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Game Programming Architecture

游戏编程架构

Design Patterns for Games

游戏设计模式

1. State Machine

1. 状态机

Best for: Character states, AI, game flow

csharp

// ✅ Production-Ready State Machine
public abstract class State<T> where T : class
{
    protected T Context { get; private set; }
    public void SetContext(T context) => Context = context;
    public virtual void Enter() { }
    public virtual void Update() { }
    public virtual void Exit() { }
}

public class StateMachine<T> where T : class
{
    private State<T> _current;
    private readonly T _context;

    public StateMachine(T context) => _context = context;

    public void ChangeState(State<T> newState)
    {
        _current?.Exit();
        _current = newState;
        _current.SetContext(_context);
        _current.Enter();
    }

    public void Update() => _current?.Update();
}

// Usage
public class PlayerIdleState : State<Player>
{
    public override void Enter() => Context.Animator.Play("Idle");
    public override void Update()
    {
        if (Context.Input.magnitude > 0.1f)
            Context.StateMachine.ChangeState(new PlayerMoveState());
    }
}

适用场景：角色状态、AI、游戏流程

csharp

// ✅ Production-Ready State Machine
public abstract class State<T> where T : class
{
    protected T Context { get; private set; }
    public void SetContext(T context) => Context = context;
    public virtual void Enter() { }
    public virtual void Update() { }
    public virtual void Exit() { }
}

public class StateMachine<T> where T : class
{
    private State<T> _current;
    private readonly T _context;

    public StateMachine(T context) => _context = context;

    public void ChangeState(State<T> newState)
    {
        _current?.Exit();
        _current = newState;
        _current.SetContext(_context);
        _current.Enter();
    }

    public void Update() => _current?.Update();
}

// Usage
public class PlayerIdleState : State<Player>
{
    public override void Enter() => Context.Animator.Play("Idle");
    public override void Update()
    {
        if (Context.Input.magnitude > 0.1f)
            Context.StateMachine.ChangeState(new PlayerMoveState());
    }
}

2. Object Pool

2. 对象池

Best for: Bullets, particles, enemies

csharp

// ✅ Production-Ready Object Pool
public class ObjectPool<T> where T : Component
{
    private readonly Queue<T> _pool = new();
    private readonly T _prefab;
    private readonly Transform _parent;

    public ObjectPool(T prefab, int initialSize, Transform parent = null)
    {
        _prefab = prefab;
        _parent = parent;
        for (int i = 0; i < initialSize; i++)
            _pool.Enqueue(CreateInstance());
    }

    public T Get(Vector3 position)
    {
        var obj = _pool.Count > 0 ? _pool.Dequeue() : CreateInstance();
        obj.transform.position = position;
        obj.gameObject.SetActive(true);
        return obj;
    }

    public void Return(T obj)
    {
        obj.gameObject.SetActive(false);
        _pool.Enqueue(obj);
    }

    private T CreateInstance() => Object.Instantiate(_prefab, _parent);
}

适用场景：子弹、粒子特效、敌人

csharp

// ✅ Production-Ready Object Pool
public class ObjectPool<T> where T : Component
{
    private readonly Queue<T> _pool = new();
    private readonly T _prefab;
    private readonly Transform _parent;

    public ObjectPool(T prefab, int initialSize, Transform parent = null)
    {
        _prefab = prefab;
        _parent = parent;
        for (int i = 0; i < initialSize; i++)
            _pool.Enqueue(CreateInstance());
    }

    public T Get(Vector3 position)
    {
        var obj = _pool.Count > 0 ? _pool.Dequeue() : CreateInstance();
        obj.transform.position = position;
        obj.gameObject.SetActive(true);
        return obj;
    }

    public void Return(T obj)
    {
        obj.gameObject.SetActive(false);
        _pool.Enqueue(obj);
    }

    private T CreateInstance() => Object.Instantiate(_prefab, _parent);
}

3. Observer Pattern (Events)

3. 观察者模式（事件）

Best for: UI updates, achievements, damage notifications

csharp

// ✅ Production-Ready Event System
public static class GameEvents
{
    public static event Action<int> OnScoreChanged;
    public static event Action<float> OnHealthChanged;
    public static event Action OnPlayerDied;

    public static void ScoreChanged(int score) => OnScoreChanged?.Invoke(score);
    public static void HealthChanged(float health) => OnHealthChanged?.Invoke(health);
    public static void PlayerDied() => OnPlayerDied?.Invoke();
}

