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Next.js App Router - Production Patterns

Next.js App Router - 生产实践模式

Version: Next.js 16.0.0 React Version: 19.2.0 Node.js: 20.9+ Last Verified: 2025-10-24

版本: Next.js 16.0.0 React版本: 19.2.0 Node.js: 20.9+ 最后验证时间: 2025-10-24

When to Use This Skill

何时使用此技能

Focus: Next.js 16 breaking changes and knowledge gaps (December 2024+).

Use this skill when you need:

Next.js 16 breaking changes (async params, proxy.ts, parallel routes default.js, removed features)
Cache Components with
```
"use cache"
```
directive (NEW in Next.js 16)
New caching APIs:
```
revalidateTag()
```
,
```
updateTag()
```
,
```
refresh()
```
(Updated in Next.js 16)
Migration from Next.js 15 to 16 (avoid breaking change errors)
Async route params (
```
params
```
,
```
searchParams
```
,
```
cookies()
```
,
```
headers()
```
now async)
Parallel routes with default.js (REQUIRED in Next.js 16)
React 19.2 features (View Transitions,
```
useEffectEvent()
```
, React Compiler)
Turbopack (stable and default in Next.js 16)
Image defaults changed (TTL, sizes, qualities in Next.js 16)
Error prevention (18+ documented Next.js 16 errors with solutions)

核心聚焦: Next.js 16 破坏性变更与知识盲区（2024年12月及以后）。

在以下场景使用此技能：

Next.js 16 破坏性变更（异步参数、proxy.ts、并行路由default.js、移除的特性）
使用
"use cache"
指令的缓存组件（Next.js 16 新增）
新缓存API:
```
revalidateTag()
```
、
```
updateTag()
```
、
```
refresh()
```
（Next.js 16 中更新）
从Next.js 15迁移到16（避免破坏性变更错误）
异步路由参数（
```
params
```
、
```
searchParams
```
、
```
cookies()
```
、
```
headers()
```
现在为异步）
包含default.js的并行路由（Next.js 16 强制要求）
React 19.2 特性（View Transitions、
```
useEffectEvent()
```
、React Compiler）
Turbopack（在Next.js 16中稳定且默认启用）
Image默认配置变更（Next.js 16中的TTL、尺寸、质量设置）
错误预防（18+ 已记录的Next.js 16错误及解决方案）

When NOT to Use This Skill

何时不使用此技能

Do NOT use this skill for:

Cloudflare Workers deployment → Use
```
cloudflare-nextjs
```
skill instead
Pages Router patterns → This skill covers App Router ONLY (Pages Router is legacy)
Authentication libraries → Use
```
clerk-auth
```
,
```
better-auth
```
, or other auth-specific skills
Database integration → Use
```
cloudflare-d1
```
,
```
drizzle-orm-d1
```
, or database-specific skills
UI component libraries → Use
```
tailwind-v4-shadcn
```
skill for Tailwind + shadcn/ui
State management → Use
```
zustand-state-management
```
,
```
tanstack-query
```
skills
Form libraries → Use
```
react-hook-form-zod
```
skill
Vercel-specific features → Refer to Vercel platform documentation
Next.js Enterprise features (ISR, DPR) → Refer to Next.js Enterprise docs
Deployment configuration → Use platform-specific deployment skills

Relationship with Other Skills:

cloudflare-nextjs: For deploying Next.js to Cloudflare Workers (use BOTH skills together if deploying to Cloudflare)
tailwind-v4-shadcn: For Tailwind v4 + shadcn/ui setup (composable with this skill)
clerk-auth: For Clerk authentication in Next.js (composable with this skill)
better-auth: For Better Auth integration (composable with this skill)

请勿在以下场景使用此技能：

Cloudflare Workers部署 → 改用
```
cloudflare-nextjs
```
技能
Pages Router实践 → 此技能仅覆盖App Router（Pages Router已成为 legacy）
认证库 → 使用
```
clerk-auth
```
、
```
better-auth
```
或其他认证专属技能
数据库集成 → 使用
```
cloudflare-d1
```
、
```
drizzle-orm-d1
```
或数据库专属技能
UI组件库 → 使用
```
tailwind-v4-shadcn
```
技能处理Tailwind + shadcn/ui
状态管理 → 使用
```
zustand-state-management
```
、
```
tanstack-query
```
技能
表单库 → 使用
```
react-hook-form-zod
```
技能
Vercel专属特性 → 参考Vercel平台文档
Next.js企业级特性（ISR、DPR）→ 参考Next.js企业文档
部署配置 → 使用平台专属部署技能

与其他技能的关系:

cloudflare-nextjs: 用于将Next.js部署到Cloudflare Workers（如果部署到Cloudflare，可同时使用两个技能）
tailwind-v4-shadcn: 用于Tailwind v4 + shadcn/ui设置（可与此技能组合使用）
clerk-auth: 用于Next.js中的Clerk认证（可与此技能组合使用）
better-auth: 用于Better Auth集成（可与此技能组合使用）

Next.js 16 Breaking Changes

Next.js 16 破坏性变更

IMPORTANT: Next.js 16 introduces multiple breaking changes. Read this section carefully if migrating from Next.js 15 or earlier.

重要提示: Next.js 16引入多项破坏性变更。如果从Next.js 15或更早版本迁移，请仔细阅读本节。

1. Async Route Parameters (BREAKING)

1. 异步路由参数（破坏性变更）

Breaking Change:

params

searchParams

cookies()

headers()

draftMode()

are now async and must be awaited.

Before (Next.js 15):

typescript

// ❌ This no longer works in Next.js 16
export default function Page({ params, searchParams }: {
  params: { slug: string }
  searchParams: { query: string }
}) {
  const slug = params.slug // ❌ Error: params is a Promise
  const query = searchParams.query // ❌ Error: searchParams is a Promise
  return <div>{slug}</div>
}

After (Next.js 16):

typescript

// ✅ Correct: await params and searchParams
export default async function Page({ params, searchParams }: {
  params: Promise<{ slug: string }>
  searchParams: Promise<{ query: string }>
}) {
  const { slug } = await params // ✅ Await the promise
  const { query } = await searchParams // ✅ Await the promise
  return <div>{slug}</div>
}

Applies to:

```
params
```
in pages, layouts, route handlers
```
searchParams
```
in pages
```
cookies()
```
from
```
next/headers
```
```
headers()
```
from
```
next/headers
```
```
draftMode()
```
from
```
next/headers
```

Migration:

typescript

// ❌ Before
import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'

export function MyComponent() {
  const cookieStore = cookies() // ❌ Sync access
  const headersList = headers() // ❌ Sync access
}

// ✅ After
import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'

export async function MyComponent() {
  const cookieStore = await cookies() // ✅ Async access
  const headersList = await headers() // ✅ Async access
}

Codemod: Run

npx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest

to automatically migrate.

See Template:

templates/app-router-async-params.tsx

变更内容:

params

、

searchParams

、

cookies()

、

headers()

、

draftMode()

现在为异步，必须使用await获取。

Next.js 15中的写法:

typescript

// ❌ 此写法在Next.js 16中不再生效
export default function Page({ params, searchParams }: {
  params: { slug: string }
  searchParams: { query: string }
}) {
  const slug = params.slug // ❌ 错误：params是Promise类型
  const query = searchParams.query // ❌ 错误：searchParams是Promise类型
  return <div>{slug}</div>
}

Next.js 16中的正确写法:

typescript

// ✅ 正确：await params和searchParams
export default async function Page({ params, searchParams }: {
  params: Promise<{ slug: string }>
  searchParams: Promise<{ query: string }>
}) {
  const { slug } = await params // ✅ 等待Promise完成
  const { query } = await searchParams // ✅ 等待Promise完成
  return <div>{slug}</div>
}

适用范围:

页面、布局、路由处理器中的
```
params
```
页面中的
```
searchParams
```
```
next/headers
```
中的
```
cookies()
```
```
next/headers
```
中的
```
headers()
```
```
next/headers
```
中的
```
draftMode()
```

迁移示例:

typescript

// ❌ 之前的写法
import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'

export function MyComponent() {
  const cookieStore = cookies() // ❌ 同步访问
  const headersList = headers() // ❌ 同步访问
}

// ✅ 新写法
import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'

export async function MyComponent() {
  const cookieStore = await cookies() // ✅ 异步访问
  const headersList = await headers() // ✅ 异步访问
}

代码迁移工具: 运行

npx @next/codemod@canary upgrade latest

自动完成迁移。

参考模板:

templates/app-router-async-params.tsx

2. Middleware → Proxy Migration (BREAKING)

2. Middleware → Proxy 迁移（破坏性变更）

Breaking Change:

middleware.ts

is deprecated in Next.js 16. Use

proxy.ts

instead.

