/* Base styles for mobile (320px+) */
.container {
  padding: 1rem;
  width: 100%;
}

/* Tablet (768px+) */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .container {
    padding: 2rem;
    max-width: 720px;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
}

/* Desktop (1024px+) */
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 960px;
    padding: 3rem;
  }
}

/* Large Desktop (1280px+) */
@media (min-width: 1280px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 1200px;
  }
}

/* Extra Small (Mobile) - Default */
/* No media query needed */

/* Small (Large Mobile) */
@media (min-width: 480px) { }

/* Medium (Tablet) */
@media (min-width: 768px) { }

/* Large (Desktop) */
@media (min-width: 1024px) { }

/* Extra Large (Wide Desktop) */
@media (min-width: 1280px) { }

/* XXL (Ultra-wide) */
@media (min-width: 1536px) { }

/* Use custom breakpoints based on content, not devices */

/* When text becomes too long to read comfortably */
@media (min-width: 40em) { /* 640px */ }

/* When sidebar can fit alongside content */
@media (min-width: 60em) { /* 960px */ }

/* When multi-column layout makes sense */
@media (min-width: 75em) { /* 1200px */ }

/* Fluid container with constraints */
.container {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 1200px;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  padding-left: clamp(1rem, 5vw, 3rem);
  padding-right: clamp(1rem, 5vw, 3rem);
}

/* Fluid grid */
.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
  gap: clamp(1rem, 3vw, 2rem);
}

/* Fluid typography */
.heading {
  font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 4vw + 1rem, 3rem);
  line-height: 1.2;
}

/* Responsive navigation */
.nav {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 1rem;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
}

.nav-links {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 1rem;
  list-style: none;
}

@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .nav {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: stretch;
  }

  .nav-links {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}

/* Flexible card layout */
.card-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 1.5rem;
}

.card {
  flex: 1 1 300px; /* grow, shrink, base width */
  min-width: 0; /* Allow flex items to shrink below content size */
}

/* Responsive sidebar layout */
.layout {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 2rem;
}

.sidebar {
  flex: 1 1 250px;
}

.main-content {
  flex: 3 1 500px;
}

/* Auto-responsive grid */
.grid-auto {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr));
  gap: 2rem;
}

/* Named grid areas for semantic layouts */
.page-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-areas:
    "header"
    "nav"
    "main"
    "aside"
    "footer";
  gap: 1rem;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .page-layout {
    grid-template-areas:
      "header header"
      "nav nav"
      "main aside"
      "footer footer";
    grid-template-columns: 2fr 1fr;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .page-layout {
    grid-template-areas:
      "header header header"
      "nav main aside"
      "footer footer footer";
    grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr 250px;
  }
}

.header { grid-area: header; }
.nav { grid-area: nav; }
.main { grid-area: main; }
.aside { grid-area: aside; }
.footer { grid-area: footer; }

/* Responsive grid with precise control */
.gallery {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr);
  gap: 1rem;
}

.gallery-item {
  grid-column: span 12; /* Full width on mobile */
}

@media (min-width: 480px) {
  .gallery-item {
    grid-column: span 6; /* Half width on small screens */
  }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .gallery-item {
    grid-column: span 4; /* Third width on tablets */
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .gallery-item {
    grid-column: span 3; /* Quarter width on desktop */
  }
}

/* Featured item spans more columns */
.gallery-item.featured {
  grid-column: span 12;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .gallery-item.featured {
    grid-column: span 8;
  }
}

/* Orientation-based queries */
@media (orientation: portrait) {
  .image-hero {
    aspect-ratio: 3/4;
  }
}

@media (orientation: landscape) {
  .image-hero {
    aspect-ratio: 16/9;
  }
}

/* Hover capability detection */
@media (hover: hover) and (pointer: fine) {
  /* Desktop with mouse */
  .button:hover {
    transform: scale(1.05);
  }
}

@media (hover: none) and (pointer: coarse) {
  /* Touch devices */
  .button:active {
    transform: scale(0.95);
  }
}

/* Prefers reduced motion */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *,
  *::before,
  *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

/* Prefers color scheme */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root {
    --bg-color: #1a1a1a;
    --text-color: #f0f0f0;
  }
}

/* Combining media queries */
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {
  /* Tablet only styles */
  .container {
    padding: 2rem;
  }
}

/* Print styles */
@media print {
  .no-print {
    display: none;
  }

  body {
    font-size: 12pt;
    color: black;
    background: white;
  }
}

/* Define container */
.card-container {
  container-type: inline-size;
  container-name: card;
}

/* Query based on container size */
.card {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 1rem;
}

@container card (min-width: 400px) {
  .card {
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
  }

  .card-image {
    width: 40%;
  }

  .card-content {
    width: 60%;
  }
}

@container card (min-width: 600px) {
  .card-title {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
  }
}

/* Multiple containers */
.sidebar {
  container-type: inline-size;
  container-name: sidebar;
}

.main-content {
  container-type: inline-size;
  container-name: main;
}

@container sidebar (min-width: 300px) {
  .widget {
    padding: 1.5rem;
  }
}

@container main (min-width: 600px) {
  .article {
    column-count: 2;
  }
}

<!-- Responsive image with srcset -->
<img
  src="image-800.jpg"
  srcset="
    image-400.jpg 400w,
    image-800.jpg 800w,
    image-1200.jpg 1200w,
    image-1600.jpg 1600w
  "
  sizes="
    (max-width: 480px) 100vw,
    (max-width: 768px) 90vw,
    (max-width: 1024px) 700px,
    1000px
  "
  alt="Responsive image"
  loading="lazy"
/>

