apple-human-interface-guidelines

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Apple Human Interface Guidelines

苹果人机界面指南

Comprehensive design reference covering all Apple platforms. Use this skill when:

Designing or reviewing UI for any Apple platform
Implementing SwiftUI or UIKit components following Apple conventions
Making decisions about layout, typography, color, accessibility, or interaction patterns
Integrating Apple technologies (Apple Pay, HealthKit, Game Center, etc.)
Applying Apple's design principles to web or cross-platform development

覆盖所有苹果平台的综合设计参考。在以下场景使用本技能：

设计或审查任意苹果平台的UI
遵循苹果规范实现SwiftUI或UIKit组件
针对布局、排版、色彩、无障碍功能或交互模式做决策
集成苹果技术（Apple Pay、HealthKit、Game Center等）
将苹果设计原则应用到Web或跨平台开发中

How to Use This Skill

如何使用本技能

Identify the task category (platform design, component, pattern, input, or technology)
Find the matching reference below
Load the specific reference file(s) needed
For cross-cutting concerns (accessibility, color, typography), load the relevant foundations reference alongside any component reference

确定任务类别（平台设计、组件、模式、输入或技术）
查找下方匹配的参考内容
加载所需的具体参考文件
针对无障碍、色彩、排版等通用问题，可在组件参考之外加载相关的基础参考文件

Quick Reference: Common Tasks

快速参考：常见任务

Task	Load These References
Building a login/auth screen	`foundations/privacy.md` , `technologies/sign-in-with-apple.md` , `patterns/managing-accounts.md`
Designing a settings screen	`patterns/patterns-settings.md` , `components/selection-and-input/toggles-guidelines.md`
Choosing colors / dark mode	`foundations/color-guidelines.md` , `foundations/dark-mode.md`
Implementing navigation	`components/navigation-and-search/tab-bars.md` , `components/navigation-and-search/sidebars.md` , `components/layout-and-organization/split-views.md`
Typography / text sizing	`foundations/typography-guidelines.md` , `foundations/writing-guidelines.md`
Accessibility audit	`foundations/accessibility.md` , `technologies/voiceover-guidelines.md`
Designing a form	`patterns/entering-data.md` , `components/selection-and-input/text-fields.md` , `components/selection-and-input/pickers.md`
Building a list/table view	`components/layout-and-organization/lists-and-tables.md` , `components/presentation/scroll-views.md`
Adding search	`patterns/searching-patterns.md` , `components/navigation-and-search/search-fields.md`
Creating an app icon	`foundations/app-icons.md`
Designing notifications	`patterns/managing-notifications.md` , `components/system-experiences/notifications-component.md`
Building widgets	`components/system-experiences/widgets-design-guidelines.md`
Implementing payments	`technologies/apple-pay.md` , `technologies/in-app-purchase.md`
Designing charts/data viz	`patterns/charting-data.md` , `components/content/components-charts.md`
Building for visionOS	`getting-started/designing-for-visionos.md` , `foundations/spatial-layout.md` , `foundations/immersive-experiences.md`
Modal presentations	`patterns/modality-guidelines.md` , `components/presentation/sheets-guidelines.md` , `components/presentation/alerts-component.md`
Onboarding flow	`patterns/onboarding.md` , `patterns/launching.md`
Video/audio playback	`patterns/playing-video.md` , `patterns/playing-audio.md`
Game design	`getting-started/designing-for-games.md` , `inputs/game-controls.md` , `technologies/game-center.md`
RTL / internationalization	`foundations/right-to-left.md` , `foundations/inclusion-guidelines.md`
Sharing / collaboration	`patterns/collaboration-and-sharing.md` , `components/menus-and-actions/activity-views.md`
Generative AI features	`technologies/generative-ai-guidelines.md` , `technologies/machine-learning-design.md`

任务	需加载的参考文件
构建登录/身份验证界面	`foundations/privacy.md` , `technologies/sign-in-with-apple.md` , `patterns/managing-accounts.md`
设计设置界面	`patterns/patterns-settings.md` , `components/selection-and-input/toggles-guidelines.md`
选择色彩/适配深色模式	`foundations/color-guidelines.md` , `foundations/dark-mode.md`
实现导航功能	`components/navigation-and-search/tab-bars.md` , `components/navigation-and-search/sidebars.md` , `components/layout-and-organization/split-views.md`
排版/文字大小设置	`foundations/typography-guidelines.md` , `foundations/writing-guidelines.md`
无障碍审计	`foundations/accessibility.md` , `technologies/voiceover-guidelines.md`
设计表单	`patterns/entering-data.md` , `components/selection-and-input/text-fields.md` , `components/selection-and-input/pickers.md`
构建列表/表格视图	`components/layout-and-organization/lists-and-tables.md` , `components/presentation/scroll-views.md`
添加搜索功能	`patterns/searching-patterns.md` , `components/navigation-and-search/search-fields.md`
制作应用图标	`foundations/app-icons.md`
设计通知	`patterns/managing-notifications.md` , `components/system-experiences/notifications-component.md`
构建小组件	`components/system-experiences/widgets-design-guidelines.md`
实现支付功能	`technologies/apple-pay.md` , `technologies/in-app-purchase.md`
设计图表/数据可视化	`patterns/charting-data.md` , `components/content/components-charts.md`
适配visionOS开发	`getting-started/designing-for-visionos.md` , `foundations/spatial-layout.md` , `foundations/immersive-experiences.md`
模态弹窗展示	`patterns/modality-guidelines.md` , `components/presentation/sheets-guidelines.md` , `components/presentation/alerts-component.md`
新手引导流程	`patterns/onboarding.md` , `patterns/launching.md`
视频/音频播放	`patterns/playing-video.md` , `patterns/playing-audio.md`
游戏设计	`getting-started/designing-for-games.md` , `inputs/game-controls.md` , `technologies/game-center.md`
从右到左（RTL）/国际化适配	`foundations/right-to-left.md` , `foundations/inclusion-guidelines.md`
分享/协作功能	`patterns/collaboration-and-sharing.md` , `components/menus-and-actions/activity-views.md`
生成式AI功能	`technologies/generative-ai-guidelines.md` , `technologies/machine-learning-design.md`

