accessibility-auditor
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ChineseAccessibility Auditor
可访问性审计指南
Instructions
操作说明
When auditing accessibility:
- Run automated checks (axe, Lighthouse)
- Manual keyboard testing
- Screen reader testing
- Check WCAG criteria
- Provide fixes
进行可访问性审计时:
- 运行自动化检查(axe、Lighthouse)
- 手动键盘测试
- 屏幕阅读器测试
- 检查WCAG标准
- 提供修复方案
Automated Testing
自动化测试
bash
undefinedbash
undefinedLighthouse accessibility audit
Lighthouse可访问性审计
npx lighthouse https://yoursite.com --only-categories=accessibility --view
npx lighthouse https://yoursite.com --only-categories=accessibility --view
axe-core CLI
axe-core CLI
npx @axe-core/cli https://yoursite.com
npx @axe-core/cli https://yoursite.com
Pa11y
Pa11y
npx pa11y https://yoursite.com
undefinednpx pa11y https://yoursite.com
undefinedReact Testing Library + jest-axe
React Testing Library + jest-axe
typescript
import { render } from '@testing-library/react';
import { axe, toHaveNoViolations } from 'jest-axe';
expect.extend(toHaveNoViolations);
test('Button has no accessibility violations', async () => {
const { container } = render(<Button>Click me</Button>);
const results = await axe(container);
expect(results).toHaveNoViolations();
});typescript
import { render } from '@testing-library/react';
import { axe, toHaveNoViolations } from 'jest-axe';
expect.extend(toHaveNoViolations);
test('Button has no accessibility violations', async () => {
const { container } = render(<Button>Click me</Button>);
const results = await axe(container);
expect(results).toHaveNoViolations();
});Playwright Accessibility Testing
Playwright可访问性测试
typescript
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
import AxeBuilder from '@axe-core/playwright';
test('page has no accessibility violations', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/');
const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page }).analyze();
expect(results.violations).toEqual([]);
});typescript
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
import AxeBuilder from '@axe-core/playwright';
test('page has no accessibility violations', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/');
const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page }).analyze();
expect(results.violations).toEqual([]);
});WCAG Checklist
WCAG检查清单
Level A (Minimum)
A级(最低要求)
Perceivable
可感知性
- 1.1.1 Non-text content has alt text
- 1.3.1 Info and relationships are programmatically determined
- 1.3.2 Meaningful reading sequence
- 1.4.1 Color is not the only way to convey info
- 1.1.1 非文本内容配有替代文本
- 1.3.1 信息与关联关系可通过程序识别
- 1.3.2 阅读顺序符合逻辑
- 1.4.1 不单独依赖颜色传递信息
Operable
可操作性
- 2.1.1 All functionality available via keyboard
- 2.1.2 No keyboard traps
- 2.4.1 Skip navigation link provided
- 2.4.2 Pages have descriptive titles
- 2.4.3 Focus order is logical
- 2.4.4 Link purpose is clear
- 2.1.1 所有功能可通过键盘操作
- 2.1.2 无键盘陷阱(无法跳出的组件)
- 2.4.1 提供跳转到导航的链接
- 2.4.2 页面配有描述性标题
- 2.4.3 焦点顺序符合逻辑
- 2.4.4 链接用途清晰明确
Understandable
可理解性
- 3.1.1 Page language is specified
- 3.2.1 Focus doesn't cause unexpected changes
- 3.3.1 Errors are identified and described
- 3.3.2 Labels or instructions provided
- 3.1.1 页面语言已指定
- 3.2.1 焦点变化不会导致意外的页面变更
- 3.3.1 错误可被识别并配有描述
- 3.3.2 提供标签或操作说明
Robust
健壮性
- 4.1.1 Valid HTML (no duplicate IDs, proper nesting)
- 4.1.2 Name, role, value for all UI components
- 4.1.1 HTML有效(无重复ID、嵌套正确)
- 4.1.2 所有UI组件具备名称、角色和值属性
Level AA (Standard Target)
AA级(标准目标)
- 1.4.3 Contrast ratio 4.5:1 for text
- 1.4.4 Text resizable to 200%
- 1.4.10 Content reflows at 320px width
- 2.4.6 Headings and labels are descriptive
- 2.4.7 Focus indicator is visible
- 3.2.3 Navigation is consistent
- 3.2.4 Components identified consistently
- 1.4.3 文本对比度达到4.5:1
- 1.4.4 文本可放大至200%
- 1.4.10 内容在320px宽度下可自动重排
- 2.4.6 标题和标签具备描述性
- 2.4.7 焦点指示器可见
