docker-deployment

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Original

English

🇨🇳

Translation

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Docker Deployment Skill

Docker部署技能

Master containerizing and deploying Node.js applications with Docker for consistent, portable deployments.

掌握使用Docker对Node.js应用进行容器化和部署的方法，实现一致、可移植的部署。

Quick Start

快速开始

Dockerize Node.js app in 3 steps:

Create Dockerfile - Define container image
Build Image -
```
docker build -t myapp .
```
Run Container -
```
docker run -p 3000:3000 myapp
```

3步完成Node.js应用的Docker容器化：

创建Dockerfile - 定义容器镜像
构建镜像 -
```
docker build -t myapp .
```
运行容器 -
```
docker run -p 3000:3000 myapp
```

Core Concepts

核心概念

Basic Dockerfile

基础Dockerfile

dockerfile

FROM node:18-alpine

WORKDIR /app

COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production

COPY . .

EXPOSE 3000

CMD ["node", "src/index.js"]

dockerfile

FROM node:18-alpine

WORKDIR /app

COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production

COPY . .

EXPOSE 3000

CMD ["node", "src/index.js"]

Multi-Stage Build (Optimized)

优化版多阶段构建

dockerfile

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dockerfile

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Build stage

构建阶段

FROM node:18-alpine AS builder

WORKDIR /app

COPY package*.json ./ RUN npm ci --only=production

COPY . .

FROM node:18-alpine AS builder

WORKDIR /app

COPY package*.json ./ RUN npm ci --only=production

COPY . .

Production stage

生产阶段

FROM node:18-alpine

WORKDIR /app

FROM node:18-alpine

WORKDIR /app

Copy from builder

从构建阶段复制文件

COPY --from=builder /app/node_modules ./node_modules COPY --from=builder /app .

Create non-root user

创建非root用户

RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs &&
adduser -S nodejs -u 1001

USER nodejs

EXPOSE 3000

HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s
CMD node healthcheck.js || exit 1

CMD ["node", "src/index.js"]

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RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs &&
adduser -S nodejs -u 1001

USER nodejs

EXPOSE 3000

HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s
CMD node healthcheck.js || exit 1

CMD ["node", "src/index.js"]

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Learning Path

学习路径

Beginner (1-2 weeks)

入门级（1-2周）

✅ Understand Docker basics
✅ Create simple Dockerfile
✅ Build and run containers
✅ Manage volumes and networks

✅ 理解Docker基础
✅ 创建简单的Dockerfile
✅ 构建并运行容器
✅ 管理卷和网络

Intermediate (3-4 weeks)

进阶级（3-4周）

✅ Multi-stage builds
✅ Docker Compose
✅ Environment variables
✅ Health checks

✅ 多阶段构建
✅ Docker Compose
✅ 环境变量
✅ 健康检查

Advanced (5-6 weeks)

高级（5-6周）

✅ Image optimization
✅ Production best practices
✅ Container orchestration
✅ CI/CD integration

✅ 镜像优化
✅ 生产环境最佳实践
✅ 容器编排
✅ CI/CD集成

Docker Compose

yaml

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yaml

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docker-compose.yml

version: '3.8'

services: app: build: . ports: - "3000:3000" environment: - NODE_ENV=production - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://db:5432/myapp - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379 depends_on: - db - redis restart: unless-stopped

db: image: postgres:15-alpine environment: - POSTGRES_USER=myapp - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret - POSTGRES_DB=myapp volumes: - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

redis: image: redis:7-alpine volumes: - redis-data:/data

nginx: image: nginx:alpine ports: - "80:80" volumes: - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro depends_on: - app

volumes: postgres-data: redis-data:

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version: '3.8'

db: image: postgres:15-alpine environment: - POSTGRES_USER=myapp - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret - POSTGRES_DB=myapp volumes: - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

redis: image: redis:7-alpine volumes: - redis-data:/data

nginx: image: nginx:alpine ports: - "80:80" volumes: - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro depends_on: - app

volumes: postgres-data: redis-data:

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Docker Compose Commands

Docker Compose命令

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Start services

启动服务

docker-compose up -d

View logs

查看日志

docker-compose logs -f app

Stop services

停止服务

docker-compose down

Rebuild images

重新构建镜像

docker-compose up -d --build

Scale services

扩容服务

docker-compose up -d --scale app=3

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docker-compose up -d --scale app=3

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.dockerignore

node_modules
npm-debug.log
.git
.gitignore
.env
.env.local
.vscode
*.md
tests
coverage
.github
Dockerfile
docker-compose.yml

node_modules
npm-debug.log
.git
.gitignore
.env
.env.local
.vscode
*.md
tests
coverage
.github
Dockerfile
docker-compose.yml

Docker Commands

Docker命令

bash

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bash

undefined

Build image

构建镜像

docker build -t myapp:latest .

