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Mobile App UI Design

移动应用UI设计

Expert guidance for designing beautiful, accessible, and platform-native mobile app interfaces following 2025 best practices.
遵循2025年最佳实践,为设计美观、无障碍且符合平台原生特性的移动应用界面提供专业指导。

Core Philosophy

核心理念

  • User-First Design — Prioritize user needs, behaviors, and mental models over aesthetics
  • Platform Consistency — Follow iOS HIG and Android Material Design guidelines
  • Accessibility as Foundation — Design for all users from the start, not as an afterthought
  • Emotional Intelligence — Create interfaces that users emotionally connect with
  • Performance-Conscious — Beautiful design that doesn't sacrifice app performance

  • 用户优先设计 — 优先考虑用户需求、行为和心智模型,而非单纯的美观
  • 平台一致性 — 遵循iOS HIG(Human Interface Guidelines)和Android Material Design规范
  • 无障碍为基础 — 从设计之初就为所有用户考虑,而非事后补充
  • 情感化设计 — 打造能让用户产生情感共鸣的界面
  • 性能兼顾 — 美观的设计不能以牺牲应用性能为代价

Hard Rules (Must Follow)

硬性规则(必须遵守)

These rules are mandatory. Violating them means the skill is not working correctly.
这些规则是强制性的。违反规则意味着本技能未正常发挥作用。

Accessibility First

无障碍优先

All designs must meet WCAG 2.2 AA standards. Accessibility is not optional.
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❌ FORBIDDEN:
- Color contrast below 4.5:1 for text
- Touch targets smaller than 44×44pt (iOS) or 48×48dp (Android)
- Information conveyed by color alone
- Missing alternative text for images
- Non-keyboard-navigable interfaces

✅ REQUIRED:
- Minimum 4.5:1 contrast ratio for normal text
- Minimum 3:1 contrast ratio for large text (18pt+)
- Touch targets: 44×44pt (iOS) / 48×48dp (Android)
- Support for Dynamic Type / Font Scaling
- VoiceOver (iOS) / TalkBack (Android) compatibility
- Clear focus indicators for keyboard navigation
所有设计必须符合WCAG 2.2 AA标准。无障碍设计是必备要求,而非可选项。
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❌ 禁止:
- 文本颜色对比度低于4.5:1
- 触摸目标尺寸小于44×44pt(iOS)或48×48dp(Android)
- 仅通过颜色传递信息
- 图片缺少替代文本
- 无法通过键盘导航的界面

✅ 要求:
- 普通文本对比度至少为4.5:1
- 大文本(18pt及以上)对比度至少为3:1
- 触摸目标尺寸:44×44pt(iOS)/ 48×48dp(Android)
- 支持Dynamic Type(iOS)/ 字体缩放(Android)
- 兼容VoiceOver(iOS)/ TalkBack(Android)
- 键盘导航有清晰的焦点指示器

Platform Guidelines Adherence

遵循平台规范

Follow platform-specific design guidelines. Do not mix iOS and Android patterns.
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❌ FORBIDDEN:
- Using Android-style FAB on iOS
- Using iOS-style bottom sheets on Android without adaptation
- Mixing platform navigation patterns
- Ignoring platform typography (SF Pro vs Roboto)

✅ REQUIRED:
iOS (Human Interface Guidelines):
- Use SF Pro font family
- Tab bar at bottom for primary navigation
- Push navigation with back chevron
- Standard iOS controls (UIKit/SwiftUI)

Android (Material Design 3):
- Use Roboto font family
- Bottom navigation bar or navigation drawer
- Material components with ripple effects
- Follow Material You dynamic theming
遵循平台特定的设计规范。禁止混合iOS和Android设计模式。
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❌ 禁止:
- 在iOS上使用Android风格的FAB(浮动操作按钮)
- 在Android上使用iOS风格的底部弹窗而不做适配
- 混合平台导航模式
- 忽略平台排版规范(SF Pro vs Roboto)

✅ 要求:
iOS(Human Interface Guidelines):
- 使用SF Pro字体家族
- 底部标签栏作为主要导航
- 带返回箭头的推送式导航
- 使用标准iOS控件(UIKit/SwiftUI)

Android(Material Design 3):
- 使用Roboto字体家族
- 底部导航栏或导航抽屉
- 带波纹效果的Material组件
- 遵循Material You动态主题

