Traditional vs Event Sourcing:

TRADITIONAL (State-Based):
┌─────────────┐    ┌─────────────┐
│ Application │───►│  Database   │
│             │    │  (Current   │
│             │    │   State)    │
└─────────────┘    └─────────────┘

EVENT SOURCING:
┌─────────────┐    ┌─────────────┐    ┌─────────────┐
│ Application │───►│ Event Store │───►│ Projections │
│             │    │ (All Events)│    │ (Read Views)│
└─────────────┘    └─────────────┘    └─────────────┘
                         │
                         ▼
                   [Complete History]

Event Sourcing Works Well For:

✓ AUDIT REQUIREMENTS
  - Complete history needed
  - Regulatory compliance
  - Legal evidence

✓ COMPLEX DOMAIN LOGIC
  - Business rules evolve
  - Temporal queries needed
  - "What if" analysis

✓ HIGH-VALUE AGGREGATES
  - Financial transactions
  - Medical records
  - Legal documents

✓ COLLABORATION SCENARIOS
  - Conflict resolution
  - Merge capabilities
  - Offline sync

✓ EVENT-DRIVEN ARCHITECTURE
  - Microservices integration
  - Async processing
  - Real-time updates

Event Sourcing May Not Fit:

✗ SIMPLE CRUD
  - Basic data entry
  - No audit needs
  - Simple queries

✗ FREQUENT UPDATES
  - High-velocity small changes
  - Real-time streaming data
  - IoT sensor data

✗ LARGE AGGREGATES
  - Many events per aggregate
  - Performance concerns
  - Memory constraints

✗ AD-HOC QUERIES
  - Complex reporting
  - Unknown query patterns
  - BI/analytics focus

// C# Event Structure Example
public record DomainEvent
{
    public required Guid EventId { get; init; }
    public required string EventType { get; init; }
    public required Guid AggregateId { get; init; }
    public required string AggregateType { get; init; }
    public required long Version { get; init; }
    public required DateTimeOffset Timestamp { get; init; }
    public required string Payload { get; init; }  // JSON
    public required string? Metadata { get; init; } // Correlation, causation
}

Stream Strategies:

BY AGGREGATE (Most Common):
Stream: "Order-{orderId}"
Events: OrderCreated, ItemAdded, OrderPaid, ...

BY CATEGORY:
Stream: "$ce-Order" (category projection)
All events for all orders

BY CORRELATION:
Stream: "Saga-{correlationId}"
Events across aggregates for one workflow

GLOBAL STREAM:
Stream: "$all"
All events in order (for projections)

-- PostgreSQL Event Store Schema
CREATE TABLE events (
    event_id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    stream_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    stream_position BIGINT NOT NULL,
    global_position BIGSERIAL NOT NULL,
    event_type VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    payload JSONB NOT NULL,
    metadata JSONB,
    timestamp TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),

    UNIQUE(stream_id, stream_position)
);

CREATE INDEX idx_events_stream ON events(stream_id, stream_position);
CREATE INDEX idx_events_global ON events(global_position);
CREATE INDEX idx_events_type ON events(event_type);

// C# Aggregate Example
public abstract class Aggregate
{
    public Guid Id { get; protected set; }
    public long Version { get; protected set; } = -1;

    private readonly List<object> _uncommittedEvents = new();

    protected void Apply(object @event)
    {
        When(@event);
        _uncommittedEvents.Add(@event);
    }

    protected abstract void When(object @event);

    public void Load(IEnumerable<object> events)
    {
        foreach (var @event in events)
        {
            When(@event);
            Version++;
        }
    }

    public IReadOnlyList<object> GetUncommittedEvents()
        => _uncommittedEvents;

    public void ClearUncommittedEvents()
        => _uncommittedEvents.Clear();
}

public class Order : Aggregate
{
    private OrderStatus _status;
    private List<OrderItem> _items = new();

    public void Place(Guid customerId, List<OrderItem> items)
    {
        if (_status != OrderStatus.Draft)
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Order already placed");

        Apply(new OrderPlaced(Id, customerId, items, DateTimeOffset.UtcNow));
    }

    protected override void When(object @event)
    {
        switch (@event)
        {
            case OrderPlaced e:
                Id = e.OrderId;
                _status = OrderStatus.Placed;
                _items = e.Items.ToList();
                break;
            // Handle other events...
        }
    }
}

Aggregate Rehydration:

