too-wide hero shot sensor_h_mm = 24 # full-frame frame_per_meter = sensor_h_mm / focal_mm # 0.4 m vertical frame per metre of distance target_fill = 0.80 camera_distance = biggest / (frame_per_meter * target_fill)

Camera positioned in front (negative Y) with slight X offset for a 3/4 angle

cam_pos = Vector((center.x + camera_distance * 0.3, center.y - camera_distance, center.z))

Empty for tracking

empty_name = 'Empty-camera_target' empty = bpy.data.objects.get(empty_name) or bpy.data.objects.new(empty_name, None) if empty.name not in [o.name for o in bpy.context.collection.objects]: bpy.context.collection.objects.link(empty) empty.location = center

Camera

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-hero') cam_data.lens = focal_mm cam_data.dof.use_dof = True cam_data.dof.aperture_fstop = 4.0 cam_data.dof.focus_object = subject_meshes[0] # focus on first/main subject

cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-hero', cam_data) bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam) cam.location = cam_pos

track = cam.constraints.new('TRACK_TO') track.target = empty track.track_axis = 'TRACK_NEGATIVE_Z' track.up_axis = 'UP_Y'

bpy.context.scene.camera = cam print(f"camera:bbox_aware center={tuple(round(v,2) for v in center)} dist={camera_distance:.2f}m focal={focal_mm}mm")


For elongated vertical subjects (sword, flag, candle): biggest dimension is height; the framing math fits height to 80% of vertical frame, which is what you want.

For wide horizontal subjects (car, table): biggest is width; it fits width to 80% of vertical frame too which over-zooms — for those, swap to `frame_per_meter_h = (sensor_h_mm * aspect_ratio) / focal_mm` or adjust target_fill down.

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-hero') cam_data.lens = focal_mm cam_data.dof.use_dof = True cam_data.dof.aperture_fstop = 4.0 cam_data.dof.focus_object = subject_meshes[0] # focus on first/main subject

cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-hero', cam_data) bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam) cam.location = cam_pos

track = cam.constraints.new('TRACK_TO') track.target = empty track.track_axis = 'TRACK_NEGATIVE_Z' track.up_axis = 'UP_Y'

bpy.context.scene.camera = cam print(f"camera:bbox_aware center={tuple(round(v,2) for v in center)} dist={camera_distance:.2f}m focal={focal_mm}mm")


对于细长型垂直主体（如剑、旗帜、蜡烛）：最大维度为高度，取景计算会将高度适配为垂直画面的80%，符合需求。

对于宽幅水平主体（如汽车、桌子）：最大维度为宽度，此时会将宽度适配为垂直画面的80%，导致画面过度放大——针对这类场景，可替换为`frame_per_meter_h = (sensor_h_mm * aspect_ratio) / focal_mm`或降低target_fill值。

Recipe 1 — Hero portrait camera (85mm + shallow DoF)

方案1 — 主角肖像相机（85mm + 浅景深）

python

import bpy, math

subject = bpy.data.objects.get('GEO-subject')   # change to your subject

python

import bpy, math

subject = bpy.data.objects.get('GEO-subject')   # change to your subject

Camera

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-hero') cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-hero', cam_data) bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam) bpy.context.scene.camera = cam

cam.location = (3, -4, 1.6) cam_data.lens = 85 cam_data.sensor_width = 36

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-hero') cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-hero', cam_data) bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam) bpy.context.scene.camera = cam

cam.location = (3, -4, 1.6) cam_data.lens = 85 cam_data.sensor_width = 36

Depth of field

cam_data.dof.use_dof = True cam_data.dof.aperture_fstop = 2.8 if subject: cam_data.dof.focus_object = subject