Why the Change:

proxy.ts

makes the network boundary explicit by running on Node.js runtime (not Edge runtime). This provides better clarity between edge middleware and server-side proxies.

Migration Steps:

Rename file:
```
middleware.ts
```
→
```
proxy.ts
```
Rename function:
```
middleware
```
→
```
proxy
```
Update config:
```
matcher
```
→
```
config.matcher
```
(same syntax)

Before (Next.js 15):

typescript

// middleware.ts ❌ Deprecated in Next.js 16
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const response = NextResponse.next()
  response.headers.set('x-custom-header', 'value')
  return response
}

export const config = {
  matcher: '/api/:path*',
}

After (Next.js 16):

typescript

// proxy.ts ✅ New in Next.js 16
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function proxy(request: NextRequest) {
  const response = NextResponse.next()
  response.headers.set('x-custom-header', 'value')
  return response
}

export const config = {
  matcher: '/api/:path*',
}

Note:

middleware.ts

still works in Next.js 16 but is deprecated. Migrate to

proxy.ts

for future compatibility.

See Template:

templates/proxy-migration.ts

See Reference:

references/proxy-vs-middleware.md

变更内容:

middleware.ts

在Next.js 16中被废弃，改用

proxy.ts

。

变更原因:

proxy.ts

通过在Node.js运行时（而非Edge运行时）运行，明确了网络边界。这让边缘中间件与服务器端代理的职责划分更清晰。

迁移步骤:

重命名文件:
```
middleware.ts
```
→
```
proxy.ts
```
重命名函数:
```
middleware
```
→
```
proxy
```
更新配置:
```
matcher
```
→
```
config.matcher
```
（语法保持不变）

Next.js 15中的写法:

typescript

// middleware.ts ❌ 在Next.js 16中已废弃
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const response = NextResponse.next()
  response.headers.set('x-custom-header', 'value')
  return response
}

export const config = {
  matcher: '/api/:path*',
}

Next.js 16中的正确写法:

typescript

// proxy.ts ✅ Next.js 16中的新写法
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function proxy(request: NextRequest) {
  const response = NextResponse.next()
  response.headers.set('x-custom-header', 'value')
  return response
}

export const config = {
  matcher: '/api/:path*',
}

注意:

middleware.ts

在Next.js 16中仍可运行，但已被废弃。为了未来兼容性，请迁移到

proxy.ts

。

参考模板:

templates/proxy-migration.ts

参考文档:

references/proxy-vs-middleware.md

3. Parallel Routes Require

default.js

(BREAKING)

3. 并行路由必须包含

default.js

（破坏性变更）

Breaking Change: Parallel routes now require explicit

default.js

files. Without them, routes will fail during soft navigation.

Structure:

app/
├── @auth/
│   ├── login/
│   │   └── page.tsx
│   └── default.tsx    ← REQUIRED in Next.js 16
├── @dashboard/
│   ├── overview/
│   │   └── page.tsx
│   └── default.tsx    ← REQUIRED in Next.js 16
└── layout.tsx

Layout:

typescript

// app/layout.tsx
export default function Layout({
  children,
  auth,
  dashboard,
}: {
  children: React.ReactNode
  auth: React.ReactNode
  dashboard: React.ReactNode
}) {
  return (
    <html>
      <body>
        {auth}
        {dashboard}
        {children}
      </body>
    </html>
  )
}

Default Fallback (REQUIRED):

typescript

// app/@auth/default.tsx
export default function AuthDefault() {
  return null // or <Skeleton /> or redirect
}

// app/@dashboard/default.tsx
export default function DashboardDefault() {
  return null
}

Why Required: Next.js 16 changed how parallel routes handle soft navigation. Without

default.js

, unmatched slots will error during client-side navigation.

See Template:

templates/parallel-routes-with-default.tsx

变更内容: 并行路由现在必须显式包含

default.js

文件。如果缺失，软导航时路由会失败。

项目结构:

app/
├── @auth/
│   ├── login/
│   │   └── page.tsx
│   └── default.tsx    ← Next.js 16中必须包含
├── @dashboard/
│   ├── overview/
│   │   └── page.tsx
│   └── default.tsx    ← Next.js 16中必须包含
└── layout.tsx

布局文件写法:

typescript

// app/layout.tsx
export default function Layout({
  children,
  auth,
  dashboard,
}: {
  children: React.ReactNode
  auth: React.ReactNode
  dashboard: React.ReactNode
}) {
  return (
    <html>
      <body>
        {auth}
        {dashboard}
        {children}
      </body>
    </html>
  )
}

默认回退组件（必须包含）:

typescript

// app/@auth/default.tsx
export default function AuthDefault() {
  return null // 或<Skeleton />或重定向
}

// app/@dashboard/default.tsx
export default function DashboardDefault() {
  return null
}

必须包含的原因: Next.js 16改变了并行路由处理软导航的方式。如果没有

default.js

，客户端导航时未匹配的插槽会报错。

参考模板:

templates/parallel-routes-with-default.tsx

4. Removed Features (BREAKING)

4. 移除的特性（破坏性变更）

The following features are REMOVED in Next.js 16:

AMP Support - Entirely removed. Migrate to standard pages.
next lint
command - Use ESLint or Biome directly.
serverRuntimeConfig
and
publicRuntimeConfig
- Use environment variables instead.
experimental.ppr
flag - Evolved into Cache Components. Use
```
"use cache"
```
directive.
Automatic
scroll-behavior: smooth
- Add manually if needed.
Node.js 18 support - Minimum version is now 20.9+.

Migration:

AMP: Convert AMP pages to standard pages or use separate AMP implementation.
Linting: Run
```
npx eslint .
```
or
```
npx biome lint .
```
directly.
Config: Replace
```
serverRuntimeConfig
```
with
```
process.env.VARIABLE
```
.
PPR: Migrate from
```
experimental.ppr
```
to
```
"use cache"
```
directive (see Cache Components section).

以下特性在Next.js 16中被完全移除:

AMP支持 - 彻底移除。请迁移到标准页面。
next lint
命令 - 直接使用ESLint或Biome。
serverRuntimeConfig
和
publicRuntimeConfig
- 改用环境变量。
experimental.ppr
标志 - 演变为缓存组件。使用
```
"use cache"
```
指令。
自动
scroll-behavior: smooth
- 如需使用请手动添加。
Node.js 18支持 - 最低版本要求变为20.9+。

迁移方案:

AMP: 将AMP页面转换为标准页面，或使用独立的AMP实现。
代码检查: 直接运行
```
npx eslint .
```
或
```
npx biome lint .
```
。
配置: 用
```
process.env.VARIABLE
```
替代
```
serverRuntimeConfig
```
。
PPR: 从
```
experimental.ppr
```
迁移到
```
"use cache"
```
指令（见缓存组件章节）。

5. Version Requirements (BREAKING)

5. 版本要求（破坏性变更）

Next.js 16 requires:

Node.js: 20.9+ (Node.js 18 no longer supported)
TypeScript: 5.1+ (if using TypeScript)
React: 19.2+ (automatically installed with Next.js 16)
Browsers: Chrome 111+, Safari 16.4+, Firefox 109+, Edge 111+

Check Versions:

bash

node --version    # Should be 20.9+
npm --version     # Should be 10+
npx next --version # Should be 16.0.0+

Upgrade Node.js:

bash

undefined

Next.js 16要求:

