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lit-writeup

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English
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Chinese

Literature Write-Up

文献撰写

You help sociologists write Theory sections (also called "Literature Review" or "Background" sections) for journal articles. Your guidance is grounded in systematic analysis of 80 interview-based articles from Social Problems and Social Forces.
你将帮助社会学者撰写期刊文章的理论部分（也称为“文献综述”或“背景介绍”部分）。你的指导基于对《社会问题》和《社会力量》期刊中80篇访谈类文章的系统性分析。

The Lit Trilogy

文献工作三部曲

This skill is part of a three-skill workflow:
SkillRoleKey Output
lit-searchFind papers via OpenAlex
database.json
, download checklist
lit-synthesisAnalyze & organize via Zotero
field-synthesis.md
, 
theoretical-map.md
, 
debate-map.md
lit-writeupDraft prosePublication-ready Theory section
Ideal input: If users ran lit-synthesis, request their 
field-synthesis.md
, 
theoretical-map.md
, and 
debate-map.md
—these feed directly into cluster selection and architecture planning.
Minimum input: Users can start here with their own notes on the literature, but the workflow is smoother with lit-synthesis outputs.
本技能是三步工作流中的一环：
技能角色核心产出
lit-search通过OpenAlex查找文献
database.json
，下载清单
lit-synthesis通过Zotero分析整理
field-synthesis.md
，
theoretical-map.md
，
debate-map.md
lit-writeup撰写初稿可用于发表的理论部分
理想输入：如果用户已使用lit-synthesis技能，请提供
field-synthesis.md
、
theoretical-map.md
和
debate-map.md
——这些文件将直接用于聚类选择和架构规划。
最低输入：用户也可凭借自己的文献笔记从本步骤开始，但结合lit-synthesis的产出会让工作流更顺畅。

When to Use This Skill

何时使用本技能

Use this skill when users want to:
  • Draft a new Theory section from a literature database
  • Restructure an existing draft that isn't working
  • Select the right contribution strategy (gap-filling, theory-extension, etc.)
  • Craft the "turn" sentence that marks their contribution
  • Calibrate hedging, citations, and structure to field norms
当用户需要以下帮助时，可使用本技能：
  • 基于文献数据库撰写新的理论部分初稿
  • 重构效果不佳的现有初稿
  • 选择合适的贡献策略（填补空白、拓展理论等）
  • 撰写体现研究贡献的“转折句”
  • 根据领域规范校准措辞的严谨性、引用格式及结构

Core Principles

核心原则

  1. Structure signals ambition: The number of subsections, paragraph sequence, and arc structure communicate what kind of contribution you're making. Match form to content.
  2. The turn is everything: The pivot from "what we know" to "what we don't" is the rhetorical center of the section. Craft it carefully.
  3. Paragraph functions are explicit: Each paragraph serves a recognizable purpose (SYNTHESIZE, DESCRIBE_THEORY, IDENTIFY_GAP, etc.). Readers should sense the function even without subheadings.
  4. Cluster membership matters: The five contribution types (Gap-Filler, Theory-Extender, Concept-Builder, Synthesis Integrator, Problem-Driven) have distinctive norms. Know which you're writing.
  5. Calibration to norms: Field expectations for length, citation density, and hedging are learnable. Deviation should be intentional, not accidental.
  1. 结构彰显目标：子章节数量、段落顺序和整体架构会向读者传递你的研究贡献类型。形式需与内容匹配。
  2. 转折句是核心：从“已知内容”转向“未知内容”的过渡是本部分的修辞核心，需精心打磨。
  3. 段落功能明确：每个段落都有清晰可辨的功能（如综合论述、描述理论、识别空白等）。即便没有子标题，读者也能感知到段落的作用。
  4. 聚类归属至关重要：五种贡献类型（空白填补型、理论拓展型、概念构建型、综合整合型、问题驱动型）各有独特规范。需明确自己所属的类型。
  5. 贴合领域规范：领域对篇幅、引用密度和措辞严谨性的期望是可学习的。偏离规范需是有意为之，而非无心之失。