1. LOAD STREAM
   Read all events for aggregate from event store

2. CREATE AGGREGATE
   Instantiate empty aggregate

3. APPLY EVENTS
   Replay each event to rebuild state

4. EXECUTE COMMAND
   Validate against current state
   Generate new events

5. SAVE EVENTS
   Append new events to stream
   Use optimistic concurrency

┌──────────┐    ┌─────────────┐    ┌──────────┐
│ Load     │───►│ Replay      │───►│ Execute  │
│ Events   │    │ Events      │    │ Command  │
└──────────┘    └─────────────┘    └─────┬────┘
                                         │
                     ┌───────────────────┘
                     ▼
            ┌──────────────┐
            │ Append New   │
            │ Events       │
            └──────────────┘

Projection Categories:

1. LIVE PROJECTIONS
   - Built in real-time
   - Subscribe to event stream
   - Eventually consistent
   - Good for read models

2. CATCH-UP PROJECTIONS
   - Rebuild from history
   - Can run any time
   - Used for new read models
   - Batch processing

3. SNAPSHOT PROJECTIONS
   - Periodic state capture
   - Optimization for rehydration
   - Combined with events

4. INLINE PROJECTIONS
   - Same transaction as write
   - Strongly consistent
   - Limited scalability

// C# Projection Example
public class OrderSummaryProjection : IProjection
{
    private readonly IOrderSummaryRepository _repository;

    public async Task HandleAsync(OrderPlaced @event)
    {
        var summary = new OrderSummary
        {
            OrderId = @event.OrderId,
            CustomerId = @event.CustomerId,
            Status = "Placed",
            ItemCount = @event.Items.Count,
            TotalAmount = @event.Items.Sum(i => i.Price * i.Quantity),
            PlacedAt = @event.Timestamp
        };

        await _repository.InsertAsync(summary);
    }

    public async Task HandleAsync(OrderPaid @event)
    {
        await _repository.UpdateAsync(
            @event.OrderId,
            summary => summary.Status = "Paid");
    }
}

Snapshotting Decisions:

SNAPSHOT WHEN:
- Aggregate has many events (100+)
- Rehydration time is slow
- Read performance matters
- Events are append-heavy

SNAPSHOT FREQUENCY:
- Every N events (e.g., 100)
- At time intervals
- At significant state changes
- On-demand (lazy)

DON'T SNAPSHOT WHEN:
- Aggregates are short-lived
- Few events per aggregate
- Full history replay is rare

// Snapshot Record
public record Snapshot
{
    public required Guid AggregateId { get; init; }
    public required string AggregateType { get; init; }
    public required long Version { get; init; }
    public required string State { get; init; }  // Serialized
    public required DateTimeOffset CreatedAt { get; init; }
}

// Loading with Snapshot
public async Task<Order> LoadAsync(Guid orderId)
{
    // 1. Try to load snapshot
    var snapshot = await _snapshotStore.GetLatestAsync(orderId);

    // 2. Create aggregate from snapshot or empty
    var order = snapshot != null
        ? Order.FromSnapshot(snapshot)
        : new Order();

    // 3. Load events after snapshot version
    var events = await _eventStore.ReadAsync(
        $"Order-{orderId}",
        fromVersion: snapshot?.Version + 1 ?? 0);

    // 4. Apply remaining events
    order.Load(events);

    return order;
}

Event Schema Evolution:

1. WEAK SCHEMA (Recommended)
   - Add new optional fields
   - Old events deserialize with defaults
   - Forward/backward compatible

2. UPCASTING
   - Transform old events to new format
   - On read, not on store
   - Keep original event intact

3. EVENT TYPE VERSIONING
   - OrderPlacedV1, OrderPlacedV2
   - Route to appropriate handler
   - More explicit, more verbose

4. COPY AND TRANSFORM
   - Migrate entire stream
   - Create new events from old
   - One-time operation (risky)

// Upcaster Pattern
public interface IEventUpcaster
{
    bool CanUpcast(string eventType, JsonDocument payload);
    object Upcast(string eventType, JsonDocument payload);
}

public class OrderPlacedV1ToV2Upcaster : IEventUpcaster
{
    public bool CanUpcast(string eventType, JsonDocument payload)
    {
        return eventType == "OrderPlaced"
            && !payload.RootElement.TryGetProperty("Currency", out _);
    }

    public object Upcast(string eventType, JsonDocument payload)
    {
        // Transform V1 (no currency) to V2 (with currency)
        return new OrderPlacedV2
        {
            OrderId = payload.GetProperty("OrderId").GetGuid(),
            CustomerId = payload.GetProperty("CustomerId").GetGuid(),
            Items = DeserializeItems(payload.GetProperty("Items")),
            Currency = "USD",  // Default for V1 events
            Timestamp = payload.GetProperty("Timestamp").GetDateTimeOffset()
        };
    }
}