Track-to constraint (auto-aim at subject)

if subject: track = cam.constraints.new('TRACK_TO') track.target = subject track.track_axis = 'TRACK_NEGATIVE_Z' track.up_axis = 'UP_Y'

print('camera:CAM-hero set')

undefined

if subject: track = cam.constraints.new('TRACK_TO') track.target = subject track.track_axis = 'TRACK_NEGATIVE_Z' track.up_axis = 'UP_Y'

print('camera:CAM-hero set')

undefined

Recipe 2 — Wide environmental establishing shot (24mm)

方案2 — 广角环境开场镜头（24mm）

python

import bpy, math

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-establish')
cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-establish', cam_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam)
bpy.context.scene.camera = cam

cam.location = (8, -10, 2.5)
cam.rotation_euler = (math.radians(80), 0, math.radians(35))

cam_data.lens = 24
cam_data.sensor_width = 36
cam_data.dof.use_dof = False

print('camera:CAM-establish (24mm wide)')

python

import bpy, math

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-establish')
cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-establish', cam_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam)
bpy.context.scene.camera = cam

cam.location = (8, -10, 2.5)
cam.rotation_euler = (math.radians(80), 0, math.radians(35))

cam_data.lens = 24
cam_data.sensor_width = 36
cam_data.dof.use_dof = False

print('camera:CAM-establish (24mm wide)')

Recipe 3 — Product hero (100mm + macro DoF)

方案3 — 产品主角镜头（100mm + 微距景深）

python

import bpy, math

subject = bpy.data.objects.get('GEO-product')

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-product')
cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-product', cam_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam)
bpy.context.scene.camera = cam

cam.location = (0.4, -1.5, 0.2)   # close-in
cam_data.lens = 100
cam_data.sensor_width = 36
cam_data.dof.use_dof = True
cam_data.dof.aperture_fstop = 2.0
if subject:
    cam_data.dof.focus_object = subject

if subject:
    track = cam.constraints.new('TRACK_TO')
    track.target = subject
    track.track_axis = 'TRACK_NEGATIVE_Z'
    track.up_axis = 'UP_Y'

print('camera:CAM-product (100mm hero)')

python

import bpy, math

subject = bpy.data.objects.get('GEO-product')

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-product')
cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-product', cam_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam)
bpy.context.scene.camera = cam

cam.location = (0.4, -1.5, 0.2)   # close-in
cam_data.lens = 100
cam_data.sensor_width = 36
cam_data.dof.use_dof = True
cam_data.dof.aperture_fstop = 2.0
if subject:
    cam_data.dof.focus_object = subject

if subject:
    track = cam.constraints.new('TRACK_TO')
    track.target = subject
    track.track_axis = 'TRACK_NEGATIVE_Z'
    track.up_axis = 'UP_Y'

print('camera:CAM-product (100mm hero)')

Recipe 4 — Composition guides (rule-of-thirds overlay)

方案4 — 构图辅助线（三分法叠加层）

python

import bpy

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras['CAM-hero']
cam_data.show_composition_thirds = True
cam_data.show_composition_golden = False
cam_data.show_composition_center = False
print('composition:thirds_on')

These overlays show in viewport only; no effect on render.

python

import bpy

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras['CAM-hero']
cam_data.show_composition_thirds = True
cam_data.show_composition_golden = False
cam_data.show_composition_center = False
print('composition:thirds_on')

这些叠加层仅在视图窗口中显示，不会影响渲染结果。

Recipe 5 — Orbit camera animation (10-second 360° turntable)

方案5 — 环绕相机动画（10秒360°转盘效果）

python

import bpy, math

target = bpy.data.objects.get('GEO-subject')

python

import bpy, math

target = bpy.data.objects.get('GEO-subject')

Empty as pivot

pivot = bpy.data.objects.new('Empty-orbit_pivot', None) bpy.context.collection.objects.link(pivot) if target: pivot.location = target.location