1. Getting Started — Platform Design Fundamentals

1. 入门 — 平台设计基础

Load these when starting design for a specific platform or needing platform constraints (screen sizes, input methods, ergonomics).

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-ios.md`	iPhone app design: display characteristics, ergonomics, control placement, appearance adaptation
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-ipados.md`	iPad app design: large display, multitasking, multiple input modes, widgets
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-macos.md`	macOS app design: window management, menu bar, keyboard shortcuts, Dock
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-tvos.md`	tvOS/Apple TV: 8+ ft viewing, focus system, Siri Remote, cinematic presentation
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-visionos.md`	visionOS/Vision Pro: spatial design, immersion levels, eye/hand input, comfort
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-watchos.md`	watchOS: glanceable UI, Digital Crown, complications, Always On
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-games.md`	Game design across platforms: text sizes, controls, onboarding, accessibility

当你开始为特定平台做设计，或是需要了解平台限制（屏幕尺寸、输入方式、人体工学要求）时加载这些内容。

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-ios.md`	iPhone应用设计：显示特性、人体工学、控件放置、外观适配
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-ipados.md`	iPad应用设计：大屏显示、多任务、多输入模式、小组件
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-macos.md`	macOS应用设计：窗口管理、菜单栏、键盘快捷键、Dock栏
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-tvos.md`	tvOS/Apple TV：8英尺以上观看距离、焦点系统、Siri遥控器、影院级呈现
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-visionos.md`	visionOS/Vision Pro：空间设计、沉浸层级、眼动/手势输入、舒适度设计
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-watchos.md`	watchOS：可快速浏览的UI、数码表冠、复杂功能、常亮显示
`reference/getting-started/designing-for-games.md`	跨平台游戏设计：文字大小、控件、新手引导、无障碍功能

2. Foundations — Cross-Cutting Design Principles

2. 基础规范 — 通用设计原则

Core design principles applicable across platforms. Many of these apply to web and cross-platform development too.

适用于全平台的核心设计原则，其中多数也适用于Web和跨平台开发。

Universally Applicable (any platform)

通用规则（所有平台适用）

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/foundations/accessibility.md`	Vision, hearing, mobility, speech, cognitive accessibility requirements and contrast ratios
`reference/foundations/color-guidelines.md`	Color choices, theming, contrast, system color specs, dark mode color values
`reference/foundations/dark-mode.md`	Dark mode implementation: adaptive colors, contrast (4.5:1 min), icon/image adaptation
`reference/foundations/typography-guidelines.md`	Font sizes, weights, leading, Dynamic Type specs, text styles per platform
`reference/foundations/writing-guidelines.md`	UX writing: voice/tone, button labels, error messages, capitalization
`reference/foundations/inclusion-guidelines.md`	Inclusive language, diverse representation, cultural sensitivity
`reference/foundations/layout-guidelines.md`	Visual hierarchy, adaptive layout, safe areas, device dimensions
`reference/foundations/motion-guidelines.md`	Animation best practices, accessibility, frame rates
`reference/foundations/privacy.md`	Permission flows, purpose strings, tracking rules, data protection
`reference/foundations/branding-guidelines.md`	Brand integration: accent colors, custom fonts, logos, content-first design

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/foundations/accessibility.md`	视觉、听觉、行动、语音、认知无障碍要求及对比度标准
`reference/foundations/color-guidelines.md`	色彩选择、主题、对比度、系统色彩规范、深色模式色值
`reference/foundations/dark-mode.md`	深色模式实现：自适应色彩、对比度（最低4.5:1）、图标/图片适配
`reference/foundations/typography-guidelines.md`	字体大小、字重、行高、动态字体规范、各平台文字样式
`reference/foundations/writing-guidelines.md`	UX文案：语气风格、按钮标签、错误提示、大小写规范
`reference/foundations/inclusion-guidelines.md`	包容性语言、多元表达、文化敏感度设计
`reference/foundations/layout-guidelines.md`	视觉层级、自适应布局、安全区域、设备尺寸规范
`reference/foundations/motion-guidelines.md`	动画最佳实践、无障碍适配、帧率要求
`reference/foundations/privacy.md`	权限流程、用途说明、追踪规则、数据保护
`reference/foundations/branding-guidelines.md`	品牌融合：强调色、自定义字体、Logo、内容优先设计