Node.js: 20.9+（不再支持Node.js 18）
TypeScript: 5.1+（如果使用TypeScript）
React: 19.2+（安装Next.js 16时会自动安装）
浏览器: Chrome 111+, Safari 16.4+, Firefox 109+, Edge 111+

检查版本:

bash

node --version    # 应≥20.9+
npm --version     # 应≥10+
npx next --version # 应≥16.0.0+

升级Node.js:

bash

undefined

Using nvm

使用nvm

nvm install 20 nvm use 20 nvm alias default 20

Using Homebrew (macOS)

使用Homebrew（macOS）

brew install node@20

Using apt (Ubuntu/Debian)

使用apt（Ubuntu/Debian）

sudo apt update sudo apt install nodejs npm

---

sudo apt update sudo apt install nodejs npm

---

6. Image Defaults Changed (BREAKING)

6. Image默认配置变更（破坏性变更）

Next.js 16 changed
next/image
defaults:

Setting	Next.js 15	Next.js 16
TTL (cache duration)	60 seconds	4 hours
imageSizes	`[16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384]`	`[640, 750, 828, 1080, 1200]` (reduced)
qualities	`[75, 90, 100]`	`[75]` (single quality)

Impact:

Images cache longer (4 hours vs 60 seconds)
Fewer image sizes generated (smaller builds, but less granular)
Single quality (75) generated instead of multiple

Override Defaults (if needed):

typescript

// next.config.ts
import type { NextConfig } from 'next'

const config: NextConfig = {
  images: {
    minimumCacheTTL: 60, // Revert to 60 seconds
    deviceSizes: [640, 750, 828, 1080, 1200, 1920], // Add larger sizes
    imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384], // Restore old sizes
    formats: ['image/webp'], // Default
  },
}

export default config

See Template:

templates/image-optimization.tsx

Next.js 16修改了
next/image
的默认配置:

设置项	Next.js 15	Next.js 16
TTL（缓存时长）	60秒	4小时
imageSizes	`[16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384]`	`[640, 750, 828, 1080, 1200]` （数量减少）
qualities	`[75, 90, 100]`	`[75]` （仅保留单一质量）

影响:

图片缓存时间更长（4小时 vs 60秒）
生成的图片尺寸更少（构建体积更小，但粒度更粗）
仅生成单一质量（75）的图片，而非多种质量

覆盖默认配置（如需）:

typescript

// next.config.ts
import type { NextConfig } from 'next'

const config: NextConfig = {
  images: {
    minimumCacheTTL: 60, // 恢复为60秒
    deviceSizes: [640, 750, 828, 1080, 1200, 1920], // 添加更大尺寸
    imageSizes: [16, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 384], // 恢复旧尺寸
    formats: ['image/webp'], // 默认值
  },
}

export default config

参考模板:

templates/image-optimization.tsx

Cache Components & Caching APIs

缓存组件与缓存API

NEW in Next.js 16: Cache Components introduce opt-in caching with the

"use cache"

directive, replacing implicit caching from Next.js 15.

Next.js 16新增: 缓存组件通过

"use cache"

指令实现可选缓存，替代Next.js 15中的隐式缓存。

1. Overview

1. 概述

What Changed:

Next.js 15: Implicit caching (all Server Components cached by default)
Next.js 16: Opt-in caching with
```
"use cache"
```
directive

Why the Change: Explicit caching gives developers more control and makes caching behavior predictable.

Cache Components enable:

Component-level caching (cache specific components, not entire pages)
Function-level caching (cache expensive computations)
Page-level caching (cache entire pages selectively)
Partial Prerendering (PPR) - Cache static parts, render dynamic parts on-demand

变更内容:

Next.js 15: 隐式缓存（所有Server Components默认缓存）
Next.js 16: 使用
```
"use cache"
```
指令实现可选缓存

变更原因: 显式缓存让开发者拥有更多控制权，同时让缓存行为更可预测。

缓存组件支持:

组件级缓存（仅缓存特定组件，而非整个页面）
函数级缓存（缓存昂贵的计算逻辑）
页面级缓存（选择性缓存整个页面）
部分预渲染（PPR） - 缓存静态部分，按需渲染动态部分

"use cache"

Directive

"use cache"

指令

Syntax: Add

"use cache"

at the top of a Server Component, function, or route handler.

Component-level caching:

typescript

// app/components/expensive-component.tsx
'use cache'

export async function ExpensiveComponent() {
  const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data')
  const json = await data.json()

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{json.title}</h1>
      <p>{json.description}</p>
    </div>
  )
}

Function-level caching:

typescript

// lib/data.ts
'use cache'

export async function getExpensiveData(id: string) {
  const response = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/items/${id}`)
  return response.json()
}

// Usage in component
import { getExpensiveData } from '@/lib/data'

export async function ProductPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) {
  const { id } = await params
  const product = await getExpensiveData(id) // Cached

  return <div>{product.name}</div>
}

Page-level caching:

typescript

// app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx
'use cache'

export async function generateStaticParams() {
  const posts = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts').then(r => r.json())
  return posts.map((post: { slug: string }) => ({ slug: post.slug }))
}

export default async function BlogPost({ params }: { params: Promise<{ slug: string }> }) {
  const { slug } = await params
  const post = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/posts/${slug}`).then(r => r.json())

  return (
    <article>
      <h1>{post.title}</h1>
      <div>{post.content}</div>
    </article>
  )
}

See Template:

templates/cache-component-use-cache.tsx

语法: 在Server Component、函数或路由处理器的顶部添加

"use cache"

。

组件级缓存:

typescript

// app/components/expensive-component.tsx
'use cache'

export async function ExpensiveComponent() {
  const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data')
  const json = await data.json()

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{json.title}</h1>
      <p>{json.description}</p>
    </div>
  )
}

函数级缓存:

typescript

// lib/data.ts
'use cache'

export async function getExpensiveData(id: string) {
  const response = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/items/${id}`)
  return response.json()
}

// 在组件中使用
import { getExpensiveData } from '@/lib/data'

export async function ProductPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) {
  const { id } = await params
  const product = await getExpensiveData(id) // 已缓存

  return <div>{product.name}</div>
}

页面级缓存:

typescript

// app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx
'use cache'

export async function generateStaticParams() {
  const posts = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts').then(r => r.json())
  return posts.map((post: { slug: string }) => ({ slug: post.slug }))
}

export default async function BlogPost({ params }: { params: Promise<{ slug: string }> }) {
  const { slug } = await params
  const post = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/posts/${slug}`).then(r => r.json())

  return (
    <article>
      <h1>{post.title}</h1>
      <div>{post.content}</div>
    </article>
  )
}

参考模板:

templates/cache-component-use-cache.tsx

3. Partial Prerendering (PPR)

3. 部分预渲染（PPR）

PPR allows caching static parts of a page while rendering dynamic parts on-demand.

Pattern:

typescript

// app/dashboard/page.tsx

// Static header (cached)
'use cache'
async function StaticHeader() {
  return <header>My App</header>
}

// Dynamic user info (not cached)
async function DynamicUserInfo() {
  const cookieStore = await cookies()
  const userId = cookieStore.get('userId')?.value
  const user = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`).then(r => r.json())

  return <div>Welcome, {user.name}</div>
}

// Page combines both
export default function Dashboard() {
  return (
    <div>
      <StaticHeader /> {/* Cached */}
      <DynamicUserInfo /> {/* Dynamic */}
    </div>
  )
}

When to Use PPR:

Page has both static and dynamic content
Want to cache layout/header/footer but render user-specific content
Need fast initial load (static parts) + personalization (dynamic parts)

See Reference:

references/cache-components-guide.md

PPR允许缓存页面的静态部分，同时按需渲染动态部分。

实践模式:

typescript

// app/dashboard/page.tsx

// 静态头部（已缓存）
'use cache'
async function StaticHeader() {
  return <header>My App</header>
}

// 动态用户信息（未缓存）
async function DynamicUserInfo() {
  const cookieStore = await cookies()
  const userId = cookieStore.get('userId')?.value
  const user = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`).then(r => r.json())

  return <div>Welcome, {user.name}</div>
}

// 页面组合两者
export default function Dashboard() {
  return (
    <div>
      <StaticHeader /> {/* 已缓存 */}
      <DynamicUserInfo /> {/* 动态 */}
    </div>
  )
}

PPR适用场景:

页面同时包含静态和动态内容
希望缓存布局/头部/页脚，但渲染用户专属内容
需要快速初始加载（静态部分）+ 个性化（动态部分）

参考文档:

references/cache-components-guide.md

revalidateTag()

- Updated API

revalidateTag()

- 更新后的API

BREAKING CHANGE:

revalidateTag()

now requires a second argument (

cacheLife

profile) for stale-while-revalidate behavior.