Camera child of pivot

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-orbit') cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-orbit', cam_data) bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam) cam.parent = pivot cam.location = (0, -5, 0.5) cam.rotation_euler = (math.radians(85), 0, 0) cam_data.lens = 50

bpy.context.scene.camera = cam

cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new('CAM-orbit') cam = bpy.data.objects.new('CAM-orbit', cam_data) bpy.context.collection.objects.link(cam) cam.parent = pivot cam.location = (0, -5, 0.5) cam.rotation_euler = (math.radians(85), 0, 0) cam_data.lens = 50

bpy.context.scene.camera = cam

Animate pivot's Z rotation: 0 → 360° over frames 1..240 (10s @ 24fps)

pivot.rotation_euler = (0, 0, 0) pivot.keyframe_insert('rotation_euler', frame=1) pivot.rotation_euler = (0, 0, math.radians(360)) pivot.keyframe_insert('rotation_euler', frame=240)

Set linear interpolation for constant orbit speed

if pivot.animation_data and pivot.animation_data.action: for fc in pivot.animation_data.action.fcurves: for kp in fc.keyframe_points: kp.interpolation = 'LINEAR'

print('camera:CAM-orbit (10s turntable)')

undefined

if pivot.animation_data and pivot.animation_data.action: for fc in pivot.animation_data.action.fcurves: for kp in fc.keyframe_points: kp.interpolation = 'LINEAR'

print('camera:CAM-orbit (10s turntable)')

undefined

Recipe 6 — Push-in / dolly (camera moves forward, no zoom)

方案6 — 推进/推拉镜头（相机向前移动，无变焦）

python

import bpy

cam = bpy.data.objects['CAM-hero']

python

import bpy

cam = bpy.data.objects['CAM-hero']

Start position

cam.location = (3, -8, 1.6) cam.keyframe_insert('location', frame=1)

End position (closer to subject)

cam.location = (3, -4, 1.6) cam.keyframe_insert('location', frame=120) print('camera:dolly_5s')


A push-in (physical move forward) is visually distinct from a zoom (focal length change). Use push-ins for cinematic feel, zooms for surveillance/news look.

cam.location = (3, -4, 1.6) cam.keyframe_insert('location', frame=120) print('camera:dolly_5s')


推进镜头（物理向前移动）与变焦镜头（焦距变化）视觉效果截然不同。推进镜头用于营造电影感，变焦镜头适用于监控/新闻风格画面。

Composition rules — enforce via positioning

构图规则——通过机位设置实现

Rule of thirds: place the subject at one of the 4 intersection points, not center.
Headroom: leave ~10% empty above the head.
Nose room: if subject faces left, leave space on the left for them to "look into".
Foreground/midground/background: three depth layers feel more cinematic.

三分法：将主体放置在4个交叉点之一，而非画面中心。
头部空间：在主体头部上方留出约10%的空白区域。
视线空间：若主体面朝左侧，需在左侧留出空间供其「看向」。
前景/中景/背景：三层景深会让画面更具电影感。

Sensor sizes

传感器尺寸

Sensor	Width (mm)	Notes
Full frame DSLR / 35mm cinema	36	Default
APS-C	22.5	1.5–1.6× crop
Super 35	24.89	Most cinema
Micro Four Thirds	17.3	Mirrorless
iPhone 15 Pro	9.8	Smartphone reference

Set with

cam_data.sensor_width = 36

.

传感器类型	宽度（mm）	说明
全画幅DSLR / 35mm电影机	36	默认设置
APS-C	22.5	1.5–1.6倍裁切
Super 35	24.89	主流电影机规格
Micro Four Thirds	17.3	无反相机规格
iPhone 15 Pro	9.8	智能手机参考

可通过

cam_data.sensor_width = 36

设置。

Common pitfalls

常见问题

Symptom	Fix
Distorted face on portrait	Use 50mm+ for human subjects
Subject blurred, background sharp	Set `dof.focus_object` to the subject
Camera dead-center on subject	Apply rule of thirds; offset subject
Orbit camera tilts wildly	Use Track-To constraint, not manual rotation
Camera below ground in animation	Add Floor constraint or check Z keyframes
DoF very slow in Cycles	Acceptable for finals; viewport may use simpler approximation