Apple Platform–Specific

苹果平台专属规则

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/foundations/app-icons.md`	App icon design: layers, shapes, sizes, dark/tinted, platform-specific specs
`reference/foundations/icons-guidelines.md`	Interface icons/glyphs, SF Symbol name mapping, macOS document icons
`reference/foundations/images-guidelines.md`	Image resolution, scale factors, file formats, tvOS layered images
`reference/foundations/sf-symbols.md`	SF Symbols: rendering modes, variable color, weights, animations, custom symbols
`reference/foundations/materials-guidelines.md`	Liquid Glass, vibrancy, material thickness, platform-specific materials
`reference/foundations/right-to-left.md`	RTL interfaces: text alignment, numeral handling, control/image flipping
`reference/foundations/spatial-layout.md`	visionOS: field of view, depth, 60pt min center-to-center spacing
`reference/foundations/immersive-experiences.md`	visionOS immersion: mixed/progressive/full, passthrough, comfort

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/foundations/app-icons.md`	应用图标设计：图层、形状、尺寸、深色/ tinted效果、各平台专属规范
`reference/foundations/icons-guidelines.md`	界面图标/字形、SF Symbol名称映射、macOS文档图标
`reference/foundations/images-guidelines.md`	图片分辨率、缩放系数、文件格式、tvOS分层图片
`reference/foundations/sf-symbols.md`	SF Symbols：渲染模式、可变色彩、字重、动画、自定义符号
`reference/foundations/materials-guidelines.md`	液态玻璃、活力效果、材质厚度、各平台专属材质
`reference/foundations/right-to-left.md`	RTL界面：文字对齐、数字处理、控件/图片翻转
`reference/foundations/spatial-layout.md`	visionOS：视野、深度、控件最小中心间距60pt
`reference/foundations/immersive-experiences.md`	visionOS沉浸模式：混合/渐进/全沉浸、透视效果、舒适度设计

3. Patterns — Interaction & UX Patterns

3. 设计模式 — 交互与UX模式

Recurring UX patterns. Many are applicable beyond Apple platforms.

通用UX模式，其中多数不仅适用于苹果平台。

Data & Content

数据与内容

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/patterns/charting-data.md`	Data visualization: chart simplicity, accessibility, chart type selection
`reference/patterns/entering-data.md`	Form design: validation, secure input, offering choices over text
`reference/patterns/searching-patterns.md`	Search: field placement, suggestions, privacy, Spotlight integration
`reference/patterns/file-management.md`	Document apps: auto-save, Quick Look, open/save dialogs

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/patterns/charting-data.md`	数据可视化：图表简洁性、无障碍设计、图表类型选择
`reference/patterns/entering-data.md`	表单设计：校验、安全输入、优先提供选择而非纯文本输入
`reference/patterns/searching-patterns.md`	搜索功能：输入框位置、建议、隐私、Spotlight集成
`reference/patterns/file-management.md`	文档类应用：自动保存、快速预览、打开/保存对话框

Feedback & Status

反馈与状态

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/patterns/feedback-patterns.md`	Status, errors, task completion, warnings
`reference/patterns/loading-patterns.md`	Progress indicators, placeholder content, background downloads
`reference/patterns/playing-haptics.md`	Haptic feedback: predefined patterns, custom haptics

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/patterns/feedback-patterns.md`	状态提示、错误提示、任务完成提示、警告
`reference/patterns/loading-patterns.md`	进度指示器、占位内容、后台下载
`reference/patterns/playing-haptics.md`	触感反馈：预设模式、自定义触感

Lifecycle & Navigation

生命周期与导航

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/patterns/launching.md`	Launch screens (no text/branding), state restoration
`reference/patterns/onboarding.md`	First-run: interactive teaching, TipKit, permission timing
`reference/patterns/modality-guidelines.md`	Modal usage: when, dismiss conventions, avoiding stacked modals
`reference/patterns/going-full-screen.md`	Full-screen modes: layout, control visibility, gesture deferral
`reference/patterns/multitasking.md`	App switching, background tasks, multi-window

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/patterns/launching.md`	启动页（无文字/品牌元素）、状态恢复
`reference/patterns/onboarding.md`	首次使用引导：交互教学、TipKit、权限申请时机
`reference/patterns/modality-guidelines.md`	模态弹窗使用：适用场景、关闭规范、避免堆叠模态弹窗
`reference/patterns/going-full-screen.md`	全屏模式：布局、控件可见性、手势优先级
`reference/patterns/multitasking.md`	应用切换、后台任务、多窗口

Media

媒体

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/patterns/playing-audio.md`	Audio categories, interruptions, Spatial Audio
`reference/patterns/playing-video.md`	Video playback: aspect ratio, PiP, system player, visionOS immersive video
`reference/patterns/live-viewing-apps.md`	Live TV/streaming: EPG, content footers, cloud DVR

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/patterns/playing-audio.md`	音频分类、中断处理、空间音频
`reference/patterns/playing-video.md`	视频播放：宽高比、画中画、系统播放器、visionOS沉浸式视频
`reference/patterns/live-viewing-apps.md`	直播电视/流媒体：电子节目指南、内容页脚、云录制