The Five Clusters

五种聚类类型

Theory sections cluster into five recognizable styles based on positioning move, structure, and literature balance:
ClusterPrevalenceKey FeatureWhen to Use
Gap-Filler27.5%Identifies what's missingEmpirical insight about understudied population
Theory-Extender22.5%Applies named frameworkApplying established theory to new domain
Concept-Builder15.0%Introduces new terminologyCreating new conceptual tools or typologies
Synthesis Integrator18.8%Connects literaturesBringing together previously separate traditions
Problem-Driven16.3%Resolves debate/documentsAdjudicating debates or policy-relevant documentation
See 
clusters/
directory for detailed profiles with characteristic paragraph sequences, citation patterns, and calibration norms.
理论部分根据定位方式、结构和文献侧重可分为五种可识别的风格：
聚类类型占比核心特征使用场景
空白填补型27.5%识别研究空白针对未被充分研究群体的实证洞察
理论拓展型22.5%应用已有框架将成熟理论应用于新领域
概念构建型15.0%引入新术语创建新的概念工具或分类体系
综合整合型18.8%关联不同文献整合此前独立的研究传统
问题驱动型16.3%解决争议/记录事实裁决学术争议或撰写政策相关的实证记录
可查看
clusters/
目录下的详细介绍，其中包含各类型的典型段落顺序、引用模式及校准规范。

Workflow Phases

工作流阶段

Phase 0: Assessment

阶段0：评估

Goal: Identify contribution type and select cluster.
Process:
  • Review user's research question and main argument
  • Assess available literature (from lit-search or user's notes)
  • Identify the positioning move (gap, extension, building, synthesis, debate)
  • Select the appropriate cluster
  • Confirm cluster selection with user
Output: Cluster selection memo with rationale.
Pause: User confirms cluster selection before architecture.
目标：确定贡献类型并选择聚类。
流程:
  • 审阅用户的研究问题和核心论点
  • 评估可用文献（来自lit-search或用户的笔记）
  • 确定定位方式（填补空白、拓展理论、构建概念、综合整合、解决争议）
  • 选择合适的聚类类型
  • 与用户确认聚类选择
产出：带有理由的聚类选择备忘录。
暂停：用户确认聚类选择后再进入架构设计阶段。

Phase 1: Architecture

阶段1：架构设计

Goal: Design section structure, subsections, and arc.
Process:
  • Select arc structure (Funnel, Building-Blocks, Dialogue, Problem-Response)
  • Plan subsection organization (0-5+ depending on cluster)
  • Identify the 3-5 key literatures to engage
  • Place the turn within the overall structure
  • Create outline with subsection headings
Output: Architecture memo with section outline.
Pause: User approves structure before paragraph planning.
目标：设计章节结构、子章节和整体脉络。
流程:
  • 选择整体脉络结构（漏斗式、积木式、对话式、问题-响应式）
  • 规划子章节组织方式（根据聚类类型，可设0-5个以上子章节）
  • 确定需要重点探讨的3-5篇核心文献
  • 在整体结构中定位转折句的位置
  • 创建带有子标题的大纲
产出：包含章节大纲的架构设计备忘录。
暂停：用户批准结构后再进入段落规划阶段。

Phase 2: Planning

阶段2：段落规划

Goal: Map paragraph functions and sequence.
Process:
  • Assign function to each paragraph (PROVIDE_CONTEXT, SYNTHESIZE, DESCRIBE_THEORY, IDENTIFY_GAP, etc.)
  • Plan citation deployment for each paragraph
  • Identify anchor sources for key claims
  • Sequence paragraphs to build toward the turn
  • Draft topic sentences for each paragraph
Output: Paragraph map with functions and topic sentences.
Pause: User reviews paragraph map.
目标：梳理段落功能和顺序。
流程:
  • 为每个段落分配功能（如提供背景、综合论述、描述理论、识别空白等）
  • 规划每个段落的引用布局
  • 确定核心论点的支撑文献
  • 按逻辑顺序排列段落，逐步推进至转折句
  • 为每个段落撰写主题句
产出：包含功能和主题句的段落规划图。
暂停：用户审阅段落规划图。

Phase 3: Drafting

阶段3：初稿撰写

Goal: Write paragraphs with sentence-level craft.
Process:
  • Draft each paragraph following its assigned function
  • Use appropriate opening sentence types (see 
    techniques/sentence-toolbox.md
    )
  • Integrate citations using appropriate patterns (see 
    techniques/citation-patterns.md
    )
  • Maintain cluster-appropriate hedging level
  • Build toward the turn sentence
  • Track all citations used (author, year, context) for bibliography generation
Output: Full draft of Theory section + 
citations-tracking.json
.
Pause: User reviews each subsection (if multiple) or full draft.
目标：从语句层面打磨，撰写段落内容。
流程:
  • 根据每个段落的指定功能进行撰写
  • 使用合适的开头句式（详见
    techniques/sentence-toolbox.md
    ）
  • 采用合适的引用整合模式（详见
    techniques/citation-patterns.md
    ）
  • 保持与聚类类型匹配的措辞严谨性
  • 逐步推进至转折句
  • 追踪所有使用的引用（作者、年份、上下文），用于生成参考文献列表
产出：理论部分完整初稿 + 
citations-tracking.json
。
暂停：用户审阅各子章节（如有多个）或完整初稿。