问题表现	解决方法
肖像画面中面部畸变	拍摄人物主体时使用50mm及以上焦距
主体模糊、背景清晰	将 `dof.focus_object` 设置为主体
相机正对主体中心	应用三分法，偏移主体位置
环绕相机画面剧烈倾斜	使用Track-To约束，而非手动旋转
动画中相机穿模到地面以下	添加地面约束或检查Z轴关键帧
Cycles渲染中景深效果速度极慢	最终渲染可接受；视图窗口可使用简化近似效果

When to load

references/overview.md

何时加载

references/overview.md

Load when:

Cinematic effects beyond defaults: anamorphic, lens flares, vignette
Multi-camera scenes (camera markers for editing)
Camera shake / handheld noise
Stereo / VR camera setup

The reference covers: full focal length theory, aperture/f-stop tables, composition guides, sensor variants for matching real cameras (iPhone, cinema, DSLR), animated camera patterns, cinematic effects.

在以下场景加载：

超出默认设置的电影级效果：变形镜头、镜头光晕、暗角
多相机场景（用于剪辑的相机标记）
相机抖动/手持拍摄噪点
立体/VR相机设置

该参考文档涵盖：完整焦距理论、光圈/光圈值表格、构图辅助线、匹配真实相机的传感器变体（iPhone、电影机、DSLR）、动画相机模式、电影级效果。

blender-cameras

Original

Translation

Blender Cameras

Blender 相机设置

Focal length cheat sheet

焦距速查表

Aperture / f-stop

光圈/光圈值（f-stop）

Recipes

配置方案

Recipe 0 — Bbox-aware hero camera (preferred for orchestrator chains)

方案0 — 基于 bounding box 的主角相机（编排链优先推荐）

Choose subject — all meshes named GEO-* by default, or pass a specific list

Choose subject — all meshes named GEO-* by default, or pass a specific list

World-space bbox

World-space bbox

Frame fit: at distance D, vertical frame = D × (sensor_h / focal). Solve for D.

Frame fit: at distance D, vertical frame = D × (sensor_h / focal). Solve for D.

Camera positioned in front (negative Y) with slight X offset for a 3/4 angle

Camera positioned in front (negative Y) with slight X offset for a 3/4 angle

Empty for tracking

Empty for tracking

Camera

Camera

Recipe 1 — Hero portrait camera (85mm + shallow DoF)

方案1 — 主角肖像相机（85mm + 浅景深）

Camera

Camera

Depth of field

Depth of field

Track-to constraint (auto-aim at subject)

Track-to constraint (auto-aim at subject)

Recipe 2 — Wide environmental establishing shot (24mm)

方案2 — 广角环境开场镜头（24mm）

Recipe 3 — Product hero (100mm + macro DoF)

方案3 — 产品主角镜头（100mm + 微距景深）

Recipe 4 — Composition guides (rule-of-thirds overlay)

方案4 — 构图辅助线（三分法叠加层）

Recipe 5 — Orbit camera animation (10-second 360° turntable)

方案5 — 环绕相机动画（10秒360°转盘效果）

Empty as pivot

Empty as pivot

Camera child of pivot

Camera child of pivot

Animate pivot's Z rotation: 0 → 360° over frames 1..240 (10s @ 24fps)

Animate pivot's Z rotation: 0 → 360° over frames 1..240 (10s @ 24fps)

Set linear interpolation for constant orbit speed

Set linear interpolation for constant orbit speed

Recipe 6 — Push-in / dolly (camera moves forward, no zoom)

方案6 — 推进/推拉镜头（相机向前移动，无变焦）

Start position

Start position

End position (closer to subject)

End position (closer to subject)

Composition rules — enforce via positioning

构图规则——通过机位设置实现

Sensor sizes

传感器尺寸

Common pitfalls

常见问题

When to load references/overview.md

何时加载references/overview.md

When to load
`references/overview.md`

何时加载
`references/overview.md`