Social & Commerce

社交与商业

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/patterns/collaboration-and-sharing.md`	Share button, collaboration popover, share sheet
`reference/patterns/managing-accounts.md`	Login flows, passkeys, biometrics, account deletion requirements
`reference/patterns/managing-notifications.md`	Interruption levels, Focus, marketing notification rules
`reference/patterns/ratings-and-reviews.md`	Rating prompts: timing, frequency, system prompt

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/patterns/collaboration-and-sharing.md`	分享按钮、协作弹窗、分享面板
`reference/patterns/managing-accounts.md`	登录流程、通行密钥、生物识别、账户删除要求
`reference/patterns/managing-notifications.md`	中断级别、专注模式、营销通知规则
`reference/patterns/ratings-and-reviews.md`	评分提示：时机、频率、系统提示框

Utility

实用工具

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/patterns/drag-and-drop.md`	Drag & drop: move/copy, visual feedback, multi-item, accessibility
`reference/patterns/offering-help.md`	TipKit, tooltips (macOS/visionOS), contextual help
`reference/patterns/printing-pattern.md`	Print action placement, macOS print panel customization
`reference/patterns/undo-and-redo.md`	Undo/redo: multi-level, platform-specific shortcuts/gestures
`reference/patterns/patterns-settings.md`	Settings placement, defaults, macOS settings windows
`reference/patterns/workouts-pattern.md`	Fitness/workout UI: session screens, metrics, Activity rings

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/patterns/drag-and-drop.md`	拖拽功能：移动/复制、视觉反馈、多项目拖拽、无障碍适配
`reference/patterns/offering-help.md`	TipKit、工具提示（macOS/visionOS）、上下文帮助
`reference/patterns/printing-pattern.md`	打印操作位置、macOS打印面板自定义
`reference/patterns/undo-and-redo.md`	撤销/重做：多级操作、各平台专属快捷键/手势
`reference/patterns/patterns-settings.md`	设置入口位置、默认值、macOS设置窗口
`reference/patterns/workouts-pattern.md`	健身/运动UI：运动会话页面、指标、活动圆环

4. Components — UI Building Blocks

4. 组件 — UI构建块

Content

内容

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/components/content/components-charts.md`	Chart components: mark types, axes, color, interaction, accessibility
`reference/components/content/image-views.md`	Image display: overlays, animation, tvOS layered, visionOS spatial
`reference/components/content/text-views.md`	Multiline text views: when to use, legibility, editing
`reference/components/content/web-views.md`	Embedded web content: navigation, avoiding browser replication

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/components/content/components-charts.md`	图表组件：标记类型、坐标轴、色彩、交互、无障碍适配
`reference/components/content/image-views.md`	图片展示：叠加层、动画、tvOS分层图片、visionOS空间图片
`reference/components/content/text-views.md`	多行文本视图：适用场景、易读性、编辑功能
`reference/components/content/web-views.md`	嵌入式Web内容：导航、避免复刻浏览器功能

Layout & Organization

布局与组织

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/components-boxes.md`	GroupBox/NSBox: grouping content, titles, nesting
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/collections-component.md`	Grid/row visual layouts: galleries, padding, dynamic changes
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/column-views.md`	macOS column (browser) views for deep hierarchies
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/disclosure-controls.md`	Disclosure triangles/buttons: expandable sections
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/components-labels.md`	Static labels: color hierarchy (primary→quaternary), legibility
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/lists-and-tables.md`	Lists/tables: styles, editing, selection, per-platform rules
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/lockups-tvos.md`	tvOS lockups: cards, posters, focus expansion
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/outline-views.md`	macOS outline views: hierarchical data, sorting, disclosure
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/split-views.md`	Multi-pane layouts: dividers, resizing, per-platform rules
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/tab-views.md`	Tabbed content panes: max tabs, labeling, alternatives

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/components-boxes.md`	GroupBox/NSBox：内容分组、标题、嵌套规则
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/collections-component.md`	网格/行级视觉布局：画廊、内边距、动态变更
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/column-views.md`	用于深层层级结构的macOS列（浏览器）视图
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/disclosure-controls.md`	展开三角形/按钮：可折叠区块
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/components-labels.md`	静态标签：色彩层级（一级→四级）、易读性
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/lists-and-tables.md`	列表/表格：样式、编辑、选择、各平台规则
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/lockups-tvos.md`	tvOS lockup组件：卡片、海报、焦点放大效果
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/outline-views.md`	macOS大纲视图：层级数据、排序、展开功能
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/split-views.md`	多面板布局：分隔线、缩放、各平台规则
`reference/components/layout-and-organization/tab-views.md`	标签内容面板：最大标签数、标签说明、替代方案

Menus & Actions

菜单与操作

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/activity-views.md`	Share sheets: custom activities, icon sizing
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/buttons.md`	Button design: hit regions, styles, roles, per-platform types
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/context-menus.md`	Context menus: ordering, previews, destructive actions
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/dock-menus.md`	macOS Dock menus
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/edit-menus.md`	Edit menus: system vs custom, per-platform behavior
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/home-screen-quick-actions.md`	iOS/iPadOS long-press quick actions (4-action limit)
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/menus-design-guidelines.md`	Menu design: labeling, icons, grouping, submenus
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/ornaments-visionos.md`	visionOS ornaments: window-associated floating controls
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/pop-up-buttons.md`	Pop-up buttons: mutually exclusive option selection
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/pull-down-buttons.md`	Pull-down buttons: action menus, destructive actions
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/menu-bar-guidelines.md`	macOS/iPadOS menu bar: standard menus, required items, shortcuts
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/toolbars.md`	Toolbars: item grouping, overflow, navigation bars

