Performance Optimization

Core Performance Principles

• Prioritize server-side rendering as a first principle, as opposed to client-side JavaScript
• Minimize client-side JavaScript to reduce bundle size and improve Time to Interactive
• Optimize for Core Web Vitals: LCP, FID, and CLS
• Measure performance continuously and establish baselines
• Consider performance impact of every architectural decision

Server-Side Rendering

• Render content server-side whenever possible
• Use streaming rendering for faster Time to First Byte
• Implement proper caching strategies for rendered content
• Avoid blocking resources that delay rendering
• Pre-render static content where applicable

CSS Best Practices

Selector Efficiency

• Avoid ID selectors for styling; use classes instead
• Maintain specificity at 0 1 0 where possible
• Avoid deep nesting of selectors (max 3 levels)
• Use BEM or similar naming conventions for clarity
• Prefer class selectors over element selectors

CSS Organization

• Use CSS variables for colors, spacing, and repeated values
• Group related styles logically
• Remove unused CSS to reduce payload
• Consider critical CSS inlining for above-the-fold content
• Use CSS containment for complex layouts

Layout Performance

• Avoid layout thrashing (forced synchronous layouts)
• Use transform and opacity for animations (GPU accelerated)
• Minimize paint and composite operations
• Use will-change sparingly and intentionally
• Prefer flexbox and grid over floats and positioning

JavaScript Optimization

Code Organization

• Use the module pattern for code organization
• Prefix private methods with appropriate indicators
• Prefer const over let; avoid var
• Avoid external dependencies when native APIs suffice
• Split code into logical, loadable chunks

Loading Strategies

• Defer non-critical JavaScript
• Use async loading for independent scripts
• Implement code splitting for large applications
• Lazy load components and routes
• Preload critical resources

Runtime Performance

• Debounce and throttle event handlers appropriately
• Use requestAnimationFrame for visual updates
• Avoid long-running synchronous operations
• Implement efficient DOM manipulation patterns
• Use Web Workers for CPU-intensive tasks

Asset Optimization

Images

• Use modern formats (WebP, AVIF) with fallbacks
• Implement responsive images with srcset
• Lazy load below-the-fold images
• Optimize and compress all images
• Use appropriate image dimensions

Fonts

• Subset fonts to include only needed characters
• Use font-display: swap for better perceived performance
• Preload critical fonts
• Limit the number of font variations
• Consider system fonts for non-branded text

Caching Strategies

• Implement appropriate cache headers for static assets
• Use versioned filenames for cache busting
• Configure CDN caching effectively
• Implement service workers for offline support
• Cache API responses where appropriate

Architecture Patterns

Theme and Component Architecture

• Organize code into logical sections and blocks
• Use proper folder structure for maintainability
• Implement clear separation of concerns
• Create reusable, composable components
• Document component APIs and usage

Configuration and Settings

• Organize settings logically with clear groupings
• Use clear, descriptive naming conventions
• Implement conditional logic to reduce complexity
• Provide sensible defaults
• Validate configuration at build time

Internationalization Performance

• Ensure all text is translatable
• Load translations efficiently (split by locale)
• Use proper locale detection
• Cache translated content appropriately
• Consider right-to-left (RTL) layout implications

Measurement and Monitoring

• Use Real User Monitoring (RUM) for production insights
• Set up synthetic monitoring for baseline tracking
• Monitor Core Web Vitals continuously
• Track performance budgets in CI/CD
• Analyze and act on performance regressions

Database Performance

• Optimize queries and use proper indexing
• Implement connection pooling
• Use caching for frequently accessed data
• Paginate large result sets
• Monitor slow queries and optimize regularly