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**Identify by charset:**
- Base64: `A-Za-z0-9+/=`
- Base32: `A-Z2-7=` (no lowercase)
- Hex: `0-9a-fA-F`

import struct

**CyberChef solution:**
1. Paste numbers (space-separated)
2. "From Float" → Big Endian → Float (4 bytes) → Space delimiter

**Variations:**
- Double (8 bytes): `struct.pack('>d', val)`
- Little-endian: `struct.pack('<f', val)`
- Mixed endianness: try both if first doesn't produce ASCII

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

df = pd.read_csv('mouse_data.csv')

undefined

file unknown_file
xxd unknown_file | head
binwalk unknown_file

7z x archive.7z           # Universal
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz   # Gzip
tar -xjf archive.tar.bz2  # Bzip2
tar -xJf archive.tar.xz   # XZ

while f=$(ls *.tar* *.gz *.bz2 *.xz *.zip *.7z 2>/dev/null|head -1) && [ -n "$f" ]; do
    7z x -y "$f" && rm "$f"
done

zbarimg qrcode.png       # Decode
qrencode -o out.png "data"

sox audio.wav -n spectrogram  # Visual data
qsstv                          # SSTV decoder

import numpy as np
from scipy import signal

undefined

undefined

# Find nearest constellation point (decision)
nearest = min(constellation, key=lambda p: abs(symbol - p))

# Phase error (decision-directed)
error = np.imag(symbol * np.conj(nearest)) / (abs(nearest)**2 + 0.1)

# Update 2nd order loop
carrier_freq += Ki * error
carrier_phase += Kp * error + carrier_freq

**Mueller-Muller timing error detector:**
```python
timing_error = (Re(y[n]-y[n-1]) * Re(d[n-1]) - Re(d[n]-d[n-1]) * Re(y[n-1]))
             + (Im(y[n]-y[n-1]) * Im(d[n-1]) - Im(d[n]-d[n-1]) * Im(y[n-1]))

undefined

from pwn import *

r = remote('host', port)
r.recvuntil(b'prompt: ')
r.sendline(b'answer')
r.interactive()

for c in string.printable:
    result = test(f"{c}()")
    if "error" not in result.lower():
        print(f"Found: {c}()")

flag_len = int(test("L()"))
for i in range(flag_len):
    for c in range(32, 127):
        if query(i, c) == 0:
            flag += chr(c)
            break

undefined

**Decorator bypass (ast.Call banned, no quotes, no `=`):**
```python

undefined

from z3 import *

flag = [BitVec(f'f{i}', 8) for i in range(FLAG_LEN)]
s = Solver()
s.add(flag[0] == ord('f'))  # Known prefix

undefined

python pyinstxtractor.py packed.exe

undefined

import marshal, dis
with open('file.bin', 'rb') as f:
    code = marshal.load(f)
dis.dis(code)

PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore::antigravity.Foo::0
BROWSER="/bin/sh -c 'cat /flag' %s"

mult = 1000000000000000  # 10^15

undefined

Initial: balance=5.00, inventory=0.00, flag_price=5.00, fee=0.05
Multiplier: 1e15 (time travel)

undefined

def find_exploit(mult, balance_needed, inventory_needed):
    """Find x where selling int(x*mult) gives balance>=needed with inv>=needed"""
    for i in range(1, 500):
        x = i / 100.0
        if x >= 5.0:  # Can't buy more than balance
            break
        inv_after = x * mult
        bal_after = (5.0 - x) * mult

        # Sell integer part of inventory
        sell = int(inv_after)
        final_bal = bal_after + sell
        final_inv = inv_after - sell

        if final_bal >= balance_needed and final_inv >= inventory_needed:
            print(f'EXPLOIT: buy {x}, sell {sell}')
            print(f'  final_balance={final_bal}, final_inventory={final_inv}')
            return x
    return None

undefined

grep -rn "flag{" .
strings file | grep -i flag
python3 -c "print(int('deadbeef', 16))"

import csv
with open('data.csv') as f:
    reader = csv.DictReader(f)
    flag = ''.join(chr(int(row['Times Borrowed'])) for row in reader)
print(flag)

undefined

**Other bypass techniques:**
- `chr()` + list comprehension: `''.join([chr(102),chr(108),chr(97),chr(103)])`
- Format strings: `f"{'flag'}.txt"` (if f-strings allowed)
- `bytes([102,108,97,103]).decode()` for "flag"