Run container

运行容器

docker run -d -p 3000:3000 --name myapp myapp:latest

View logs

查看日志

docker logs -f myapp

Enter container

进入容器

docker exec -it myapp sh

Stop container

停止容器

docker stop myapp

Remove container

删除容器

docker rm myapp

List images

列出镜像

docker images

Remove image

删除镜像

docker rmi myapp:latest

Prune unused resources

清理未使用的资源

docker system prune -a

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docker system prune -a

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Environment Variables

环境变量

dockerfile

undefined

dockerfile

undefined

In Dockerfile

在Dockerfile中

ENV NODE_ENV=production ENV PORT=3000

Or in docker-compose.yml

或在docker-compose.yml中

environment:

NODE_ENV=production
PORT=3000

environment:

NODE_ENV=production
PORT=3000

Or from .env file

或从.env文件中读取

env_file:

.env.production

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env_file:

.env.production

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Volumes for Persistence

持久化卷

yaml

services:
  app:
    volumes:
      - ./logs:/app/logs              # Bind mount
      - node_modules:/app/node_modules # Named volume

volumes:
  node_modules:

yaml

services:
  app:
    volumes:
      - ./logs:/app/logs              # 绑定挂载
      - node_modules:/app/node_modules # 命名卷

volumes:
  node_modules:

Health Checks

健康检查

dockerfile

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dockerfile

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In Dockerfile

在Dockerfile中

HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s
CMD node healthcheck.js || exit 1


```javascript
// healthcheck.js
const http = require('http');

const options = {
  host: 'localhost',
  port: 3000,
  path: '/health',
  timeout: 2000
};

const request = http.request(options, (res) => {
  console.log(`STATUS: ${res.statusCode}`);
  process.exit(res.statusCode === 200 ? 0 : 1);
});

request.on('error', (err) => {
  console.log('ERROR:', err);
  process.exit(1);
});

request.end();

HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s
CMD node healthcheck.js || exit 1


```javascript
// healthcheck.js
const http = require('http');

const options = {
  host: 'localhost',
  port: 3000,
  path: '/health',
  timeout: 2000
};

const request = http.request(options, (res) => {
  console.log(`STATUS: ${res.statusCode}`);
  process.exit(res.statusCode === 200 ? 0 : 1);
});

request.on('error', (err) => {
  console.log('ERROR:', err);
  process.exit(1);
});

request.end();

Image Optimization

镜像优化

dockerfile

undefined

dockerfile

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Use Alpine (smaller base image)

使用Alpine镜像（更小的基础镜像）

FROM node:18-alpine # 180MB vs node:18 (1GB)

FROM node:18-alpine # 180MB 对比 node:18（1GB）

Multi-stage build (remove build dependencies)

多阶段构建（移除构建依赖）

Use .dockerignore (exclude unnecessary files)

使用.dockerignore（排除不必要的文件）

npm ci instead of npm install (faster, deterministic)

使用npm ci而非npm install（更快、确定性更高）

Only production dependencies

仅安装生产依赖

RUN npm ci --only=production

Combine RUN commands (fewer layers)

合并RUN命令（减少镜像层）

RUN apk add --no-cache git &&
npm ci &&
apk del git

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RUN apk add --no-cache git &&
npm ci &&
apk del git

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Production Best Practices

生产环境最佳实践

dockerfile

FROM node:18-alpine

dockerfile

FROM node:18-alpine

Don't run as root

不要以root用户运行

RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs &&
adduser -S nodejs -u 1001

WORKDIR /app

COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs package*.json ./ RUN npm ci --only=production

COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs . .

USER nodejs

RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs &&
adduser -S nodejs -u 1001

WORKDIR /app

COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs package*.json ./ RUN npm ci --only=production

COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs . .

USER nodejs

Health check

健康检查

HEALTHCHECK CMD node healthcheck.js || exit 1

Use node instead of npm start (better signal handling)

直接使用node命令而非npm start（更好的信号处理）

CMD ["node", "src/index.js"]

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CMD ["node", "src/index.js"]

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Docker Hub Deployment

Docker Hub部署

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Login

Tag image

为镜像打标签

docker tag myapp:latest username/myapp:1.0.0 docker tag myapp:latest username/myapp:latest

Push to Docker Hub

推送到Docker Hub

docker push username/myapp:1.0.0 docker push username/myapp:latest

Pull from Docker Hub

从Docker Hub拉取

docker pull username/myapp:latest

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docker pull username/myapp:latest

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CI/CD with GitHub Actions

使用GitHub Actions实现CI/CD

yaml

name: Docker Build & Deploy

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2

      - uses: docker/login-action@v2
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}

      - uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
        with:
          push: true
          tags: username/myapp:latest
          cache-from: type=gha
          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max

yaml

name: Docker Build & Deploy

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2

      - uses: docker/login-action@v2
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}

      - uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
        with:
          push: true
          tags: username/myapp:latest
          cache-from: type=gha
          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max

Common Issues & Solutions

常见问题与解决方案

Node modules caching

Node modules缓存

dockerfile

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dockerfile

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Cache node_modules layer

缓存node_modules层

COPY package*.json ./ RUN npm ci COPY . . # This doesn't rebuild node_modules

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COPY package*.json ./ RUN npm ci COPY . . # 此步骤不会重新构建node_modules

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Signal handling

信号处理

dockerfile

undefined

dockerfile

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Use node directly (not npm)

直接使用node命令（而非npm）

CMD ["node", "src/index.js"]

In app: Handle SIGTERM

在应用中处理SIGTERM信号

process.on('SIGTERM', () => { server.close(() => process.exit(0)); });

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process.on('SIGTERM', () => { server.close(() => process.exit(0)); });

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When to Use

适用场景

Use Docker deployment when:

Need consistent environments (dev, staging, prod)
Deploying microservices
Want easy scaling and orchestration
Using cloud platforms (AWS, GCP, Azure)
Implementing CI/CD pipelines

在以下场景使用Docker部署：

需要一致的环境（开发、 staging、生产）
部署微服务
想要轻松扩容和编排
使用云平台（AWS、GCP、Azure）
实现CI/CD流水线