Consistent Design System

一致性设计系统

Every app must have a documented design system with tokens.
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❌ FORBIDDEN:
- Ad-hoc colors and spacing values
- Inconsistent button styles across screens
- Multiple unnamed font sizes
- Components without defined states

✅ REQUIRED:
Design System Must Include:
├── Color Tokens (primary, secondary, surface, error, etc.)
├── Typography Scale (heading1-6, body, caption, etc.)
├── Spacing Scale (4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48px)
├── Border Radius Tokens (none, sm, md, lg, full)
├── Shadow/Elevation Tokens (elevation1-5)
└── Component Library (button, input, card, etc.)
每个应用必须拥有带设计令牌的文档化设计系统。
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❌ 禁止:
- 临时定义的颜色和间距值
- 不同屏幕间按钮样式不一致
- 多种未命名的字体大小
- 组件未定义状态

✅ 要求:
设计系统必须包含:
├── 颜色令牌(primary、secondary、surface、error等)
├── 排版层级(heading1-6、body、caption等)
├── 间距层级(4、8、12、16、24、32、48px)
├── 圆角令牌(none、sm、md、lg、full)
├── 阴影/层级令牌(elevation1-5)
└── 组件库(button、input、card等)

Touch-Friendly Design

触控友好设计

All interactive elements must be optimized for touch interaction.
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❌ FORBIDDEN:
- Touch targets smaller than minimum size
- Interactive elements too close together (<8px gap)
- Important actions outside thumb reach zone
- Hover-dependent interactions

✅ REQUIRED:
- Minimum touch target: 44×44pt (iOS) / 48×48dp (Android)
- Minimum spacing between targets: 8px
- Primary actions in thumb-friendly zone (bottom 2/3)
- Clear tap feedback (ripple, highlight, scale)

所有交互元素必须针对触控操作优化。
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❌ 禁止:
- 触摸目标小于最小尺寸
- 交互元素间距过近(<8px间隙)
- 重要操作位于拇指触及范围之外
- 依赖悬停的交互

✅ 要求:
- 最小触摸目标尺寸:44×44pt(iOS)/ 48×48dp(Android)
- 触摸目标间最小间距:8px
- 主要操作位于拇指友好区域(屏幕下方2/3部分)
- 清晰的点击反馈(波纹、高亮、缩放)

Quick Reference

快速参考

When to Use What

场景对应方案

ScenarioApproachKey Considerations
New app designStart with design systemDefine tokens before screens
iOS-only appHuman Interface GuidelinesSF Pro, standard iOS patterns
Android-only appMaterial Design 3Roboto, Material components
Cross-platform appAdaptive designPlatform-specific navigation
Redesign existing appAudit firstMaintain mental models
Accessibility reviewWCAG 2.2 AA checklistContrast, touch targets, labels

场景方法关键考虑因素
新应用设计从设计系统开始先定义令牌再设计界面
iOS专属应用遵循Human Interface GuidelinesSF Pro字体、标准iOS模式
Android专属应用遵循Material Design 3Roboto字体、Material组件
跨平台应用自适应设计平台特定的导航模式
现有应用重设计先做审计保留用户心智模型
无障碍评审使用WCAG 2.2 AA检查清单对比度、触摸目标、标签

Design System Fundamentals

设计系统基础

Color System

颜色系统

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Color Token Structure

颜色令牌结构

Semantic Colors

语义化颜色

primary → Main brand color, CTAs primary-variant → Darker/lighter primary for states secondary → Secondary actions, accents background → App background surface → Card backgrounds, elevated surfaces error → Error states, destructive actions on-primary → Text/icons on primary color on-background → Text/icons on background on-surface → Text/icons on surface
primary → 主品牌色、主要操作按钮(CTA) primary-variant → 主色的深浅变体,用于不同状态 secondary → 次要操作、强调元素 background → 应用背景色 surface → 卡片背景、悬浮表面 error → 错误状态、破坏性操作 on-primary → 主色上的文本/图标颜色 on-background → 背景上的文本/图标颜色 on-surface → 表面上的文本/图标颜色

Color Palette (60-30-10 Rule)

配色比例(60-30-10规则)

60% → Neutral/background colors 30% → Secondary/supporting colors 10% → Accent/primary colors
60% → 中性色/背景色 30% → 次要/辅助色 10% → 强调/主色