// Subscribe
GameEvents.OnScoreChanged += UpdateScoreUI;

// Always unsubscribe in OnDestroy
private void OnDestroy() => GameEvents.OnScoreChanged -= UpdateScoreUI;

适用场景：UI更新、成就解锁、伤害通知

csharp

// ✅ Production-Ready Event System
public static class GameEvents
{
    public static event Action<int> OnScoreChanged;
    public static event Action<float> OnHealthChanged;
    public static event Action OnPlayerDied;

    public static void ScoreChanged(int score) => OnScoreChanged?.Invoke(score);
    public static void HealthChanged(float health) => OnHealthChanged?.Invoke(health);
    public static void PlayerDied() => OnPlayerDied?.Invoke();
}

// Subscribe
GameEvents.OnScoreChanged += UpdateScoreUI;

// Always unsubscribe in OnDestroy
private void OnDestroy() => GameEvents.OnScoreChanged -= UpdateScoreUI;

4. Command Pattern

4. 命令模式

Best for: Undo/redo, input replay, networking

csharp

public interface ICommand
{
    void Execute();
    void Undo();
}

public class MoveCommand : ICommand
{
    private readonly Transform _target;
    private readonly Vector3 _direction;
    private Vector3 _previousPosition;

    public MoveCommand(Transform target, Vector3 direction)
    {
        _target = target;
        _direction = direction;
    }

    public void Execute()
    {
        _previousPosition = _target.position;
        _target.position += _direction;
    }

    public void Undo() => _target.position = _previousPosition;
}

适用场景：撤销/重做、输入重放、网络同步

csharp

public interface ICommand
{
    void Execute();
    void Undo();
}

public class MoveCommand : ICommand
{
    private readonly Transform _target;
    private readonly Vector3 _direction;
    private Vector3 _previousPosition;

    public MoveCommand(Transform target, Vector3 direction)
    {
        _target = target;
        _direction = direction;
    }

    public void Execute()
    {
        _previousPosition = _target.position;
        _target.position += _direction;
    }

    public void Undo() => _target.position = _previousPosition;
}

Architecture Layers

架构分层

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    GAME LAYER                                │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │ Managers (GameManager, UIManager, AudioManager)      │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │ Systems (Combat, Movement, Inventory, Quest)         │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │ Components (Health, Weapon, CharacterController)     │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                    ENGINE LAYER                              │
│  Physics │ Rendering │ Audio │ Input │ Networking          │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    游戏层                                    │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │ 管理器（GameManager、UIManager、AudioManager）        │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │ 系统（战斗、移动、背包、任务）                         │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │ 组件（生命值、武器、CharacterController）             │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                    引擎层                                    │
│  物理系统 | 渲染系统 | 音频系统 | 输入系统 | 网络系统          │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

🔧 Troubleshooting

🔧 问题排查

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ PROBLEM: Spaghetti code / tight coupling                     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ SOLUTIONS:                                                   │
│ → Use dependency injection                                  │
│ → Communicate via events, not direct references             │
│ → Follow single responsibility principle                    │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ PROBLEM: Hard to test game systems                           │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ SOLUTIONS:                                                   │
│ → Separate logic from MonoBehaviour                         │
│ → Use interfaces for dependencies                           │
│ → Create testable pure functions                            │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 问题：面条代码 / 紧耦合                                     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 解决方案：                                                   │
│ → 使用依赖注入                                              │
│ → 通过事件通信，而非直接引用                                 │
│ → 遵循单一职责原则                                          │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 问题：游戏系统难以测试                                       │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 解决方案：                                                   │
│ → 将逻辑与MonoBehaviour分离                                 │
│ → 为依赖项使用接口                                           │
│ → 创建可测试的纯函数                                        │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Best Practices

最佳实践

Practice	Benefit
Loose coupling	Systems can change independently
Data-driven design	Balance without recompiling
Interface abstractions	Easy mocking and testing
Single responsibility	Clear, focused classes

Use this skill: When architecting systems, improving code structure, or optimizing performance.

实践方法	优势
松耦合	系统可独立修改
数据驱动设计	无需重新编译即可调整参数
接口抽象	便于模拟和测试
单一职责	类职责清晰、聚焦

使用场景：在架构系统、优化代码结构或提升性能时使用。