ethereum-development

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Ethereum Development Skill

以太坊开发技能

Master Ethereum development including EVM internals, gas optimization, transaction mechanics, and client interactions.

精通以太坊开发，涵盖EVM内部原理、Gas优化、交易机制及客户端交互。

Quick Start

快速开始

python

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python

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Invoke this skill for Ethereum development

调用该技能进行以太坊开发

Skill("ethereum-development", topic="gas", network="mainnet")

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Skill("ethereum-development", topic="gas", network="mainnet")

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Topics Covered

涵盖主题

1. EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine)

1. EVM（以太坊虚拟机）

Understand the execution environment:

Stack Machine: 256-bit words, 1024 depth
Memory: Linear byte array, expansion costs
Storage: Persistent key-value, 32-byte slots
Opcodes: Costs, effects, gas consumption

了解执行环境：

栈式虚拟机：256位字长，栈深度1024
内存：线性字节数组，扩容产生成本
存储：持久化键值对，32字节插槽
操作码：成本、影响及Gas消耗

2. Gas Optimization

2. Gas优化

Reduce transaction costs:

Storage Packing: Fit multiple values in one slot
Calldata vs Memory: Choose efficiently
Loop Optimization: Cache storage reads
Custom Errors: Save gas on reverts

降低交易成本：

存储打包：将多个值放入单个插槽
Calldata与Memory：高效选择使用场景
循环优化：缓存存储读取结果
自定义错误：在回滚时节省Gas

3. Transaction Mechanics

3. 交易机制

Master transaction lifecycle:

Types: Legacy (0), Access List (1), EIP-1559 (2)
Fee Estimation: Base fee, priority fee, max fee
Nonce Management: Sequential ordering
Receipts: Status, logs, gas used

精通交易生命周期：

交易类型：传统型(0)、访问列表型(1)、EIP-1559(2)
费用估算：基础费用、优先费用、最高费用
Nonce管理：顺序排序规则
交易收据：状态、日志及Gas使用量

4. Client Interactions

4. 客户端交互

Work with Ethereum nodes:

RPC Methods: eth_, debug_, trace_
State Queries: Storage slots, code, balance
Event Subscriptions: Filter logs, topics

与以太坊节点协作：

RPC方法：eth_、debug_、trace_系列
状态查询：存储插槽、合约代码、账户余额
事件订阅：过滤日志、主题匹配

Code Examples

代码示例

Gas-Efficient Storage

高效Gas存储

solidity

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

contract Optimized {
    // Pack into single slot (32 bytes)
    struct User {
        uint128 balance;    // 16 bytes
        uint64 lastUpdate;  // 8 bytes
        uint32 nonce;       // 4 bytes
        bool active;        // 1 byte
        // 3 bytes padding
    }

    mapping(address => User) public users;
}

solidity

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

contract Optimized {
    // 打包进单个32字节插槽
    struct User {
        uint128 balance;    // 16字节
        uint64 lastUpdate;  // 8字节
        uint32 nonce;       // 4字节
        bool active;        // 1字节
        // 3字节填充位
    }

    mapping(address => User) public users;
}

Read Storage Slot

读取存储插槽

typescript

import { createPublicClient, http, keccak256, encodePacked, pad } from 'viem';
import { mainnet } from 'viem/chains';

const client = createPublicClient({ chain: mainnet, transport: http() });

// Read mapping value: balances[address]
async function getBalance(contract: `0x${string}`, user: `0x${string}`) {
  const slot = keccak256(encodePacked(['address', 'uint256'], [user, 0n]));
  return await client.getStorageAt({ address: contract, slot });
}

typescript

import { createPublicClient, http, keccak256, encodePacked, pad } from 'viem';
import { mainnet } from 'viem/chains';

const client = createPublicClient({ chain: mainnet, transport: http() });

// 读取映射值：balances[address]
async function getBalance(contract: `0x${string}`, user: `0x${string}`) {
  const slot = keccak256(encodePacked(['address', 'uint256'], [user, 0n]));
  return await client.getStorageAt({ address: contract, slot });
}