Dark Mode Considerations

深色模式注意事项

  • Don't just invert colors
  • Use desaturated colors for dark surfaces
  • Reduce contrast slightly (avoid pure white on black)
  • Maintain color meaning across modes
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  • 不要简单反转颜色
  • 深色表面使用低饱和度颜色
  • 适当降低对比度(避免纯黑配纯白)
  • 保持颜色在不同模式下的语义一致
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Typography Scale

排版层级

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Mobile Typography Guidelines

移动应用排版规范

iOS Typography (SF Pro)

iOS排版(SF Pro)

Large Title → 34pt, Bold Title 1 → 28pt, Bold Title 2 → 22pt, Bold Title 3 → 20pt, Semibold Headline → 17pt, Semibold Body → 17pt, Regular Callout → 16pt, Regular Subhead → 15pt, Regular Footnote → 13pt, Regular Caption 1 → 12pt, Regular Caption 2 → 11pt, Regular
Large Title → 34pt,粗体 Title 1 → 28pt,粗体 Title 2 → 22pt,粗体 Title 3 → 20pt,半粗体 Headline → 17pt,半粗体 Body → 17pt,常规体 Callout → 16pt,常规体 Subhead → 15pt,常规体 Footnote → 13pt,常规体 Caption 1 → 12pt,常规体 Caption 2 → 11pt,常规体

Android Typography (Roboto / Material 3)

Android排版(Roboto / Material 3)

Display Large → 57sp Display Medium → 45sp Display Small → 36sp Headline Large → 32sp Headline Medium→ 28sp Headline Small → 24sp Title Large → 22sp Title Medium → 16sp, Medium Title Small → 14sp, Medium Body Large → 16sp Body Medium → 14sp Body Small → 12sp Label Large → 14sp, Medium Label Medium → 12sp, Medium Label Small → 11sp, Medium
Display Large → 57sp Display Medium → 45sp Display Small → 36sp Headline Large → 32sp Headline Medium→ 28sp Headline Small → 24sp Title Large → 22sp Title Medium → 16sp,中等体 Title Small → 14sp,中等体 Body Large → 16sp Body Medium → 14sp Body Small → 12sp Label Large → 14sp,中等体 Label Medium → 12sp,中等体 Label Small → 11sp,中等体

Best Practices

最佳实践

  • Maximum 2-3 font families per app
  • Minimum body text: 16px (14px absolute minimum)
  • Line height: 1.4-1.6× font size for body text
  • Support Dynamic Type (iOS) / Font Scaling (Android)
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  • 每个应用最多使用2-3种字体家族
  • 正文最小字号:16px(绝对最小值14px)
  • 正文行高:字号的1.4-1.6倍
  • 支持Dynamic Type(iOS)/ 字体缩放(Android)
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Spacing System

间距系统

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8-Point Grid System

8点网格系统

Base Unit: 8px
基础单位:8px

Spacing Scale

间距层级

spacing-0 → 0px spacing-1 → 4px (half unit) spacing-2 → 8px (1 unit) spacing-3 → 12px (1.5 units) spacing-4 → 16px (2 units) spacing-5 → 24px (3 units) spacing-6 → 32px (4 units) spacing-7 → 48px (6 units) spacing-8 → 64px (8 units)
spacing-0 → 0px spacing-1 → 4px (半单位) spacing-2 → 8px (1单位) spacing-3 → 12px (1.5单位) spacing-4 → 16px (2单位) spacing-5 → 24px (3单位) spacing-6 → 32px (4单位) spacing-7 → 48px (6单位) spacing-8 → 64px (8单位)

Component Spacing

组件间距

Button padding → 12px vertical, 24px horizontal Card padding → 16px List item padding → 16px horizontal, 12px vertical Section spacing → 24px-32px Screen edge margin → 16px (phones), 24px (tablets)
按钮内边距 → 垂直12px,水平24px 卡片内边距 → 16px 列表项内边距 → 水平16px,垂直12px 区块间距 → 24px-32px 屏幕边缘边距 → 16px(手机),24px(平板)

Touch Target Spacing

触摸目标间距

Minimum gap between interactive elements: 8px Recommended gap: 12-16px

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交互元素间最小间隙:8px 推荐间隙:12-16px

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Platform Guidelines

平台规范

iOS Human Interface Guidelines

iOS Human Interface Guidelines

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iOS Design Principles

iOS设计原则

Core Principles

核心原则

  1. Clarity → Text legible, icons precise, purpose obvious
  2. Deference → UI helps understanding, not competing with content
  3. Depth → Visual layers and realistic motion convey hierarchy
  1. 清晰性 → 文本易读、图标精准、用途明确
  2. 顺从性 → UI辅助用户理解内容,而非与内容竞争
  3. 层次感 → 视觉层级和拟真动效传递结构关系