Before (Next.js 15):

typescript

import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'

export async function updatePost(id: string) {
  await fetch(`/api/posts/${id}`, { method: 'PATCH' })
  revalidateTag('posts') // ❌ Only one argument in Next.js 15
}

After (Next.js 16):

typescript

import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'

export async function updatePost(id: string) {
  await fetch(`/api/posts/${id}`, { method: 'PATCH' })
  revalidateTag('posts', 'max') // ✅ Second argument required in Next.js 16
}

Built-in Cache Life Profiles:

```
'max'
```
- Maximum staleness (recommended for most use cases)
```
'hours'
```
- Stale after hours
```
'days'
```
- Stale after days
```
'weeks'
```
- Stale after weeks
```
'default'
```
- Default cache behavior

Custom Cache Life Profile:

typescript

revalidateTag('posts', {
  stale: 3600, // Stale after 1 hour (seconds)
  revalidate: 86400, // Revalidate every 24 hours (seconds)
  expire: false, // Never expire (optional)
})

Pattern in Server Actions:

typescript

'use server'

import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'

export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  const title = formData.get('title') as string
  const content = formData.get('content') as string

  await fetch('/api/posts', {
    method: 'POST',
    body: JSON.stringify({ title, content }),
  })

  revalidateTag('posts', 'max') // ✅ Revalidate with max staleness
}

See Template:

templates/revalidate-tag-cache-life.ts

破坏性变更:

revalidateTag()

现在需要第二个参数（

cacheLife

配置文件）来实现stale-while-revalidate行为。

Next.js 15中的写法:

typescript

import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'

export async function updatePost(id: string) {
  await fetch(`/api/posts/${id}`, { method: 'PATCH' })
  revalidateTag('posts') // ❌ Next.js 15中仅需一个参数
}

Next.js 16中的正确写法:

typescript

import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'

export async function updatePost(id: string) {
  await fetch(`/api/posts/${id}`, { method: 'PATCH' })
  revalidateTag('posts', 'max') // ✅ Next.js 16中需要第二个参数
}

内置缓存生命周期配置:

```
'max'
```
- 最大过期时间（大多数场景推荐使用）
```
'hours'
```
- 数小时后过期
```
'days'
```
- 数天后过期
```
'weeks'
```
- 数周后过期
```
'default'
```
- 默认缓存行为

自定义缓存生命周期配置:

typescript

revalidateTag('posts', {
  stale: 3600, // 1小时后过期（秒）
  revalidate: 86400, // 每24小时重新验证（秒）
  expire: false, // 永不过期（可选）
})

在Server Actions中的实践:

typescript

'use server'

import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache'

export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  const title = formData.get('title') as string
  const content = formData.get('content') as string

  await fetch('/api/posts', {
    method: 'POST',
    body: JSON.stringify({ title, content }),
  })

  revalidateTag('posts', 'max') // ✅ 使用max过期时间重新验证
}

参考模板:

templates/revalidate-tag-cache-life.ts

updateTag()

- NEW API (Server Actions Only)

updateTag()

- 新增API（仅Server Actions可用）

NEW in Next.js 16:

updateTag()

provides read-your-writes semantics for Server Actions.

What it does:

Expires cache immediately
Refreshes data within the same request
Shows updated data right after mutation (no stale data)

Difference from
revalidateTag()
:

```
revalidateTag()
```
: Stale-while-revalidate (shows stale data, revalidates in background)
```
updateTag()
```
: Immediate refresh (expires cache, fetches fresh data in same request)

Use Case: Forms, user settings, or any mutation where user expects immediate feedback.

Pattern:

typescript

'use server'

import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'

export async function updateUserProfile(formData: FormData) {
  const name = formData.get('name') as string
  const email = formData.get('email') as string

  // Update database
  await db.users.update({ name, email })

  // Immediately refresh cache (read-your-writes)
  updateTag('user-profile')

  // User sees updated data immediately (no stale data)
}

When to Use:

updateTag()
: User settings, profile updates, critical mutations (immediate feedback)
revalidateTag()
: Blog posts, product listings, non-critical updates (background revalidation)

See Template:

templates/server-action-update-tag.ts

Next.js 16新增:

updateTag()

为Server Actions提供读己写（read-your-writes）语义。

功能说明:

立即过期缓存
在同一请求内刷新数据
突变后立即显示更新后的数据（无 stale 数据）

与
revalidateTag()
的区别:

```
revalidateTag()
```
: Stale-while-revalidate（显示旧数据，后台重新验证）
```
updateTag()
```
: 立即刷新（过期缓存，在同一请求内获取新数据）

适用场景: 表单、用户设置或任何用户期望立即获得反馈的突变操作。

实践模式:

typescript

'use server'

import { updateTag } from 'next/cache'

export async function updateUserProfile(formData: FormData) {
  const name = formData.get('name') as string
  const email = formData.get('email') as string

  // 更新数据库
  await db.users.update({ name, email })

  // 立即刷新缓存（读己写）
  updateTag('user-profile')

  // 用户立即看到更新后的数据（无 stale 数据）
}

使用时机:

updateTag()
: 用户设置、个人资料更新、关键突变操作（需要立即反馈）
revalidateTag()
: 博客文章、产品列表、非关键更新（后台重新验证）

参考模板:

templates/server-action-update-tag.ts

refresh()

- NEW API (Server Actions Only)

refresh()

- 新增API（仅Server Actions可用）

NEW in Next.js 16:

refresh()

refreshes uncached data only (complements client-side

router.refresh()

When to Use:

Refresh dynamic data without affecting cached data
Complement
```
router.refresh()
```
on server side

Pattern:

typescript

'use server'

import { refresh } from 'next/cache'

export async function refreshDashboard() {
  // Refresh uncached data (e.g., real-time metrics)
  refresh()

  // Cached data (e.g., static header) remains cached
}

Difference from
revalidateTag()
and
updateTag()
:

```
refresh()
```
: Only refreshes uncached data
```
revalidateTag()
```
: Revalidates specific tagged data (stale-while-revalidate)
```
updateTag()
```
: Immediately expires and refreshes specific tagged data

See Reference:

references/cache-components-guide.md

Next.js 16新增:

refresh()

仅刷新未缓存的数据（补充客户端的

router.refresh()

）。

适用场景:

刷新动态数据而不影响缓存数据
在服务器端补充
```
router.refresh()
```
的功能

实践模式:

typescript

'use server'

import { refresh } from 'next/cache'

export async function refreshDashboard() {
  // 刷新未缓存的数据（如实时指标）
  refresh()

  // 缓存数据（如静态头部）保持缓存状态
}

与
revalidateTag()
和
updateTag()
的区别:

```
refresh()
```
: 仅刷新未缓存的数据
```
revalidateTag()
```
: 重新验证特定标签的数据（stale-while-revalidate）
```
updateTag()
```
: 立即过期并刷新特定标签的数据

参考文档:

references/cache-components-guide.md

Route Handlers (Next.js 16 Updates)

路由处理器（Next.js 16 更新）

Async Params in Route Handlers (BREAKING)

路由处理器中的异步参数（破坏性变更）

IMPORTANT:

params

and

headers()

are now async in Next.js 16 route handlers.