- 3.2.3 导航方式保持一致
- 3.2.4 组件标识保持一致
Common Issues & Fixes
常见问题与修复方案
1. Missing Alt Text
1. 缺少替代文本
tsx
// Bad
<img src="/hero.jpg" />
// Good - Informative image
<img src="/hero.jpg" alt="Team collaborating in modern office" />
// Good - Decorative image
<img src="/decoration.jpg" alt="" role="presentation" />
// Good - Icon button
<button aria-label="Close dialog">
<XIcon aria-hidden="true" />
</button>tsx
// 错误示例
<img src="/hero.jpg" />
// 正确示例 - 信息性图片
<img src="/hero.jpg" alt="团队在现代化办公室协作" />
// 正确示例 - 装饰性图片
<img src="/decoration.jpg" alt="" role="presentation" />
// 正确示例 - 图标按钮
<button aria-label="关闭对话框">
<XIcon aria-hidden="true" />
</button>2. Missing Form Labels
2. 缺少表单标签
tsx
// Bad
<input type="email" placeholder="Email" />
// Good - Visible label
<div>
<label htmlFor="email">Email</label>
<input id="email" type="email" />
</div>
// Good - Visually hidden label
<div>
<label htmlFor="search" className="sr-only">Search</label>
<input id="search" type="search" placeholder="Search..." />
</div>tsx
// 错误示例
<input type="email" placeholder="Email" />
// 正确示例 - 可见标签
<div>
<label htmlFor="email">邮箱</label>
<input id="email" type="email" />
</div>
// 正确示例 - 视觉隐藏标签
<div>
<label htmlFor="search" className="sr-only">搜索</label>
<input id="search" type="search" placeholder="搜索..." />
</div>3. Poor Color Contrast
3. 颜色对比度不足
tsx
// Bad - 2.5:1 ratio
<p className="text-gray-400 bg-white">Low contrast text</p>
// Good - 4.5:1+ ratio
<p className="text-gray-700 bg-white">Accessible text</p>
// Check contrast: https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/tsx
// 错误示例 - 对比度2.5:1
<p className="text-gray-400 bg-white">低对比度文本</p>
// 正确示例 - 对比度≥4.5:1
<p className="text-gray-700 bg-white">可访问文本</p>
// 对比度检查工具:https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/4. Missing Focus Styles
4. 缺少焦点样式
css
/* Bad - Removes focus */
*:focus { outline: none; }
/* Good - Custom focus style */
*:focus-visible {
outline: 2px solid #3b82f6;
outline-offset: 2px;
}
/* Tailwind */
.btn {
@apply focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-blue-500 focus-visible:ring-offset-2;
}css
/* 错误示例 - 移除焦点样式 */
*:focus { outline: none; }
/* 正确示例 - 自定义焦点样式 */
*:focus-visible {
outline: 2px solid #3b82f6;
outline-offset: 2px;
}
/* Tailwind CSS示例 */
.btn {
@apply focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-blue-500 focus-visible:ring-offset-2;
}5. Non-semantic HTML
5. 非语义化HTML
tsx
// Bad
<div onClick={handleClick}>Click me</div>
// Good
<button onClick={handleClick}>Click me</button>
// Bad
<div className="header">...</div>
// Good
<header>...</header>tsx
// 错误示例
<div onClick={handleClick}>点击我</div>
// 正确示例
<button onClick={handleClick}>点击我</button>
// 错误示例
<div className="header">...</div>
// 正确示例
<header>...</header>6. Missing ARIA for Dynamic Content
6. 动态内容缺少ARIA属性
tsx
// Loading state
<button disabled aria-busy="true">
<span className="sr-only">Loading</span>
<Spinner aria-hidden="true" />
</button>
// Live region for updates
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
{message && <p>{message}</p>}
</div>
// Modal
<div
role="dialog"
aria-modal="true"
aria-labelledby="modal-title"
>
<h2 id="modal-title">Dialog Title</h2>
</div>tsx
// 加载状态
<button disabled aria-busy="true">
<span className="sr-only">加载中</span>
<Spinner aria-hidden="true" />
</button>
// 实时更新区域
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
{message && <p>{message}</p>}
</div>
// 模态框
<div
role="dialog"
aria-modal="true"
aria-labelledby="modal-title"
>
<h2 id="modal-title">对话框标题</h2>
</div>7. Skip Link
7. 跳转到主内容链接
tsx
// Add as first focusable element
<a
href="#main-content"
className="sr-only focus:not-sr-only focus:absolute focus:top-4 focus:left-4 focus:z-50 focus:px-4 focus:py-2 focus:bg-white"
>
Skip to main content
</a>
<main id="main-content">
...