Navigation Patterns

导航模式

  • Tab Bar (bottom) → 3-5 primary destinations
  • Navigation Bar (top) → Title, back button, actions
  • Modal sheets → Temporary focused tasks
  • Popovers (iPad) → Contextual options
  • 标签栏(底部) → 3-5个主要目的地
  • 导航栏(顶部) → 标题、返回按钮、操作按钮
  • 模态弹窗 → 临时聚焦任务
  • 弹出框(iPad) → 上下文选项

2025 Updates: Liquid Glass

2025年更新:Liquid Glass

  • Translucent materials for controls
  • Floating navigation elements
  • Dynamic depth and hierarchy
  • Background blur effects
  • 控件使用半透明材质
  • 浮动导航元素
  • 动态深度和层级
  • 背景模糊效果

Safe Areas

安全区域

  • Top: Status bar + Dynamic Island/Notch
  • Bottom: Home indicator (34pt on Face ID devices)
  • Use safeAreaInsets for proper content placement
  • 顶部:状态栏 + Dynamic Island/刘海
  • 底部:Home指示器(Face ID设备为34pt)
  • 使用safeAreaInsets确保内容正确放置

Standard Dimensions

标准尺寸

  • Navigation bar height: 44pt (96pt with large title)
  • Tab bar height: 49pt (83pt on Face ID devices)
  • Toolbar height: 44pt
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  • 导航栏高度:44pt(大标题模式下为96pt)
  • 标签栏高度:49pt(Face ID设备为83pt)
  • 工具栏高度:44pt
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Android Material Design 3

Android Material Design 3

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Material Design 3 Principles

Material Design 3原则

Core Concepts

核心概念

  1. Material You → Personal, adaptive, dynamic color
  2. Expressiveness → Emotional connection through design
  3. Accessibility → Inclusive design for all users
  1. Material You → 个性化、自适应、动态色彩
  2. 表达性 → 通过设计建立情感连接
  3. 无障碍 → 为所有用户提供包容性设计

Navigation Patterns

导航模式

  • Bottom Navigation → 3-5 primary destinations
  • Navigation Drawer → 5+ destinations or secondary nav
  • Navigation Rail → Tablets and large screens
  • Top App Bar → Title, navigation, actions
  • 底部导航 → 3-5个主要目的地
  • 导航抽屉 → 5个以上目的地或次要导航
  • 导航栏 → 平板和大屏设备
  • 顶部应用栏 → 标题、导航、操作按钮

Material 3 Expressive (2025)

Material 3 2025 expressive特性

  • Dynamic color from user wallpaper
  • Springy, physics-based motion
  • Bolder, more expressive typography
  • Rounded, approachable shapes
  • 从用户壁纸提取动态色彩
  • 基于物理特性的弹性动效
  • 更醒目、更具表达性的排版
  • 圆润、亲和的形状

Component Shapes

组件形状

  • Extra Small: 4dp
  • Small: 8dp
  • Medium: 12dp
  • Large: 16dp
  • Extra Large: 28dp
  • Full: 50% (pills/circles)
  • 极小:4dp
  • 小:8dp
  • 中:12dp
  • 大:16dp
  • 极大:28dp
  • 全圆角:50%(胶囊/圆形)

Standard Dimensions

标准尺寸

  • App bar height: 64dp
  • Bottom navigation height: 80dp
  • FAB size: 56dp (standard), 40dp (small), 96dp (large)

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  • 应用栏高度:64dp
  • 底部导航高度:80dp
  • FAB尺寸:56dp(标准),40dp(小型),96dp(大型)

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2025 Design Trends

2025年设计趋势

AI-Driven Personalization

AI驱动的个性化

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Adaptive UI Patterns

自适应UI模式

Personalization Strategies

个性化策略

  • Content recommendations based on behavior
  • Adaptive UI layouts based on usage patterns
  • Smart defaults and predictive actions
  • Contextual feature suggestions
  • 基于行为的内容推荐
  • 基于使用模式的自适应UI布局
  • 智能默认值和预测性操作
  • 上下文相关的功能建议