/* Ensure images are responsive by default */
img {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  display: block;
}

/* Maintain aspect ratio */
.image-container {
  position: relative;
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.image-container img {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
}

<!-- Art direction with picture -->
<picture>
  <!-- Mobile: portrait crop -->
  <source
    media="(max-width: 767px)"
    srcset="
      mobile-400.jpg 400w,
      mobile-800.jpg 800w
    "
    sizes="100vw"
  />

  <!-- Tablet: square crop -->
  <source
    media="(max-width: 1023px)"
    srcset="
      tablet-600.jpg 600w,
      tablet-1200.jpg 1200w
    "
    sizes="90vw"
  />

  <!-- Desktop: landscape crop -->
  <source
    media="(min-width: 1024px)"
    srcset="
      desktop-800.jpg 800w,
      desktop-1600.jpg 1600w,
      desktop-2400.jpg 2400w
    "
    sizes="(max-width: 1280px) 900px, 1200px"
  />

  <!-- Fallback -->
  <img src="desktop-800.jpg" alt="Art directed image" />
</picture>

<!-- WebP with fallback -->
<picture>
  <source type="image/webp" srcset="image.webp" />
  <source type="image/jpeg" srcset="image.jpg" />
  <img src="image.jpg" alt="Image with format fallback" />
</picture>

/* Responsive background images */
.hero {
  background-image: url('hero-mobile.jpg');
  background-size: cover;
  background-position: center;
  min-height: 300px;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .hero {
    background-image: url('hero-tablet.jpg');
    min-height: 500px;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .hero {
    background-image: url('hero-desktop.jpg');
    min-height: 600px;
  }
}

/* High-density displays */
@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 192dpi) {
  .hero {
    background-image: url('hero-mobile@2x.jpg');
  }

  @media (min-width: 768px) {
    .hero {
      background-image: url('hero-tablet@2x.jpg');
    }
  }

  @media (min-width: 1024px) {
    .hero {
      background-image: url('hero-desktop@2x.jpg');
    }
  }
}

/* Viewport Width (vw) - 1vw = 1% of viewport width */
.full-width-text {
  font-size: 5vw; /* Scales with viewport */
}

/* Viewport Height (vh) - 1vh = 1% of viewport height */
.full-screen-section {
  min-height: 100vh;
}

/* Viewport Minimum (vmin) - 1vmin = 1% of smaller dimension */
.responsive-square {
  width: 50vmin;
  height: 50vmin;
}

/* Viewport Maximum (vmax) - 1vmax = 1% of larger dimension */
.diagonal-element {
  width: 70vmax;
}

/* Combining units for fluid sizing */
.fluid-padding {
  padding: clamp(1rem, 5vw, 4rem);
}

.fluid-heading {
  font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw + 1rem, 3.5rem);
}

/* Dynamic viewport units (dvh, svh, lvh) */
/* Small Viewport Height - smallest possible viewport */
.mobile-header {
  height: 10svh;
}

/* Large Viewport Height - largest possible viewport */
.mobile-footer {
  height: 10lvh;
}

/* Dynamic Viewport Height - adjusts to current state */
.modal {
  height: 100dvh; /* Better for mobile with hiding address bars */
}

/* Hero section that adapts to screen */
.hero-section {
  min-height: clamp(400px, 80vh, 800px);
  padding: clamp(2rem, 5vh, 4rem) clamp(1rem, 5vw, 3rem);
}

/* Responsive spacing system */
:root {
  --spacing-xs: clamp(0.25rem, 1vw, 0.5rem);
  --spacing-sm: clamp(0.5rem, 2vw, 1rem);
  --spacing-md: clamp(1rem, 3vw, 2rem);
  --spacing-lg: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4rem);
  --spacing-xl: clamp(3rem, 8vw, 6rem);
}

/* Responsive card grid with viewport-based gaps */
.card-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(min(300px, 100%), 1fr));
  gap: clamp(1rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
}

/* Syntax: clamp(MIN, PREFERRED, MAX) */

/* Fluid typography */
h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 5vw + 1rem, 4rem);
  /* Min: 2rem, Grows with viewport, Max: 4rem */
}

body {
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 0.9rem + 0.5vw, 1.25rem);
}

/* Fluid spacing */
.container {
  padding-inline: clamp(1rem, 5%, 3rem);
  padding-block: clamp(2rem, 8vh, 5rem);
}

/* Fluid widths */
.content {
  width: clamp(320px, 90%, 1200px);
  margin-inline: auto;
}

/* Fluid gaps */
.grid {
  gap: clamp(0.5rem, 2vw, 2rem);
}

/* Min() - use the smallest value */
.responsive-width {
  width: min(90%, 1200px);
  /* Width is 90% but never exceeds 1200px */
}

.image {
  width: min(100%, 500px);
  /* Responsive but caps at 500px */
}

/* Max() - use the largest value */
.minimum-padding {
  padding: max(1rem, 3vw);
  /* Ensures minimum 1rem padding */
}

.readable-width {
  max-width: max(60ch, 50%);
  /* At least 60 characters or 50% */
}

/* Combining min() and max() */
.flexible-container {
  width: min(max(300px, 50%), 900px);
  /* Between 300px and 900px, preferring 50% */
}

/* Modern aspect ratio control */
.video-container {
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
  width: 100%;
}

.square-avatar {
  aspect-ratio: 1;
  width: 100px;
}

.portrait-card {
  aspect-ratio: 3 / 4;
}

/* Responsive aspect ratios */
.adaptive-media {
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
}

@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .adaptive-media {
    aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  }
}

/* With object-fit */
.image-box {
  aspect-ratio: 1;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.image-box img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center;
}