</main>tsx
// 作为页面第一个可获取焦点的元素
<a
href="#main-content"
className="sr-only focus:not-sr-only focus:absolute focus:top-4 focus:left-4 focus:z-50 focus:px-4 focus:py-2 focus:bg-white"
>
跳转到主内容
</a>
<main id="main-content">
...
</main>Screen Reader Only Class
仅屏幕阅读器可见类
css
/* Visually hidden but accessible */
.sr-only {
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
padding: 0;
margin: -1px;
overflow: hidden;
clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
white-space: nowrap;
border: 0;
}
/* Show on focus (for skip links) */
.sr-only-focusable:focus {
position: static;
width: auto;
height: auto;
padding: inherit;
margin: inherit;
overflow: visible;
clip: auto;
white-space: normal;
}css
/* 视觉隐藏但屏幕阅读器可访问 */
.sr-only {
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
padding: 0;
margin: -1px;
overflow: hidden;
clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
white-space: nowrap;
border: 0;
}
/* 焦点时显示(用于跳转链接) */
.sr-only-focusable:focus {
position: static;
width: auto;
height: auto;
padding: inherit;
margin: inherit;
overflow: visible;
clip: auto;
white-space: normal;
}Keyboard Testing Checklist
键盘测试清单
- Tab through page - Logical order?
- Enter/Space on buttons - Activates?
- Arrow keys in menus - Navigates?
- Escape - Closes modals/dropdowns?
- Focus visible - Always visible?
- No traps - Can tab out of all components?
- 按Tab键遍历页面 - 顺序符合逻辑吗?
- 按钮按Enter/Space键 - 能触发功能吗?
- 菜单中按方向键 - 能导航吗?
- 按Escape键 - 能关闭模态框/下拉菜单吗?
- 焦点可见性 - 是否始终可见?
- 无陷阱 - 能从所有组件中跳出吗?
Common ARIA Patterns
常见ARIA模式
tsx
// Tabs
<div role="tablist">
<button role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="panel-1">Tab 1</button>
<button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-2">Tab 2</button>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-1">Content 1</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-2" hidden>Content 2</div>
// Accordion
<button aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="content-1">Section 1</button>
<div id="content-1">Content</div>
// Menu
<button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false">Options</button>
<ul role="menu" hidden>
<li role="menuitem">Option 1</li>
<li role="menuitem">Option 2</li>
</ul>
// Alert
<div role="alert">Error: Please fix the form</div>
// Progress
<div role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100">
50%
</div>tsx
// 标签页
<div role="tablist">
<button role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="panel-1">标签页1</button>
<button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-2">标签页2</button>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-1">内容1</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-2" hidden>内容2</div>
// 手风琴
<button aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="content-1">章节1</button>
<div id="content-1">内容</div>
// 菜单
<button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false">选项</button>
<ul role="menu" hidden>
<li role="menuitem">选项1</li>
<li role="menuitem">选项2</li>
</ul>
// 提示框
<div role="alert">错误:请修复表单</div>
// 进度条
<div role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100">
50%
</div>Tools
工具列表
- axe DevTools - Browser extension
- WAVE - Browser extension
- Lighthouse - Built into Chrome
- NVDA - Free Windows screen reader
- VoiceOver - Built into macOS (Cmd+F5)
- Color Contrast Analyzer - Desktop app
- axe DevTools - 浏览器扩展
- WAVE - 浏览器扩展
- Lighthouse - Chrome内置工具
- NVDA - 免费Windows屏幕阅读器
- VoiceOver - macOS内置工具(Cmd+F5开启)
- Color Contrast Analyzer - 桌面应用