EIP-1559 Transaction

EIP-1559交易

typescript

import { createWalletClient, http, parseEther } from 'viem';

const client = createWalletClient({ transport: http() });

const hash = await client.sendTransaction({
  to: '0x...',
  value: parseEther('0.1'),
  type: 'eip1559',
  maxFeePerGas: parseGwei('30'),
  maxPriorityFeePerGas: parseGwei('2'),
});

typescript

import { createWalletClient, http, parseEther } from 'viem';

const client = createWalletClient({ transport: http() });

const hash = await client.sendTransaction({
  to: '0x...',
  value: parseEther('0.1'),
  type: 'eip1559',
  maxFeePerGas: parseGwei('30'),
  maxPriorityFeePerGas: parseGwei('2'),
});

Gas Optimization Cheatsheet

Gas优化速查表

Technique	Savings	Example
Storage packing	~20k/slot	`uint128 + uint128` in one slot
Calldata vs memory	~3/byte	Use `calldata` for read-only
Unchecked math	~80/op	`unchecked { i++; }`
Custom errors	~200+	`error Unauthorized()`
Short-circuit	Variable	Cheap checks first

技巧	节省量	示例
存储打包	~20000 Gas/插槽	单个插槽中存储 `uint128 + uint128`
Calldata替代Memory	~3 Gas/字节	只读场景使用 `calldata`
无检查数学运算	~80 Gas/操作	`unchecked { i++; }`
自定义错误	~200+ Gas	`error Unauthorized()`
短路判断	变量	先执行低成本检查

Common Pitfalls

常见陷阱

Pitfall	Issue	Solution
Storage in loops	Expensive reads	Cache in memory first
String storage	Uses multiple slots	Use bytes32 when possible
Zero value storage	Full refund gone	Don't rely on SSTORE refunds

陷阱	问题	解决方案
循环中读取存储	读取成本高昂	先缓存到内存中
字符串存储	占用多个插槽	尽可能使用bytes32
零值存储	全额退款机制已取消	不要依赖SSTORE退款

Troubleshooting

故障排查

"Transaction underpriced"

"交易定价过低"

bash

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bash

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Check current gas prices

查看当前Gas价格

cast gas-price --rpc-url $RPC cast basefee --rpc-url $RPC

Set `maxFeePerGas` to at least 2x current base fee.

cast gas-price --rpc-url $RPC cast basefee --rpc-url $RPC

设置`maxFeePerGas`至少为当前基础费用的2倍。

"Out of gas"

"Gas耗尽"

bash

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bash

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Trace transaction to find issue

追踪交易定位问题

cast run --trace $TX_HASH --rpc-url $RPC

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cast run --trace $TX_HASH --rpc-url $RPC

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"Nonce too low"

"Nonce值过低"

bash

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bash

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Get current nonce

获取当前Nonce

cast nonce $ADDRESS --rpc-url $RPC

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cast nonce $ADDRESS --rpc-url $RPC

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CLI Commands

CLI命令

bash

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Foundry essentials

Foundry核心命令

forge build --sizes # Contract sizes forge test --gas-report # Gas consumption forge snapshot # Gas snapshots cast storage $ADDR $SLOT # Read storage cast call $ADDR "fn()" # Simulate call

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forge build --sizes # 查看合约大小 forge test --gas-report # 生成Gas消耗报告 forge snapshot # 生成Gas快照 cast storage $ADDR $SLOT # 读取存储插槽 cast call $ADDR "fn()" # 模拟合约调用

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Test Template

测试模板

solidity

contract GasTest is Test {
    function test_GasOptimization() public {
        uint256 gasBefore = gasleft();
        target.optimizedFunction();
        uint256 gasUsed = gasBefore - gasleft();

        assertLt(gasUsed, 50000, "Too much gas used");
    }
}

solidity

contract GasTest is Test {
    function test_GasOptimization() public {
        uint256 gasBefore = gasleft();
        target.optimizedFunction();
        uint256 gasUsed = gasBefore - gasleft();

        assertLt(gasUsed, 50000, "Gas使用量过高");
    }
}

Cross-References

交叉引用

Bonded Agent:
```
02-ethereum-development
```
Related Skills:
```
solidity-development
```
,
```
web3-frontend
```

关联Agent:
```
02-ethereum-development
```
相关技能:
```
solidity-development
```
,
```
web3-frontend
```

Version History

版本历史

Version	Date	Changes
2.0.0	2025-01	Production-grade with viem, gas optimization
1.0.0	2024-12	Initial release

版本	日期	变更内容
2.0.0	2025-01	生产级版本，集成Viem，新增Gas优化内容
1.0.0	2024-12	初始版本