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/activity-views.md`	分享面板：自定义活动、图标尺寸
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/buttons.md`	按钮设计：点击区域、样式、角色、各平台类型
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/context-menus.md`	上下文菜单：排序、预览、破坏性操作
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/dock-menus.md`	macOS Dock菜单
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/edit-menus.md`	编辑菜单：系统vs自定义、各平台行为
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/home-screen-quick-actions.md`	iOS/iPadOS长按快捷操作（最多4个）
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/menus-design-guidelines.md`	菜单设计：标签、图标、分组、子菜单
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/ornaments-visionos.md`	visionOS ornaments组件：关联窗口的悬浮控件
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/pop-up-buttons.md`	弹出按钮：互斥选项选择
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/pull-down-buttons.md`	下拉按钮：操作菜单、破坏性操作
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/menu-bar-guidelines.md`	macOS/iPadOS菜单栏：标准菜单、必填项、快捷键
`reference/components/menus-and-actions/toolbars.md`	工具栏：项目分组、溢出处理、导航栏

Navigation & Search

导航与搜索

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/path-controls.md`	macOS path controls: standard/pop-up styles
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/search-fields.md`	Search fields: placement, scope controls, tokens
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/sidebars.md`	Sidebars: hierarchy, hide/show, per-platform rules
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/tab-bars.md`	Tab bars: tab count, badges, Liquid Glass, sidebar adaptation
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/token-fields.md`	macOS token fields: text-to-token conversion

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/path-controls.md`	macOS路径控件：标准/弹出样式
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/search-fields.md`	搜索框：位置、范围控制、标签
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/sidebars.md`	侧边栏：层级、显示/隐藏、各平台规则
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/tab-bars.md`	标签栏：标签数量、角标、液态玻璃效果、侧边栏适配
`reference/components/navigation-and-search/token-fields.md`	macOS token字段：文本转token转换

Presentation

展示层

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/components/presentation/action-sheets.md`	Action sheets: destructive buttons, Cancel, vs alerts/menus
`reference/components/presentation/alerts-component.md`	Alerts: titles, button placement, destructive styling
`reference/components/presentation/page-controls.md`	Page indicators: placement, interaction, customization
`reference/components/presentation/panels.md`	macOS panels/HUDs: floating supplementary windows
`reference/components/presentation/popovers.md`	Popovers: positioning, sizing, dismissal
`reference/components/presentation/scroll-views.md`	Scroll views: nesting, paging, edge effects, zoom
`reference/components/presentation/sheets-guidelines.md`	Sheets: detents, button placement, grabber, modal/nonmodal
`reference/components/presentation/windows-component.md`	Windows: types, states, visionOS volumes, glass backgrounds

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/components/presentation/action-sheets.md`	操作面板：破坏性按钮、取消按钮、与弹窗/菜单的区别
`reference/components/presentation/alerts-component.md`	弹窗：标题、按钮位置、破坏性样式
`reference/components/presentation/page-controls.md`	页面指示器：位置、交互、自定义
`reference/components/presentation/panels.md`	macOS面板/HUD：浮动辅助窗口
`reference/components/presentation/popovers.md`	气泡弹窗：位置、尺寸、关闭逻辑
`reference/components/presentation/scroll-views.md`	滚动视图：嵌套、分页、边缘效果、缩放
`reference/components/presentation/sheets-guidelines.md`	底部弹窗：停靠高度、按钮位置、拖动条、模态/非模态
`reference/components/presentation/windows-component.md`	窗口：类型、状态、visionOS体积、玻璃背景

Selection & Input

选择与输入

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/components/selection-and-input/color-wells.md`	Color picker/wells
`reference/components/selection-and-input/combo-boxes.md`	macOS combo boxes
`reference/components/selection-and-input/digit-entry-views.md`	tvOS PIN/digit entry
`reference/components/selection-and-input/image-wells.md`	macOS image wells (drag-and-drop image editing)
`reference/components/selection-and-input/pickers.md`	Pickers/date pickers: styles, modes, per-platform
`reference/components/selection-and-input/segmented-controls.md`	Segmented controls: modes, segment limits
`reference/components/selection-and-input/sliders.md`	Sliders: direction, tick marks, labels, circular (macOS)
`reference/components/selection-and-input/components-steppers.md`	Steppers: value visibility, pairing with text fields
`reference/components/selection-and-input/text-fields.md`	Text fields: sizing, placeholder, validation, keyboard types
`reference/components/selection-and-input/toggles-guidelines.md`	Toggles/switches/checkboxes/radio buttons
`reference/components/selection-and-input/virtual-keyboards.md`	Virtual keyboards: types, custom input views, extensions