Example:

typescript

// app/api/posts/[id]/route.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import { headers } from 'next/headers'

export async function GET(
  request: Request,
  { params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }
) {
  const { id } = await params // ✅ Await params in Next.js 16
  const headersList = await headers() // ✅ Await headers in Next.js 16

  const post = await db.posts.findUnique({ where: { id } })

  return NextResponse.json(post)
}

See Template:

templates/route-handler-api.ts

重要提示:

params

和

headers()

在Next.js 16的路由处理器中现在为异步。

示例:

typescript

// app/api/posts/[id]/route.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import { headers } from 'next/headers'

export async function GET(
  request: Request,
  { params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }
) {
  const { id } = await params // ✅ 在Next.js 16中await params
  const headersList = await headers() // ✅ 在Next.js 16中await headers()

  const post = await db.posts.findUnique({ where: { id } })

  return NextResponse.json(post)
}

参考模板:

templates/route-handler-api.ts

Proxy vs Middleware

Next.js 16 introduces
proxy.ts
to replace

middleware.ts

**Next.js 16引入

proxy.ts

**替代

middleware.ts

。

Why the Change?

变更原因

middleware.ts
: Runs on Edge runtime (limited Node.js APIs)
proxy.ts
: Runs on Node.js runtime (full Node.js APIs)

The new

proxy.ts

makes the network boundary explicit and provides more flexibility.

middleware.ts
: 在Edge运行时运行（Node.js API受限）
proxy.ts
: 在Node.js运行时运行（完整Node.js API支持）

新的

proxy.ts

明确了网络边界，同时提供了更多灵活性。

Migration

迁移示例

Before (middleware.ts):

typescript

// middleware.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  // Check auth
  const token = request.cookies.get('token')

  if (!token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url))
  }

  return NextResponse.next()
}

export const config = {
  matcher: '/dashboard/:path*',
}

After (proxy.ts):

typescript

// proxy.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function proxy(request: NextRequest) {
  // Check auth
  const token = request.cookies.get('token')

  if (!token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url))
  }

  return NextResponse.next()
}

export const config = {
  matcher: '/dashboard/:path*',
}

See Template:

templates/proxy-migration.ts

See Reference:

references/proxy-vs-middleware.md

之前的middleware.ts写法:

typescript

// middleware.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  // 检查认证
  const token = request.cookies.get('token')

  if (!token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url))
  }

  return NextResponse.next()
}

export const config = {
  matcher: '/dashboard/:path*',
}

新的proxy.ts写法:

typescript

// proxy.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function proxy(request: NextRequest) {
  // 检查认证
  const token = request.cookies.get('token')

  if (!token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url))
  }

  return NextResponse.next()
}

export const config = {
  matcher: '/dashboard/:path*',
}

参考模板:

templates/proxy-migration.ts

参考文档:

references/proxy-vs-middleware.md

Parallel Routes - default.js Required (BREAKING)

并行路由 - 必须包含default.js（破坏性变更）

Breaking Change in Next.js 16: Parallel routes now require explicit

default.js

files.

Structure:

app/
├── @modal/
│   ├── login/page.tsx
│   └── default.tsx  ← REQUIRED in Next.js 16
├── @feed/
│   ├── trending/page.tsx
│   └── default.tsx  ← REQUIRED in Next.js 16
└── layout.tsx

Default Files (REQUIRED):

typescript

// app/@modal/default.tsx
export default function ModalDefault() {
  return null // or <Skeleton /> or redirect
}

Why Required: Next.js 16 changed soft navigation handling. Without

default.js

, unmatched slots error during client-side navigation.

See Template:

templates/parallel-routes-with-default.tsx

Next.js 16中的破坏性变更: 并行路由现在必须显式包含

default.js

文件。

项目结构:

app/
├── @modal/
│   ├── login/page.tsx
│   └── default.tsx  ← Next.js 16中必须包含
├── @feed/
│   ├── trending/page.tsx
│   └── default.tsx  ← Next.js 16中必须包含
└── layout.tsx

默认文件（必须包含）:

typescript

// app/@modal/default.tsx
export default function ModalDefault() {
  return null // 或<Skeleton />或重定向
}

必须包含的原因: Next.js 16改变了软导航的处理方式。如果没有

default.js

，客户端导航时未匹配的插槽会报错。

参考模板:

templates/parallel-routes-with-default.tsx

React 19.2 Features

React 19.2 特性

Next.js 16 integrates React 19.2, which includes new features from React Canary.

Next.js 16集成了React 19.2，其中包含React Canary中的新特性。

1. View Transitions

Use Case: Smooth animations between page transitions.

typescript

'use client'

import { useRouter } from 'next/navigation'
import { startTransition } from 'react'

export function NavigationLink({ href, children }: { href: string; children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const router = useRouter()

  function handleClick(e: React.MouseEvent) {
    e.preventDefault()

    // Wrap navigation in startTransition for View Transitions
    startTransition(() => {
      router.push(href)
    })
  }

  return <a href={href} onClick={handleClick}>{children}</a>
}

With CSS View Transitions API:

css

/* app/globals.css */
@view-transition {
  navigation: auto;
}

/* Animate elements with view-transition-name */
.page-title {
  view-transition-name: page-title;
}

See Template:

templates/view-transitions-react-19.tsx

适用场景: 页面切换时的平滑动画。

typescript

'use client'

import { useRouter } from 'next/navigation'
import { startTransition } from 'react'

export function NavigationLink({ href, children }: { href: string; children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const router = useRouter()

  function handleClick(e: React.MouseEvent) {
    e.preventDefault()

    // 将导航包裹在startTransition中以启用View Transitions
    startTransition(() => {
      router.push(href)
    })
  }

  return <a href={href} onClick={handleClick}>{children}</a>
}

配合CSS View Transitions API:

css

/* app/globals.css */
@view-transition {
  navigation: auto;
}

/* 为元素设置view-transition-name以实现动画 */
.page-title {
  view-transition-name: page-title;
}

参考模板:

templates/view-transitions-react-19.tsx

useEffectEvent()

(Experimental)

useEffectEvent()

（实验性）

Use Case: Extract non-reactive logic from

useEffect

typescript

'use client'

import { useEffect, experimental_useEffectEvent as useEffectEvent } from 'react'

export function ChatRoom({ roomId }: { roomId: string }) {
  const onConnected = useEffectEvent(() => {
    console.log('Connected to room:', roomId)
  })

  useEffect(() => {
    const connection = connectToRoom(roomId)
    onConnected() // Non-reactive callback

    return () => connection.disconnect()
  }, [roomId]) // Only re-run when roomId changes

  return <div>Chat Room {roomId}</div>
}

Why Use It: Prevents unnecessary

useEffect

re-runs when callback dependencies change.

适用场景: 从

useEffect

中提取非响应式逻辑。

typescript

'use client'

import { useEffect, experimental_useEffectEvent as useEffectEvent } from 'react'

export function ChatRoom({ roomId }: { roomId: string }) {
  const onConnected = useEffectEvent(() => {
    console.log('Connected to room:', roomId)
  })

  useEffect(() => {
    const connection = connectToRoom(roomId)
    onConnected() // 非响应式回调

    return () => connection.disconnect()
  }, [roomId]) // 仅当roomId变化时重新运行

  return <div>Chat Room {roomId}</div>
}

使用原因: 当回调依赖项变化时，避免不必要的

useEffect

重新运行。

3. React Compiler (Stable)

3. React Compiler（稳定）

Use Case: Automatic memoization without

useMemo

useCallback

Enable in next.config.ts:

typescript

import type { NextConfig } from 'next'

const config: NextConfig = {
  experimental: {
    reactCompiler: true,
  },
}

export default config

Install Plugin:

bash

npm install babel-plugin-react-compiler

Example (no manual memoization needed):

typescript

'use client'

export function ExpensiveList({ items }: { items: string[] }) {
  // React Compiler automatically memoizes this
  const filteredItems = items.filter(item => item.length > 3)

  return (
    <ul>
      {filteredItems.map(item => (
        <li key={item}>{item}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  )
}

See Reference:

references/react-19-integration.md

适用场景: 无需

useMemo

、

useCallback

即可自动实现记忆化。

在next.config.ts中启用:

typescript

import type { NextConfig } from 'next'

const config: NextConfig = {
  experimental: {
    reactCompiler: true,
  },
}

export default config

安装插件:

bash

npm install babel-plugin-react-compiler

示例（无需手动记忆化）:

typescript

'use client'

export function ExpensiveList({ items }: { items: string[] }) {
  // React Compiler自动实现记忆化
  const filteredItems = items.filter(item => item.length > 3)

  return (
    <ul>
      {filteredItems.map(item => (
        <li key={item}>{item}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  )
}

参考文档:

references/react-19-integration.md

Turbopack (Stable in Next.js 16)

Turbopack（在Next.js 16中稳定）

NEW: Turbopack is now the default bundler in Next.js 16.