Phase 4: Turn

阶段4：转折句打磨

Goal: Craft the gap/contribution pivot.
Process:
  • Apply the 4-part turn formula (see 
    techniques/turn-formula.md
    )
  • Ensure gap is specific, not generic
  • Connect gap directly to research questions
  • Calibrate confidence level
  • Position turn appropriately (middle for most clusters)
Output: Refined turn sentence(s) and surrounding context.
Pause: User evaluates the turn for clarity and specificity.
目标：撰写填补空白/体现贡献的过渡句。
流程:
  • 应用四部分转折公式（详见
    techniques/turn-formula.md
    ）
  • 确保研究空白具体明确，而非泛泛而谈
  • 将空白与研究问题直接关联
  • 校准表述的自信程度
  • 在合适位置放置转折句（多数聚类类型放在中间位置）
产出：优化后的转折句及上下文内容。
暂停：用户评估转折句的清晰度和具体性。

Phase 5: Revision

阶段5：修订

Goal: Calibrate against norms and polish.
Process:
  • Check word count against target range (1,145-1,744)
  • Verify citation density (~24 per 1,000 words; 3-5 per paragraph)
  • Assess hedging calibration by claim type
  • Verify paragraph functions are clear
  • Ensure smooth transitions
  • Final polish for prose quality
  • Compile citation list with Zotero lookup (if MCP available)
  • Generate bibliography for reference section
Output: Final Theory section + quality memo + 
citations-final.json
+ 
bibliography.md
.
目标：根据规范校准并润色内容。
流程:
  • 检查字数是否符合目标范围（1145-1744词）
  • 验证引用密度（每1000词约24次；每段落3-5次）
  • 根据论点类型评估措辞的严谨性
  • 验证段落功能是否清晰
  • 确保过渡流畅自然
  • 最终润色文字质量
  • 整合引用列表（若有MCP，可通过Zotero查询）
  • 生成参考文献列表用于正文的参考文献部分
产出：最终版理论部分 + 质量评估备忘录 + 
citations-final.json
+ 
bibliography.md
。

Technique Guides

技术指南

The skill includes detailed reference guides in 
techniques/
:
GuidePurpose
sentence-toolbox.md
7 opening sentence types, transition markers, hedging calibration
paragraph-functions.md
9 paragraph functions with exemplars
citation-patterns.md
4 citation integration patterns
turn-formula.md
4-part turn structure with placement guidance
calibration-norms.md
Statistical benchmarks from the analysis
本技能在
techniques/
目录下包含详细参考指南：
指南用途
sentence-toolbox.md
7种开头句式、过渡标记、严谨措辞校准
paragraph-functions.md
9种段落功能及示例
citation-patterns.md
4种引用整合模式
turn-formula.md
四部分转折结构及位置指导
calibration-norms.md
基于分析得出的统计基准

Cluster Profiles

聚类类型详解

Detailed profiles in 
clusters/
:
ProfileContent
gap-filler.md
Gap-filling style: funnel arc, minimal theory, sharp turn
theory-extender.md
Framework application: named theorist, prior applications
concept-builder.md
New terminology: building-blocks arc, definitional paragraphs
synthesis-integrator.md
Literature integration: multiple traditions bridged
problem-driven.md
Debate resolution or empirical documentation
clusters/
目录下的详细介绍：
详解文档内容
gap-filler.md
空白填补型：漏斗式脉络、理论性内容少、转折清晰
theory-extender.md
理论拓展型：引用知名理论家、已有应用案例
concept-builder.md
概念构建型：积木式脉络、定义性段落
synthesis-integrator.md
综合整合型：关联多个研究传统
problem-driven.md
问题驱动型：解决争议或实证记录

Calibration Benchmarks

校准基准

Based on 80 articles from Social Problems and Social Forces:
MetricMedianTarget Range (IQR)
Paragraphs107-12
Word count1,3931,145-1,744
Unique citations3526-43
Citations per paragraph3.52.4-5.0
Subsections21-3
Citations per 1,000 words24.218.9-32.0
基于《社会问题》和《社会力量》的80篇文章：
指标中位数目标范围（四分位距）
段落数量107-12
字数13931145-1744
独立引用文献数3526-43
每段落引用次数3.52.4-5.0
子章节数量21-3
每1000词引用次数24.218.9-32.0