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/components/selection-and-input/color-wells.md`	颜色选择器/颜色框
`reference/components/selection-and-input/combo-boxes.md`	macOS组合框
`reference/components/selection-and-input/digit-entry-views.md`	tvOS PIN/数字输入
`reference/components/selection-and-input/image-wells.md`	macOS图像框（拖拽图片编辑）
`reference/components/selection-and-input/pickers.md`	选择器/日期选择器：样式、模式、各平台规则
`reference/components/selection-and-input/segmented-controls.md`	分段控件：模式、分段数量限制
`reference/components/selection-and-input/sliders.md`	滑块：方向、刻度、标签、圆形样式（macOS）
`reference/components/selection-and-input/components-steppers.md`	步进器：数值可见性、与文本框搭配使用
`reference/components/selection-and-input/text-fields.md`	文本输入框：尺寸、占位符、校验、键盘类型
`reference/components/selection-and-input/toggles-guidelines.md`	开关/复选框/单选按钮
`reference/components/selection-and-input/virtual-keyboards.md`	虚拟键盘：类型、自定义输入视图、扩展

Status

状态

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/components/status/activity-rings.md`	Activity rings: colors, backgrounds, label RGB values
`reference/components/status/gauges.md`	Gauges/level indicators: styles, gradients
`reference/components/status/progress-indicators.md`	Progress bars, spinners, refresh controls
`reference/components/status/rating-indicators.md`	Star ratings (macOS only)

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/components/status/activity-rings.md`	活动圆环：颜色、背景、标签RGB值
`reference/components/status/gauges.md`	仪表盘/水平指示器：样式、渐变
`reference/components/status/progress-indicators.md`	进度条、加载动画、刷新控件
`reference/components/status/rating-indicators.md`	星级评分（仅macOS）

System Experiences

系统体验

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/components/system-experiences/app-shortcuts.md`	App Shortcuts: Siri, Spotlight, voice interaction design
`reference/components/system-experiences/watchos-complications.md`	watchOS complications: families, image sizes, templates
`reference/components/system-experiences/controls-system-experience.md`	iOS Controls: Control Center, Lock Screen, Action button
`reference/components/system-experiences/live-activities.md`	Live Activities: anatomy, layout, dimensions per device
`reference/components/system-experiences/notifications-component.md`	Notification content, actions (4 max), badges, watchOS looks
`reference/components/system-experiences/status-bars.md`	iOS/iPadOS status bar: visibility, readability
`reference/components/system-experiences/top-shelf.md`	tvOS Top Shelf: templates, image dimensions
`reference/components/system-experiences/watch-faces.md`	watchOS watch faces: sharing, complications, previews
`reference/components/system-experiences/widgets-design-guidelines.md`	Widgets: families, sizes, rendering modes, exact dimensions

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/components/system-experiences/app-shortcuts.md`	应用快捷指令：Siri、Spotlight、语音交互设计
`reference/components/system-experiences/watchos-complications.md`	watchOS复杂功能：类型、图片尺寸、模板
`reference/components/system-experiences/controls-system-experience.md`	iOS控件：控制中心、锁屏、操作按钮
`reference/components/system-experiences/live-activities.md`	实时活动：结构、布局、各设备尺寸
`reference/components/system-experiences/notifications-component.md`	通知内容、操作（最多4个）、角标、watchOS样式
`reference/components/system-experiences/status-bars.md`	iOS/iPadOS状态栏：可见性、可读性
`reference/components/system-experiences/top-shelf.md`	tvOS Top Shelf：模板、图片尺寸
`reference/components/system-experiences/watch-faces.md`	watchOS表盘：分享、复杂功能、预览
`reference/components/system-experiences/widgets-design-guidelines.md`	小组件：类型、尺寸、渲染模式、精确尺寸

5. Inputs — Interaction Methods

5. 输入方式 — 交互方法

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/inputs/action-button.md`	iPhone/Watch Action button: labeling (3-word max), behaviors
`reference/inputs/apple-pencil-and-scribble.md`	Apple Pencil: hover, double tap, squeeze, Scribble, PencilKit
`reference/inputs/camera-control.md`	iPhone 16 Camera Control: overlays, viewfinder layout
`reference/inputs/digital-crown.md`	Digital Crown: watchOS scrolling/navigation, visionOS system use
`reference/inputs/visionos-eyes-input.md`	visionOS gaze: hover effects, spacing (60pt centers), comfort
`reference/inputs/focus-and-selection.md`	Focus navigation: iPadOS, tvOS (5 states), visionOS
`reference/inputs/game-controls.md`	Game input: touch, game controllers, keyboard, visionOS spatial
`reference/inputs/gestures.md`	Gesture specs per platform, custom gestures, visionOS direct/indirect
`reference/inputs/gyro-and-accelerometer.md`	Motion sensing: permission copy, accessibility
`reference/inputs/keyboards-guidelines.md`	Physical keyboard shortcuts, modifier keys, Full Keyboard Access
`reference/inputs/nearby-interactions.md`	Ultra Wideband proximity/spatial awareness
`reference/inputs/pointing-devices.md`	Pointer/mouse/trackpad: effects, hit regions, magnetism
`reference/inputs/remotes-tvos.md`	Siri Remote: gestures, button behavior, focus integration