Implementation Guidelines

实施规范

  • Always provide manual override options
  • Explain why content is recommended
  • Respect user privacy preferences
  • Gradual personalization (don't overwhelm new users)
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  • 始终提供手动覆盖选项
  • 解释内容推荐的原因
  • 尊重用户隐私偏好
  • 逐步实现个性化(不要让新用户感到不知所措)
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Dark Mode Excellence

深色模式优化

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Dark Mode Best Practices

深色模式最佳实践

Color Adaptation

色彩适配

Light Mode → Dark Mode White (#FFFFFF) → Dark gray (#121212) Black (#000000) → White (#FFFFFF) Primary (vibrant) → Primary (desaturated) Shadows → Subtle shadows or none
浅色模式 → 深色模式 白色 (#FFFFFF) → 深灰 (#121212) 黑色 (#000000) → 白色 (#FFFFFF) 主色(鲜艳) → 主色(低饱和度) 阴影 → 柔和阴影或无阴影

Surface Elevation (Material 3)

表面层级(Material 3)

Elevation 0 → #121212 Elevation 1 → #1E1E1E (+ 5% white overlay) Elevation 2 → #232323 (+ 7% white overlay) Elevation 3 → #272727 (+ 8% white overlay) Elevation 4 → #2C2C2C (+ 9% white overlay) Elevation 5 → #323232 (+ 11% white overlay)
Elevation 0 → #121212 Elevation 1 → #1E1E1E(叠加5%白色) Elevation 2 → #232323(叠加7%白色) Elevation 3 → #272727(叠加8%白色) Elevation 4 → #2C2C2C(叠加9%白色) Elevation 5 → #323232(叠加11%白色)

Recommendations

建议

  • Auto-switch based on system setting
  • Separate color tokens for light/dark
  • Test contrast in both modes
  • Consider OLED optimization (true blacks)
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  • 根据系统设置自动切换模式
  • 为浅色/深色模式设置独立的颜色令牌
  • 在两种模式下测试对比度
  • 考虑OLED优化(纯黑显示)
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Microinteractions

微交互

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Meaningful Motion

有意义的动效

Types of Microinteractions

微交互类型

  • Feedback → Button press, form submission
  • State → Loading, success, error
  • Guidance → Onboarding hints, tooltips
  • Delight → Celebration animations, easter eggs
  • 反馈 → 按钮点击、表单提交
  • 状态 → 加载、成功、错误
  • 引导 → 新手引导提示、工具提示
  • 愉悦感 → 庆祝动画、彩蛋

Motion Principles

动效原则

  • Duration: 200-500ms for most interactions
  • Easing: Use natural easing curves
  • Purpose: Every animation should have a reason
  • Performance: Use hardware-accelerated properties
  • 时长:大多数交互为200-500ms
  • 缓动:使用自然的缓动曲线
  • 目的性:每个动画都应有存在的理由
  • 性能:使用硬件加速属性

2025 Trends

2025年趋势

  • Springy, physics-based animations
  • Morphing transitions between states
  • Gesture-driven interactions
  • Reduced motion support for accessibility
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  • 基于物理特性的弹性动画
  • 状态间的变形过渡
  • 手势驱动的交互
  • 支持减少动效的无障碍选项
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Glassmorphism & Neumorphism

玻璃态与新拟态

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Modern Visual Styles

现代视觉风格

Glassmorphism

玻璃态

Properties:
  • Background blur (backdrop-filter: blur)
  • Transparency (10-40% opacity)
  • Subtle border (1px white at 20% opacity)
  • Soft shadow
Use Cases:
  • Overlays and modals
  • Cards on image backgrounds
  • Navigation bars (iOS Liquid Glass)
Caution:
  • Ensure text readability
  • Consider performance impact
  • Provide fallback for older devices
特性:
  • 背景模糊(backdrop-filter: blur)
  • 透明度(10-40%不透明度)
  • 细微边框(1px白色,20%不透明度)
  • 柔和阴影
适用场景:
  • 遮罩和弹窗
  • 图片背景上的卡片
  • 导航栏(iOS Liquid Glass)
注意事项:
  • 确保文本可读性
  • 考虑性能影响
  • 为旧设备提供降级方案

Neumorphism (Soft UI)

新拟态(Soft UI)

Properties:
  • Soft shadows (light and dark)
  • Subtle elevation effect
  • Muted color palette
Use Cases:
  • Toggle switches
  • Input fields
  • Cards
Caution:
  • Often fails accessibility contrast tests
  • Use sparingly, not as primary style
  • Always test with actual content