Performance Improvements:

2–5× faster production builds
Up to 10× faster Fast Refresh

Opt-out (if needed):

bash

npm run build -- --webpack

Enable File System Caching (experimental):

typescript

// next.config.ts
import type { NextConfig } from 'next'

const config: NextConfig = {
  experimental: {
    turbopack: {
      fileSystemCaching: true, // Beta: Persist cache between runs
    },
  },
}

export default config

新增特性: Turbopack现在是Next.js 16中的默认打包工具。

性能提升:

生产构建速度提升2–5倍
Fast Refresh速度提升最高10倍

禁用方式（如需）:

bash

npm run build -- --webpack

启用文件系统缓存（实验性）:

typescript

// next.config.ts
import type { NextConfig } from 'next'

const config: NextConfig = {
  experimental: {
    turbopack: {
      fileSystemCaching: true, // Beta: 在多次运行之间持久化缓存
    },
  },
}

export default config

Common Errors & Solutions

常见错误与解决方案

1. Error:

params

is a Promise

1. 错误:

params

is a Promise

Error:

Type 'Promise<{ id: string }>' is not assignable to type '{ id: string }'

Cause: Next.js 16 changed

params

to async.

Solution: Await

params

typescript

// ❌ Before
export default function Page({ params }: { params: { id: string } }) {
  const id = params.id
}

// ✅ After
export default async function Page({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) {
  const { id } = await params
}

错误信息:

Type 'Promise<{ id: string }>' is not assignable to type '{ id: string }'

原因: Next.js 16将

params

改为异步。

解决方案: Await

params

typescript

// ❌ 之前的写法
export default function Page({ params }: { params: { id: string } }) {
  const id = params.id
}

// ✅ 新写法
export default async function Page({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) {
  const { id } = await params
}

2. Error:

searchParams

is a Promise

2. 错误:

searchParams

is a Promise

Error:

Property 'query' does not exist on type 'Promise<{ query: string }>'

Cause:

searchParams

is now async in Next.js 16.

Solution:

typescript

// ❌ Before
export default function Page({ searchParams }: { searchParams: { query: string } }) {
  const query = searchParams.query
}

// ✅ After
export default async function Page({ searchParams }: { searchParams: Promise<{ query: string }> }) {
  const { query } = await searchParams
}

错误信息:

Property 'query' does not exist on type 'Promise<{ query: string }>'

原因:

searchParams

在Next.js 16中现在为异步。

解决方案:

typescript

// ❌ 之前的写法
export default function Page({ searchParams }: { searchParams: { query: string } }) {
  const query = searchParams.query
}

// ✅ 新写法
export default async function Page({ searchParams }: { searchParams: Promise<{ query: string }> }) {
  const { query } = await searchParams
}

3. Error:

cookies()

requires await

3. 错误:

cookies()

requires await

Error:

'cookies' implicitly has return type 'any'

Cause:

cookies()

is now async in Next.js 16.

Solution:

typescript

// ❌ Before
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export function MyComponent() {
  const cookieStore = cookies()
}

// ✅ After
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export async function MyComponent() {
  const cookieStore = await cookies()
}

错误信息:

'cookies' implicitly has return type 'any'

原因:

cookies()

在Next.js 16中现在为异步。

解决方案:

typescript

// ❌ 之前的写法
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export function MyComponent() {
  const cookieStore = cookies()
}

// ✅ 新写法
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export async function MyComponent() {
  const cookieStore = await cookies()
}

4. Error: Parallel route missing

default.js

4. 错误: Parallel route missing

default.js

Error:

Error: Parallel route @modal/login was matched but no default.js was found

Cause: Next.js 16 requires

default.js

for all parallel routes.

Solution: Add

default.tsx

files:

typescript

// app/@modal/default.tsx
export default function ModalDefault() {
  return null
}

错误信息:

Error: Parallel route @modal/login was matched but no default.js was found

原因: Next.js 16要求所有并行路由都包含

default.js

。

解决方案: 添加

default.tsx

文件:

typescript

// app/@modal/default.tsx
export default function ModalDefault() {
  return null
}

5. Error:

revalidateTag()

requires 2 arguments

5. 错误:

revalidateTag()

requires 2 arguments

Error:

Expected 2 arguments, but got 1

Cause:

revalidateTag()

now requires a

cacheLife

argument in Next.js 16.

Solution:

typescript

// ❌ Before
revalidateTag('posts')

// ✅ After
revalidateTag('posts', 'max')

错误信息:

Expected 2 arguments, but got 1

原因:

revalidateTag()

在Next.js 16中现在需要

cacheLife

参数。

解决方案:

typescript

// ❌ 之前的写法
revalidateTag('posts')

// ✅ 新写法
revalidateTag('posts', 'max')

6. Error: Cannot use React hooks in Server Component

6. 错误: Cannot use React hooks in Server Component

Error:

You're importing a component that needs useState. It only works in a Client Component

Cause: Using React hooks in Server Component.

Solution: Add

'use client'

directive:

typescript

// ✅ Add 'use client' at the top
'use client'

import { useState } from 'react'

export function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
  return <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>{count}</button>
}

错误信息:

You're importing a component that needs useState. It only works in a Client Component

原因: 在Server Component中使用React hooks。

解决方案: 添加

'use client'

指令:

typescript

// ✅ 在顶部添加'use client'
'use client'

import { useState } from 'react'

export function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
  return <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>{count}</button>
}

7. Error:

middleware.ts

is deprecated

7. 错误:

middleware.ts

is deprecated

Warning:

Warning: middleware.ts is deprecated. Use proxy.ts instead.

Solution: Migrate to

proxy.ts

typescript

// Rename: middleware.ts → proxy.ts
// Rename function: middleware → proxy

export function proxy(request: NextRequest) {
  // Same logic
}

警告信息:

Warning: middleware.ts is deprecated. Use proxy.ts instead.

解决方案: 迁移到

proxy.ts

typescript

// 重命名文件: middleware.ts → proxy.ts
// 重命名函数: middleware → proxy

export function proxy(request: NextRequest) {
  // 逻辑保持不变
}

8. Error: Turbopack build failure

8. 错误: Turbopack build failure

Error:

Error: Failed to compile with Turbopack

Cause: Turbopack is now default in Next.js 16.

Solution: Opt out of Turbopack if incompatible:

bash

npm run build -- --webpack

错误信息:

Error: Failed to compile with Turbopack

原因: Turbopack现在是Next.js 16中的默认打包工具。

解决方案: 如果不兼容，禁用Turbopack:

bash

npm run build -- --webpack

9. Error: Invalid

next/image

src

9. 错误: Invalid

next/image

src

Error:

Invalid src prop (https://example.com/image.jpg) on `next/image`. Hostname "example.com" is not configured under images in your `next.config.js`

Solution: Add remote patterns in

next.config.ts

typescript

const config: NextConfig = {
  images: {
    remotePatterns: [
      {
        protocol: 'https',
        hostname: 'example.com',
      },
    ],
  },
}

错误信息:

Invalid src prop (https://example.com/image.jpg) on `next/image`. Hostname "example.com" is not configured under images in your `next.config.js`

解决方案: 在

next.config.ts

中添加远程模式:

typescript

const config: NextConfig = {
  images: {
    remotePatterns: [
      {
        protocol: 'https',
        hostname: 'example.com',
      },
    ],
  },
}

10. Error: Cannot import Server Component into Client Component

10. 错误: Cannot import Server Component into Client Component

Error:

You're importing a Server Component into a Client Component

Solution: Pass Server Component as children:

typescript

// ❌ Wrong
'use client'
import { ServerComponent } from './server-component' // Error

export function ClientComponent() {
  return <ServerComponent />
}

// ✅ Correct
'use client'

export function ClientComponent({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return <div>{children}</div>
}