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/inputs/action-button.md`	iPhone/Watch操作按钮：标签（最多3个词）、行为
`reference/inputs/apple-pencil-and-scribble.md`	Apple Pencil：悬停、双击、挤压、随手写、PencilKit
`reference/inputs/camera-control.md`	iPhone 16相机控制：叠加层、取景器布局
`reference/inputs/digital-crown.md`	数码表冠：watchOS滚动/导航、visionOS系统使用
`reference/inputs/visionos-eyes-input.md`	visionOS眼动输入：悬停效果、间距（中心间距60pt）、舒适度
`reference/inputs/focus-and-selection.md`	焦点导航：iPadOS、tvOS（5种状态）、visionOS
`reference/inputs/game-controls.md`	游戏输入：触控、游戏手柄、键盘、visionOS空间输入
`reference/inputs/gestures.md`	各平台手势规范、自定义手势、visionOS直接/间接输入
`reference/inputs/gyro-and-accelerometer.md`	运动传感：权限说明、无障碍适配
`reference/inputs/keyboards-guidelines.md`	物理键盘快捷键、修饰键、全键盘访问
`reference/inputs/nearby-interactions.md`	超宽带近距/空间感知
`reference/inputs/pointing-devices.md`	指针/鼠标/触控板：效果、点击区域、磁吸效果
`reference/inputs/remotes-tvos.md`	Siri遥控器：手势、按钮行为、焦点集成

6. Technologies — Platform Integrations

6. 技术能力 — 平台集成

Payments & Commerce

支付与商业

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/technologies/apple-pay.md`	Apple Pay: button types/styles/sizing, checkout, subscriptions
`reference/technologies/in-app-purchase.md`	IAP: subscription sign-up, offer codes, refunds, Family Sharing
`reference/technologies/tap-to-pay-on-iphone.md`	Tap to Pay: merchant flows, checkout UX, error handling

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/technologies/apple-pay.md`	Apple Pay：按钮类型/样式/尺寸、结账流程、订阅
`reference/technologies/in-app-purchase.md`	应用内购买：订阅注册、优惠码、退款、家庭共享
`reference/technologies/tap-to-pay-on-iphone.md`	iPhone碰一碰支付：商户流程、结账UX、错误处理

Identity & Privacy

身份与隐私

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/technologies/sign-in-with-apple.md`	Sign in with Apple: button specs (min 140×30pt), custom buttons, UX flow
`reference/technologies/id-verifier.md`	ID Verifier: age/identity verification, data minimization
`reference/technologies/wallet-design-guidelines.md`	Wallet passes: styles, image specs, order tracking, identity

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/technologies/sign-in-with-apple.md`	通过Apple登录：按钮规范（最小140×30pt）、自定义按钮、UX流程
`reference/technologies/id-verifier.md`	身份验证：年龄/身份核验、数据最小化
`reference/technologies/wallet-design-guidelines.md`	钱包凭证：样式、图片规范、订单跟踪、身份凭证

Health & Fitness

健康与健身

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/technologies/healthkit-guidelines.md`	HealthKit: privacy, Activity rings rules, Health icon usage
`reference/technologies/carekit.md`	CareKit: task views, charts, contacts, care plans
`reference/technologies/researchkit.md`	ResearchKit: onboarding flow order, surveys, active tasks

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/technologies/healthkit-guidelines.md`	HealthKit：隐私、活动圆环规则、健康图标使用
`reference/technologies/carekit.md`	CareKit：任务视图、图表、联系人、护理计划
`reference/technologies/researchkit.md`	ResearchKit：新手引导流程顺序、调研、主动任务

Media & Communication

媒体与通讯

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/technologies/airplay-guidelines.md`	AirPlay: streaming, mirroring, icon specs, terminology
`reference/technologies/shareplay.md`	SharePlay: activity sharing, visionOS Persona templates
`reference/technologies/live-photos.md`	Live Photos: frame adjustments, sharing, badges
`reference/technologies/shazamkit.md`	ShazamKit: mic privacy, iCloud opt-in
`reference/technologies/imessage-apps-and-stickers.md`	iMessage apps/stickers: views, icon/sticker sizes, formats

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/technologies/airplay-guidelines.md`	AirPlay：流媒体、投屏、图标规范、术语
`reference/technologies/shareplay.md`	SharePlay：活动共享、visionOS Persona模板
`reference/technologies/live-photos.md`	实况照片：帧调整、分享、角标
`reference/technologies/shazamkit.md`	ShazamKit：麦克风隐私、iCloud授权
`reference/technologies/imessage-apps-and-stickers.md`	iMessage应用/贴纸：视图、图标/贴纸尺寸、格式

AI & Machine Learning

AI与机器学习

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/technologies/generative-ai-guidelines.md`	Gen AI: transparency, privacy, hallucination mitigation
`reference/technologies/machine-learning-design.md`	ML UX: feedback, calibration, confidence, corrections

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/technologies/generative-ai-guidelines.md`	生成式AI：透明度、隐私、幻觉缓解
`reference/technologies/machine-learning-design.md`	ML UX：反馈、校准、置信度、纠错机制

Platform Extensions

平台扩展

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/technologies/app-clips.md`	App Clips: card specs, Code sizing, privacy constraints
`reference/technologies/mac-catalyst.md`	Mac Catalyst: iPad→Mac adaptation, idiom selection, navigation mapping
`reference/technologies/carplay-design-guidelines.md`	CarPlay: layout specs, icon sizes, audio behavior
`reference/technologies/siri-integration-guidelines.md`	Siri/Shortcuts: intents, voice UX, shortcut phrases, custom UI