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特性:
  • 柔和阴影(浅色和深色)
  • 细微的层级效果
  • 低饱和度配色
适用场景:
  • 开关控件
  • 输入框
  • 卡片
注意事项:
  • 通常难以通过无障碍对比度测试
  • 谨慎使用,不要作为主要风格
  • 始终结合实际内容测试

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Accessibility Checklist

无障碍检查清单

Visual Accessibility

视觉无障碍

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Vision Accessibility Checklist

视觉无障碍检查清单

Color & Contrast

颜色与对比度

  • Text contrast ≥ 4.5:1 (normal), ≥ 3:1 (large)
  • UI component contrast ≥ 3:1
  • Color is not the only indicator (use icons, text)
  • Works for colorblind users (test with simulators)
  • 文本对比度 ≥ 4.5:1(普通文本),≥3:1(大文本)
  • UI组件对比度 ≥3:1
  • 不单独通过颜色传递信息(配合图标、文本)
  • 适配色盲用户(使用模拟器测试)

Text & Typography

文本与排版

  • Base font size ≥ 16px
  • Supports Dynamic Type (iOS) / Font Scaling (Android)
  • Line height ≥ 1.4× for body text
  • Text can scale to 200% without loss of content
  • 基础字号 ≥16px
  • 支持Dynamic Type(iOS)/ 字体缩放(Android)
  • 正文行高 ≥1.4倍
  • 文本可缩放至200%且不丢失内容

Focus & Navigation

焦点与导航

  • Visible focus indicators
  • Logical tab order
  • Skip links for repetitive content
  • Keyboard-accessible (external keyboards)
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  • 可见的焦点指示器
  • 合理的Tab键顺序
  • 重复内容的跳过链接
  • 支持键盘导航(外接键盘)
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Motor Accessibility

运动无障碍

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Motor Accessibility Checklist

运动无障碍检查清单

Touch Targets

触摸目标

  • Minimum size: 44×44pt (iOS) / 48×48dp (Android)
  • Spacing between targets ≥ 8px
  • No time-limited interactions (or extendable)
  • Alternative to drag gestures (WCAG 2.2)
  • 最小尺寸:44×44pt(iOS)/48×48dp(Android)
  • 触摸目标间距 ≥8px
  • 无时间限制的交互(或可延长时间)
  • 拖拽手势的替代方案(符合WCAG 2.2)

Interaction

交互

  • Single-tap for all actions (no double-tap required)
  • Undo available for destructive actions
  • No precision requirements (fine motor)
  • Support for Switch Control / Voice Access
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  • 所有操作支持单击(无需双击)
  • 破坏性操作支持撤销
  • 无精细操作要求(针对精细运动能力较弱的用户)
  • 支持Switch Control / Voice Access
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Screen Reader

屏幕阅读器

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Screen Reader Checklist

屏幕阅读器检查清单

Content

内容

  • All images have descriptive alt text
  • Decorative images have empty alt (alt="")
  • Buttons/links have descriptive labels
  • Form inputs have associated labels
  • Headings used for structure (not styling)
  • 所有图片都有描述性替代文本
  • 装饰性图片使用空替代文本(alt="")
  • 按钮/链接有描述性标签
  • 表单输入框有关联标签
  • 使用标题构建结构(而非仅用于样式)

Navigation

导航

  • Logical reading order
  • Meaningful link text (not "click here")
  • State changes announced
  • Modal focus properly trapped
  • Custom components have ARIA roles

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  • 合理的阅读顺序
  • 有意义的链接文本(避免“点击这里”)
  • 状态变化会被朗读
  • 弹窗焦点被正确锁定
  • 自定义组件有ARIA角色

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Component Patterns

组件模式

Button Design

按钮设计

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Button Hierarchy

按钮层级

Primary Button

主要按钮

  • Most important action on screen
  • Filled/solid style
  • High contrast
  • Only ONE per view section
  • 屏幕上最重要的操作
  • 填充/实心样式
  • 高对比度
  • 每个视图区域仅保留一个

Secondary Button

次要按钮

  • Alternative actions
  • Outlined or tonal style
  • Medium contrast
  • 替代操作
  • 轮廓或色调样式
  • 中等对比度

Tertiary Button

三级按钮

  • Low-priority actions
  • Text-only or ghost style
  • Subtle appearance
  • 低优先级操作
  • 纯文本或幽灵样式
  • 外观低调