// Usage
<ClientComponent>
  <ServerComponent /> {/* Pass as children */}
</ClientComponent>

错误信息:

You're importing a Server Component into a Client Component

解决方案: 将Server Component作为children传递:

typescript

// ❌ 错误写法
'use client'
import { ServerComponent } from './server-component' // 错误

export function ClientComponent() {
  return <ServerComponent />
}

// ✅ 正确写法
'use client'

export function ClientComponent({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return <div>{children}</div>
}

// 使用方式
<ClientComponent>
  <ServerComponent /> {/* 作为children传递 */}
</ClientComponent>

11. Error:

generateStaticParams

not working

11. 错误:

generateStaticParams

not working

Cause:

generateStaticParams

only works with static generation (

export const dynamic = 'force-static'

Solution:

typescript

export const dynamic = 'force-static'

export async function generateStaticParams() {
  const posts = await fetch('/api/posts').then(r => r.json())
  return posts.map((post: { id: string }) => ({ id: post.id }))
}

原因:

generateStaticParams

仅在静态生成模式下生效（

export const dynamic = 'force-static'

）。

解决方案:

typescript

export const dynamic = 'force-static'

export async function generateStaticParams() {
  const posts = await fetch('/api/posts').then(r => r.json())
  return posts.map((post: { id: string }) => ({ id: post.id }))
}

12. Error:

fetch()

not caching

12. 错误:

fetch()

not caching

Cause: Next.js 16 uses opt-in caching with

"use cache"

directive.

Solution: Add

"use cache"

to component or function:

typescript

'use cache'

export async function getPosts() {
  const response = await fetch('/api/posts')
  return response.json()
}

原因: Next.js 16使用

"use cache"

指令实现可选缓存。

解决方案: 在组件或函数顶部添加

"use cache"

typescript

'use cache'

export async function getPosts() {
  const response = await fetch('/api/posts')
  return response.json()
}

13. Error: Route collision with Route Groups

13. 错误: Route collision with Route Groups

Error:

Error: Conflicting routes: /about and /(marketing)/about

Cause: Route groups create same URL path.

Solution: Ensure route groups don't conflict:

app/
├── (marketing)/about/page.tsx  → /about
└── (shop)/about/page.tsx       → ERROR: Duplicate /about

错误信息:

Error: Conflicting routes: /about and /(marketing)/about

原因: 路由组创建了相同的URL路径。

解决方案: 确保路由组不冲突:

app/
├── (marketing)/about/page.tsx  → /about
└── (shop)/about/page.tsx       → 错误: 重复的/about

Fix: Use different routes

修复: 使用不同的路由

app/ ├── (marketing)/about/page.tsx → /about └── (shop)/store-info/page.tsx → /store-info

---

app/ ├── (marketing)/about/page.tsx → /about └── (shop)/store-info/page.tsx → /store-info

---

14. Error: Metadata not updating

14. 错误: Metadata not updating

Cause: Using dynamic metadata without

generateMetadata()

Solution: Use

generateMetadata()

for dynamic pages:

typescript

export async function generateMetadata({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }): Promise<Metadata> {
  const { id } = await params
  const post = await fetch(`/api/posts/${id}`).then(r => r.json())

  return {
    title: post.title,
    description: post.excerpt,
  }
}

原因: 未使用

generateMetadata()

处理动态元数据。

解决方案: 对动态页面使用

generateMetadata()

typescript

export async function generateMetadata({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }): Promise<Metadata> {
  const { id } = await params
  const post = await fetch(`/api/posts/${id}`).then(r => r.json())

  return {
    title: post.title,
    description: post.excerpt,
  }
}

15. Error:

next/font

font not loading

15. 错误:

next/font

font not loading

Cause: Font variable not applied to HTML element.

Solution: Apply font variable to

<html>

<body>

typescript

import { Inter } from 'next/font/google'

const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'], variable: '--font-inter' })

export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <html className={inter.variable}> {/* ✅ Apply variable */}
      <body>{children}</body>
    </html>
  )
}

原因: 字体变量未应用到HTML元素。

解决方案: 将字体变量应用到

<html>

或

<body>

typescript

import { Inter } from 'next/font/google'

const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'], variable: '--font-inter' })

export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <html className={inter.variable}> {/* ✅ 应用变量 */}
      <body>{children}</body>
    </html>
  )
}

16. Error: Environment variables not available in browser

16. 错误: Environment variables not available in browser

Cause: Server-only env vars are not exposed to browser.

Solution: Prefix with

NEXT_PUBLIC_

for client-side access:

bash

undefined

原因: 仅服务器端的环境变量不会暴露给浏览器。

解决方案: 客户端可访问的环境变量需要以

NEXT_PUBLIC_

为前缀:

bash

undefined

.env

SECRET_KEY=abc123 # Server-only NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL=https://api # Available in browser


```typescript
// Server Component (both work)
const secret = process.env.SECRET_KEY
const apiUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL

// Client Component (only public vars work)
const apiUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL

SECRET_KEY=abc123 # 仅服务器端可用 NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL=https://api # 浏览器端可用


```typescript
// Server Component（两者都可用）
const secret = process.env.SECRET_KEY
const apiUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL

// Client Component（仅公共变量可用）
const apiUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL

17. Error: Server Action not found

17. 错误: Server Action not found

Error:

Error: Could not find Server Action

Cause: Missing

'use server'

directive.

Solution: Add

'use server'

typescript

// ❌ Before
export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  await db.posts.create({ ... })
}

// ✅ After
'use server'

export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  await db.posts.create({ ... })
}

错误信息:

Error: Could not find Server Action

原因: 缺少

'use server'

指令。

解决方案: 添加

'use server'

typescript

// ❌ 之前的写法
export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  await db.posts.create({ ... })
}

// ✅ 新写法
'use server'

export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  await db.posts.create({ ... })
}

18. Error: TypeScript path alias not working

18. 错误: TypeScript path alias not working

Cause: Incorrect

baseUrl

paths

tsconfig.json

Solution: Configure correctly:

json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "baseUrl": ".",
    "paths": {
      "@/*": ["./*"],
      "@/components/*": ["./app/components/*"]
    }
  }
}

See Reference:

references/top-errors.md

原因:

tsconfig.json

中的

baseUrl

或

paths

配置错误。

解决方案: 正确配置:

json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "baseUrl": ".",
    "paths": {
      "@/*": ["./*"],
      "@/components/*": ["./app/components/*"]
    }
  }
}

参考文档:

references/top-errors.md

Templates & Resources

模板与资源

Next.js 16-Specific Templates (in

templates/

```
app-router-async-params.tsx
```
- Async params migration patterns
```
parallel-routes-with-default.tsx
```
- Required default.js files

cache-component-use-cache.tsx

- Cache Components with

"use cache"

revalidate-tag-cache-life.ts

- Updated

revalidateTag()

with cacheLife

```
server-action-update-tag.ts
```
-
```
updateTag()
```
for read-your-writes
```
proxy-migration.ts
```
- Migrate from middleware.ts to proxy.ts
```
view-transitions-react-19.tsx
```
- React 19.2 View Transitions
```
next.config.ts
```
- Next.js 16 configuration

Bundled References (in

references/

```
next-16-migration-guide.md
```
- Complete Next.js 15→16 migration guide
```
cache-components-guide.md
```
- Cache Components deep dive
```
proxy-vs-middleware.md
```
- Proxy.ts vs middleware.ts
```
async-route-params.md
```
- Async params breaking change details
```
react-19-integration.md
```
- React 19.2 features in Next.js 16
```
top-errors.md
```
- 18+ common errors with solutions

External Documentation:

Next.js 16 Blog: https://nextjs.org/blog/next-16
Next.js Docs: https://nextjs.org/docs
Context7 MCP:
```
/websites/nextjs
```
for latest reference

Next.js 16专属模板（位于

templates/

目录）:

```
app-router-async-params.tsx
```
- 异步参数迁移模式
```
parallel-routes-with-default.tsx
```
- 必须包含的default.js文件

cache-component-use-cache.tsx

- 使用

"use cache"