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/technologies/app-clips.md`	轻App：卡片规范、码尺寸、隐私限制
`reference/technologies/mac-catalyst.md`	Mac Catalyst：iPad转Mac适配、习惯用语选择、导航映射
`reference/technologies/carplay-design-guidelines.md`	CarPlay：布局规范、图标尺寸、音频行为
`reference/technologies/siri-integration-guidelines.md`	Siri/快捷指令：意图、语音UX、快捷短语、自定义UI

Accessibility

无障碍

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/technologies/voiceover-guidelines.md`	VoiceOver: alt labels, image descriptions, reading order, rotor

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/technologies/voiceover-guidelines.md`	VoiceOver：替代文本、图片描述、阅读顺序、转子功能

Other Integrations

其他集成

Reference	When to Consult
`reference/technologies/always-on-display.md`	Always On: privacy redaction, dimming, layout consistency
`reference/technologies/augmented-reality.md`	AR/ARKit: object placement, coaching overlays, multiuser
`reference/technologies/game-center.md`	Game Center: access point, achievements, leaderboards, image specs
`reference/technologies/homekit-guidelines.md`	HomeKit: terminology, setup flows, Siri patterns, branding
`reference/technologies/icloud-guidelines.md`	iCloud: syncing, conflict resolution, storage, game saves
`reference/technologies/maps-guidelines.md`	MapKit: annotations, overlays, clustering, place cards
`reference/technologies/nfc-guidelines.md`	NFC: scanning UX, terminology, background tag reading
`reference/technologies/photo-editing-extensions.md`	Photo editing extensions: toolbar, previews, cancel confirmation

参考文件	适用场景
`reference/technologies/always-on-display.md`	常亮显示：隐私脱敏、亮度调节、布局一致性
`reference/technologies/augmented-reality.md`	AR/ARKit：物体放置、引导叠加层、多用户
`reference/technologies/game-center.md`	Game Center：入口、成就、排行榜、图片规范
`reference/technologies/homekit-guidelines.md`	HomeKit：术语、设置流程、Siri模式、品牌展示
`reference/technologies/icloud-guidelines.md`	iCloud：同步、冲突解决、存储、游戏存档
`reference/technologies/maps-guidelines.md`	MapKit：标记、叠加层、聚类、地点卡片
`reference/technologies/nfc-guidelines.md`	NFC：扫描UX、术语、后台标签读取
`reference/technologies/photo-editing-extensions.md`	照片编辑扩展：工具栏、预览、取消确认

Cross-Platform Applicability

跨平台适用性

These references contain principles useful beyond Apple platforms (web, Android, cross-platform):

Accessibility (
```
foundations/accessibility.md
```
,
```
technologies/voiceover-guidelines.md
```
) — contrast ratios, screen reader patterns, cognitive considerations
Color & Dark Mode (
```
foundations/color-guidelines.md
```
,
```
foundations/dark-mode.md
```
) — theming, contrast, adaptive design
Typography (
```
foundations/typography-guidelines.md
```
) — hierarchy, sizing, Dynamic Type concepts
Writing (
```
foundations/writing-guidelines.md
```
) — UX copy, error messages, tone
Inclusion (
```
foundations/inclusion-guidelines.md
```
) — inclusive language, representation
Privacy (
```
foundations/privacy.md
```
) — permission patterns, data minimization
Motion (
```
foundations/motion-guidelines.md
```
) — animation accessibility, reduced motion
Layout (
```
foundations/layout-guidelines.md
```
) — responsive/adaptive patterns, visual hierarchy
Generative AI (
```
technologies/generative-ai-guidelines.md
```
) — responsible AI design principles
ML Design (
```
technologies/machine-learning-design.md
```
) — confidence display, correction patterns
Patterns — Most patterns (onboarding, feedback, loading, modality, search, settings, data entry) encode universal UX wisdom

这些参考内容包含的原则不仅适用于苹果平台（Web、Android、跨平台均可参考）：

无障碍功能（
```
foundations/accessibility.md
```
、
```
technologies/voiceover-guidelines.md
```
）—— 对比度、屏幕阅读器模式、认知障碍适配
色彩与深色模式（
```
foundations/color-guidelines.md
```
、
```
foundations/dark-mode.md
```
）—— 主题设计、对比度、自适应设计
排版（
```
foundations/typography-guidelines.md
```
）—— 层级、字号、动态字体概念
文案写作（
```
foundations/writing-guidelines.md
```
）—— UX文案、错误提示、语气风格
包容性设计（
```
foundations/inclusion-guidelines.md
```
）—— 包容性语言、多元表达
隐私（
```
foundations/privacy.md
```
）—— 权限模式、数据最小化
动效（
```
foundations/motion-guidelines.md
```
）—— 动效无障碍适配、减少动效模式
布局（
```
foundations/layout-guidelines.md
```
）—— 响应式/自适应模式、视觉层级
生成式AI（
```
technologies/generative-ai-guidelines.md
```
）—— 负责任AI设计原则
ML设计（
```
technologies/machine-learning-design.md
```
）—— 置信度展示、纠错模式
设计模式—— 绝大多数模式（新手引导、反馈、加载、模态弹窗、搜索、设置、数据输入）都包含通用UX最佳实践