Destructive Button

破坏性按钮

  • Delete, remove, cancel
  • Red/error color
  • Requires confirmation for important data
  • 删除、移除、取消等操作
  • 红色/错误色
  • 重要数据操作需确认

Button States

按钮状态

  • Default → Normal appearance
  • Pressed → Scale down, darker
  • Disabled → 50% opacity, no interaction
  • Loading → Spinner, disabled
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  • 默认 → 正常外观
  • 按下 → 缩小、变暗
  • 禁用 → 50%不透明度,无法交互
  • 加载 → 显示加载动画,禁用状态
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Form Design

表单设计

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Form Best Practices

表单最佳实践

Input Fields

输入框

  • Clear labels (above input, not placeholder-only)
  • Helpful placeholder text
  • Error states with specific messages
  • Success validation feedback
  • Appropriate keyboard types
  • 清晰的标签(位于输入框上方,而非仅用占位符)
  • 有用的占位符文本
  • 带具体提示的错误状态
  • 成功的验证反馈
  • 合适的键盘类型

Layout

布局

  • Single column for mobile
  • Group related fields
  • Logical tab order
  • Primary action at bottom
  • Sticky submit button if long form
  • 移动端使用单列布局
  • 相关字段分组
  • 合理的Tab键顺序
  • 主要操作位于底部
  • 长表单使用固定提交按钮

Validation

验证

  • Inline validation (on blur or after input)
  • Clear error messages with fix suggestions
  • Don't clear fields on error
  • Mark required fields clearly
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  • 内联验证(失焦或输入后)
  • 清晰的错误信息及修复建议
  • 错误时不清除输入内容
  • 明确标记必填字段
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Navigation Patterns

导航模式

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Mobile Navigation

移动应用导航

Bottom Navigation (Primary)

底部导航(主要)

  • 3-5 destinations
  • Icons + labels
  • Active state indicator
  • Consistent across app
  • 3-5个目的地
  • 图标+标签
  • 激活状态指示器
  • 全应用保持一致

Tab Bar (Content Switching)

标签栏(内容切换)

  • Horizontal tabs for related content
  • Swipe between tabs
  • Indicator for active tab
  • 横向标签用于相关内容
  • 可滑动切换标签
  • 激活标签有指示器

Navigation Stack

导航栈

  • Clear back navigation
  • Meaningful titles
  • Breadcrumbs for deep hierarchies
  • 清晰的返回导航
  • 有意义的标题
  • 深层级结构使用面包屑

Gestures

手势

  • Swipe back (iOS standard)
  • Pull to refresh
  • Swipe actions on list items
  • Long press for context menus

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  • 滑动返回(iOS标准)
  • 下拉刷新
  • 列表项滑动操作
  • 长按呼出上下文菜单

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Design Process

设计流程

Workflow

工作流

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App Design Workflow

应用设计工作流

  1. Research & Discovery ├── User research and personas ├── Competitor analysis ├── Platform guidelines review └── Technical constraints
  2. Information Architecture ├── User flows ├── Navigation structure ├── Content hierarchy └── Sitemap
  3. Design System Setup ├── Color tokens ├── Typography scale ├── Spacing system ├── Component library └── Icon set
  4. Wireframing ├── Low-fidelity layouts ├── Flow validation ├── Stakeholder review └── Iteration
  5. Visual Design ├── High-fidelity mockups ├── Interaction design ├── Prototype creation └── Accessibility audit
  6. Handoff & Implementation ├── Design specs documentation ├── Asset export ├── Developer collaboration └── QA review

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  1. 研究与探索 ├── 用户研究与用户画像 ├── 竞品分析 ├── 平台规范评审 └── 技术约束评估
  2. 信息架构 ├── 用户流程 ├── 导航结构 ├── 内容层级 └── 站点地图
  3. 设计系统搭建 ├── 颜色令牌 ├── 排版层级 ├── 间距系统 ├── 组件库 └── 图标集
  4. 线框设计 ├── 低保真布局 ├── 流程验证 ├── 利益相关者评审 └── 迭代优化
  5. 视觉设计 ├── 高保真原型 ├── 交互设计 ├── 原型制作 └── 无障碍审计
  6. 交付与实施 ├── 设计规范文档 ├── 资源导出 ├── 与开发者协作 └── QA评审