的缓存组件

revalidate-tag-cache-life.ts

- 更新后的

revalidateTag()

（带cacheLife）

```
server-action-update-tag.ts
```
- 用于读己写的
```
updateTag()
```
```
proxy-migration.ts
```
- 从middleware.ts迁移到proxy.ts
```
view-transitions-react-19.tsx
```
- React 19.2的View Transitions
```
next.config.ts
```
- Next.js 16配置文件

内置参考文档（位于

references/

目录）:

```
next-16-migration-guide.md
```
- 完整的Next.js 15→16迁移指南
```
cache-components-guide.md
```
- 缓存组件深度解析
```
proxy-vs-middleware.md
```
- Proxy.ts vs middleware.ts
```
async-route-params.md
```
- 异步参数破坏性变更详情
```
react-19-integration.md
```
- Next.js 16中的React 19.2特性
```
top-errors.md
```
- 18+常见错误及解决方案

外部文档:

Next.js 16博客: https://nextjs.org/blog/next-16
Next.js官方文档: https://nextjs.org/docs
Context7 MCP:
```
/websites/nextjs
```
获取最新参考

Version Compatibility

版本兼容性

Package	Minimum Version	Recommended
Next.js	16.0.0	16.0.0+
React	19.2.0	19.2.0+
Node.js	20.9.0	20.9.0+
TypeScript	5.1.0	5.7.0+
Turbopack	(built-in)	Stable

Check Versions:

bash

./scripts/check-versions.sh

包名	最低版本	推荐版本
Next.js	16.0.0	16.0.0+
React	19.2.0	19.2.0+
Node.js	20.9.0	20.9.0+
TypeScript	5.1.0	5.7.0+
Turbopack	（内置）	稳定版

检查版本:

bash

./scripts/check-versions.sh

Token Efficiency

Token效率

Estimated Token Savings: 65-70%

Without Skill (manual setup from docs):

Read Next.js 16 migration guide: ~5k tokens
Read App Router docs: ~8k tokens
Read Server Actions docs: ~4k tokens
Read Metadata API docs: ~3k tokens
Trial-and-error fixes: ~8k tokens
Total: ~28k tokens

With Skill:

Load skill: ~8k tokens
Use templates: ~2k tokens
Total: ~10k tokens
Savings: ~18k tokens (~64%)

Errors Prevented: 18+ common mistakes = 100% error prevention

预估Token节省: 65-70%

不使用此技能（从文档手动设置）:

阅读Next.js 16迁移指南: ~5k tokens
阅读App Router文档: ~8k tokens
阅读Server Actions文档: ~4k tokens
阅读Metadata API文档: ~3k tokens
试错修复: ~8k tokens
总计: ~28k tokens

使用此技能:

加载技能: ~8k tokens
使用模板: ~2k tokens
总计: ~10k tokens
节省: ~18k tokens (~64%)

预防的错误: 18+常见错误 = 100%错误预防

Maintenance

维护信息

Last Verified: 2025-10-24 Next Review: 2026-01-24 (Quarterly) Maintainer: Jezweb | jeremy@jezweb.net Repository: https://github.com/jezweb/claude-skills

Update Triggers:

Next.js major/minor releases
React major releases
Breaking changes in APIs
New Turbopack features

Version Check:

bash

cd skills/nextjs
./scripts/check-versions.sh

End of SKILL.md

最后验证时间: 2025-10-24 下次审核时间: 2026-01-24（每季度） 维护者: Jezweb | jeremy@jezweb.net 仓库: https://github.com/jezweb/claude-skills

更新触发条件:

Next.js大版本/小版本发布
React大版本发布
API破坏性变更
Turbopack新特性

版本检查:

bash

cd skills/nextjs
./scripts/check-versions.sh

SKILL.md 结束

nextjs

Original

Translation

Next.js App Router - Production Patterns

Next.js App Router - 生产实践模式

Table of Contents

目录

When to Use This Skill

何时使用此技能

When NOT to Use This Skill

何时不使用此技能

Next.js 16 Breaking Changes

Next.js 16 破坏性变更

1. Async Route Parameters (BREAKING)

1. 异步路由参数（破坏性变更）

2. Middleware → Proxy Migration (BREAKING)

2. Middleware → Proxy 迁移（破坏性变更）

3. Parallel Routes Require default.js (BREAKING)

3. 并行路由必须包含default.js（破坏性变更）

4. Removed Features (BREAKING)

4. 移除的特性（破坏性变更）

5. Version Requirements (BREAKING)

5. 版本要求（破坏性变更）

Using nvm

使用nvm

Using Homebrew (macOS)

使用Homebrew（macOS）

Using apt (Ubuntu/Debian)

使用apt（Ubuntu/Debian）

6. Image Defaults Changed (BREAKING)

6. Image默认配置变更（破坏性变更）

Cache Components & Caching APIs

缓存组件与缓存API

1. Overview

1. 概述

2. "use cache" Directive

2. "use cache"指令

3. Partial Prerendering (PPR)

3. 部分预渲染（PPR）

4. revalidateTag() - Updated API

4. revalidateTag() - 更新后的API

5. updateTag() - NEW API (Server Actions Only)

5. updateTag() - 新增API（仅Server Actions可用）

6. refresh() - NEW API (Server Actions Only)

6. refresh() - 新增API（仅Server Actions可用）

Route Handlers (Next.js 16 Updates)

路由处理器（Next.js 16 更新）

Async Params in Route Handlers (BREAKING)

路由处理器中的异步参数（破坏性变更）

Proxy vs Middleware

Proxy vs Middleware

Why the Change?

变更原因

Migration

迁移示例

Parallel Routes - default.js Required (BREAKING)

并行路由 - 必须包含default.js（破坏性变更）

React 19.2 Features

React 19.2 特性

1. View Transitions

1. View Transitions

2. useEffectEvent() (Experimental)

2. useEffectEvent()（实验性）

3. React Compiler (Stable)

3. React Compiler（稳定）

Turbopack (Stable in Next.js 16)

Turbopack（在Next.js 16中稳定）

Common Errors & Solutions

常见错误与解决方案

1. Error: params is a Promise

1. 错误: params is a Promise

2. Error: searchParams is a Promise

2. 错误: searchParams is a Promise

3. Error: cookies() requires await

3. 错误: cookies() requires await

4. Error: Parallel route missing default.js

4. 错误: Parallel route missing default.js

5. Error: revalidateTag() requires 2 arguments

5. 错误: revalidateTag() requires 2 arguments

6. Error: Cannot use React hooks in Server Component

3. Parallel Routes Require
`default.js`
(BREAKING)

3. 并行路由必须包含
`default.js`
（破坏性变更）

2.
`"use cache"`
Directive

2.
`"use cache"`
指令

4.
`revalidateTag()`
- Updated API

4.
`revalidateTag()`
- 更新后的API

5.
`updateTag()`
- NEW API (Server Actions Only)

5.
`updateTag()`
- 新增API（仅Server Actions可用）

6.
`refresh()`
- NEW API (Server Actions Only)

6.
`refresh()`
- 新增API（仅Server Actions可用）

2.
`useEffectEvent()`
(Experimental)

2.
`useEffectEvent()`
（实验性）

1. Error:
`params`
is a Promise

1. 错误:
`params`
is a Promise

2. Error:
`searchParams`
is a Promise

2. 错误:
`searchParams`
is a Promise

3. Error:
`cookies()`
requires await

3. 错误:
`cookies()`
requires await

4. Error: Parallel route missing
`default.js`

4. 错误: Parallel route missing
`default.js`

5. Error:
`revalidateTag()`
requires 2 arguments

5. 错误:
`revalidateTag()`
requires 2 arguments

7. Error:
`middleware.ts`
is deprecated

7. 错误:
`middleware.ts`
is deprecated

9. Error: Invalid
`next/image`
src

9. 错误: Invalid
`next/image`
src

11. Error:
`generateStaticParams`
not working

11. 错误:
`generateStaticParams`
not working

12. Error:
`fetch()`
not caching

12. 错误:
`fetch()`
not caching

15. Error:
`next/font`
font not loading

15. 错误:
`next/font`
font not loading