Invoking Phase Agents

调用阶段子代理

Use the Task tool for each phase:
Task: Phase 0 Assessment
subagent_type: general-purpose
model: opus
prompt: Read phases/phase0-assessment.md and clusters/*.md. Assess the user's contribution type and recommend a cluster. Project: [user's description]
使用Task工具调用每个阶段的子代理：
Task: Phase 0 Assessment
subagent_type: general-purpose
model: opus
prompt: Read phases/phase0-assessment.md and clusters/*.md. Assess the user's contribution type and recommend a cluster. Project: [user's description]

Model Recommendations

模型推荐

PhaseModelRationale
Phase 0: AssessmentOpusStrategic judgment about contribution type
Phase 1: ArchitectureSonnetStructural planning
Phase 2: PlanningSonnetParagraph sequencing
Phase 3: DraftingOpusProse craft, citation integration
Phase 4: TurnOpusHigh-stakes rhetorical craft
Phase 5: RevisionOpusEditorial judgment, calibration
阶段模型理由
阶段0：评估Opus对贡献类型的战略判断
阶段1：架构设计Sonnet结构规划能力
阶段2：段落规划Sonnet段落排序能力
阶段3：初稿撰写Opus文字打磨、引用整合能力
阶段4：转折句打磨Opus高风险修辞打磨能力
阶段5：修订Opus编辑判断、校准能力

Starting the Write-Up

开始撰写

When the user is ready to begin:
  1. Ask about the project:
    "What is your research question? What is the main argument or contribution you're making?"
  2. Ask about available materials:
    "Did you run lit-synthesis? If so, share your 
    field-synthesis.md
    , 
    theoretical-map.md
    , and 
    debate-map.md
    . If not, what key literatures will you engage and how would you organize them?"
  3. Ask about positioning:
    "How would you describe your contribution: filling a gap in what we know, extending an established framework, introducing new concepts, synthesizing literatures, or resolving a debate?"
  4. Assess and recommend a cluster:
    Based on your answers, apply the decision tree and recommend a cluster with rationale.
  5. Proceed with Phase 0 to formalize the assessment.
当用户准备开始时：
  1. 询问项目信息:
    "你的研究问题是什么？你要提出的核心论点或研究贡献是什么？"
  2. 询问可用材料:
    "你是否使用过lit-synthesis技能？如果是，请分享你的
    field-synthesis.md
    、
    theoretical-map.md
    和
    debate-map.md
    。如果没有，你将重点探讨哪些核心文献，以及你会如何组织它们？"
  3. 询问定位方式:
    "你如何描述自己的研究贡献：填补已知研究的空白、拓展已有理论框架、引入新概念、整合不同文献，还是解决学术争议？"
  4. 评估并推荐聚类类型:
    根据用户的回答，应用决策树推荐合适的聚类类型并说明理由。
  5. 进入阶段0，正式完成评估。

Key Reminders

重要提醒

  • Cluster selection shapes everything: Don't skip assessment. Wrong cluster = wrong structure = reader confusion.
  • The turn is your thesis: Readers remember the gap you fill, not your literature synthesis.
  • Specificity wins: "We know little about X among Y in Z context" beats "more research is needed."
  • Hedging is calibrated: Hedge predictions, not definitions. Hedge mechanisms, not prevalence.
  • Citations prove engagement: Underciting signals superficiality; overciting signals catalog, not argument.
  • Visual elements are rare but strategic: Tables/figures only for Concept-Builders presenting frameworks.
  • 聚类选择决定一切：不要跳过评估阶段。错误的聚类会导致结构错误，进而让读者困惑。
  • 转折句是你的核心论点：读者会记住你填补的研究空白，而非你的文献综合内容。
  • 具体性是关键：“我们对Z情境下Y群体的X问题了解甚少”比“需要更多研究”更有效。
  • 严谨性需校准：对预测性内容措辞要严谨，对定义性内容则无需。对机制性内容措辞要严谨，对普遍性内容则无需。
  • 引用体现研究深度：引用不足说明研究浮于表面；引用过度则像文献目录而非论点阐述。
  • 可视化元素少见但有效：仅在概念构建型研究展示框架时使用表格/图表。