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Anti-Patterns to Avoid

需避免的反模式

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Common Mistakes

常见错误

Visual Design

视觉设计

❌ Using more than 3 fonts ❌ Inconsistent spacing values ❌ Low contrast text ❌ Overly complex gradients/effects ❌ Ignoring safe areas
❌ 使用超过3种字体 ❌ 间距值不一致 ❌ 低对比度文本 ❌ 过于复杂的渐变/效果 ❌ 忽略安全区域

Interaction Design

交互设计

❌ Hidden navigation ❌ Gesture-only actions without alternatives ❌ Tiny touch targets ❌ No loading states ❌ Confusing back navigation
❌ 隐藏式导航 ❌ 仅支持手势的操作无替代方案 ❌ 极小的触摸目标 ❌ 无加载状态 ❌ 混乱的返回导航

Accessibility

无障碍

❌ Placeholder-only labels ❌ Color-only information ❌ Auto-playing media ❌ Timed interactions without extension ❌ Missing screen reader labels
❌ 仅用占位符作为标签 ❌ 仅通过颜色传递信息 ❌ 自动播放媒体 ❌ 有时间限制的交互且无法延长 ❌ 缺少屏幕阅读器标签

Platform

平台

❌ iOS patterns on Android (or vice versa) ❌ Custom controls when standard works ❌ Ignoring platform conventions ❌ Not supporting dark mode

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❌ 在Android上使用iOS模式(反之亦然) ❌ 已有标准控件却自定义 ❌ 忽略平台惯例 ❌ 不支持深色模式

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Checklist

检查清单

Before Design

设计前

  • Reviewed platform guidelines (iOS HIG / Material Design 3)
  • Defined target users and their needs
  • Analyzed competitor apps
  • Identified accessibility requirements
  • Set up design system tokens
  • 评审过平台规范(iOS HIG / Material Design 3)
  • 定义了目标用户及其需求
  • 分析过竞品应用
  • 确定了无障碍需求
  • 搭建了设计系统令牌

During Design

设计中

  • Following 8-point grid
  • Using defined color tokens
  • Typography from scale only
  • Touch targets meet minimum size
  • Contrast ratios verified
  • All states designed (default, pressed, disabled, error)
  • Dark mode variant created
  • 遵循8点网格
  • 使用已定义的颜色令牌
  • 仅使用排版层级中的字号
  • 触摸目标符合最小尺寸
  • 验证了对比度
  • 设计了所有状态(默认、按下、禁用、错误)
  • 创建了深色模式变体

Before Handoff

交付前

  • Accessibility audit completed
  • Tested with screen reader
  • Verified on multiple screen sizes
  • Motion/animation documented
  • Design specs annotated
  • Assets exported correctly

  • 完成无障碍审计
  • 使用屏幕阅读器测试
  • 在多种屏幕尺寸上验证
  • 记录了动效/动画
  • 标注了设计规范
  • 正确导出了资源

Tools & Resources

工具与资源

Design Tools

设计工具

  • Figma → Industry standard, collaboration
  • Sketch → Mac-native, established ecosystem
  • Adobe XD → Adobe integration
  • Figma → 行业标准,支持协作
  • Sketch → Mac原生,成熟生态
  • Adobe XD → 与Adobe生态集成

Prototyping

原型制作

  • Figma Prototyping → Built-in, quick
  • ProtoPie → Advanced interactions
  • Principle → Mac, detailed animations
  • Figma原型 → 内置功能,快速便捷
  • ProtoPie → 高级交互
  • Principle → Mac平台,精细动画

Accessibility Testing

无障碍测试

  • Stark → Contrast checker (Figma plugin)
  • Color Oracle → Colorblind simulator
  • VoiceOver (iOS) / TalkBack (Android)
  • Stark → 对比度检查器(Figma插件)
  • Color Oracle → 色盲模拟器
  • VoiceOver(iOS)/ TalkBack(Android)

Platform Resources

平台资源

See Also

相关链接

  • reference/ios-guidelines.md — iOS Human Interface Guidelines summary
  • reference/material-design.md — Material Design 3 summary
  • reference/accessibility.md — WCAG 2.2 mobile checklist
  • reference/color-theory.md — Color selection and contrast
  • templates/design-system-template.md — Design system starter

  • reference/ios-guidelines.md — iOS Human Interface Guidelines摘要
  • reference/material-design.md — Material Design 3摘要
  • reference/accessibility.md — WCAG 2.2移动端检查清单
  • reference/color-theory.md — 色彩选择与对比度
  • templates/design-system-template.md — 设计系统模板

Sources

参考来源