ddev-expert

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DDEV Development Expert

DDEV开发专家指南

You are an expert in DDEV, the Docker-based local development environment for PHP projects.

您是DDEV领域的专家，DDEV是一款基于Docker的PHP项目本地开发环境。

Core Concepts

核心概念

DDEV provides a consistent, containerized local development environment with:

Pre-configured PHP, web server, database containers
Automatic HTTPS with mkcert
Built-in Composer and Node.js support
Easy multi-project management

Note: Drush is NOT included by default - you must

composer require drush/drush

after creating a Drupal project.

DDEV 提供一致的容器化本地开发环境，具备以下特性：

预配置的PHP、Web服务器、数据库容器
基于mkcert的自动HTTPS支持
内置Composer和Node.js支持
便捷的多项目管理

注意： 默认不包含Drush - 创建Drupal项目后必须执行

composer require drush/drush

进行安装。

Essential Commands

常用命令

Project Management

项目管理

bash

ddev start          # Start project containers
ddev stop           # Stop project containers
ddev restart        # Restart containers
ddev poweroff       # Stop all DDEV projects
ddev delete         # Remove project (keeps files)

bash

ddev start          # Start project containers
ddev stop           # Stop project containers
ddev restart        # Restart containers
ddev poweroff       # Stop all DDEV projects
ddev delete         # Remove project (keeps files)

Executing Commands

执行命令

bash

ddev drush <cmd>    # Run Drush commands
ddev composer <cmd> # Run Composer
ddev php <script>   # Run PHP scripts
ddev exec <cmd>     # Run any command in web container
ddev ssh            # SSH into web container

bash

ddev drush <cmd>    # Run Drush commands
ddev composer <cmd> # Run Composer
ddev php <script>   # Run PHP scripts
ddev exec <cmd>     # Run any command in web container
ddev ssh            # SSH into web container

Database

数据库管理

bash

ddev mysql          # MySQL CLI
ddev export-db      # Export database
ddev import-db      # Import database (--file=dump.sql)
ddev snapshot       # Create database snapshot
ddev restore        # Restore from snapshot

bash

ddev mysql          # MySQL CLI
ddev export-db      # Export database
ddev import-db      # Import database (--file=dump.sql)
ddev snapshot       # Create database snapshot
ddev restore        # Restore from snapshot

Utilities

实用工具

bash

ddev describe       # Show project info and URLs
ddev logs           # View container logs
ddev launch         # Open site in browser
ddev share          # Create public URL (ngrok)

bash

ddev describe       # Show project info and URLs
ddev logs           # View container logs
ddev launch         # Open site in browser
ddev share          # Create public URL (ngrok)

Configuration

配置说明

.ddev/config.yaml

yaml

name: my-project
type: drupal           # Auto-detects Drupal version, or use drupal11/drupal10
docroot: web
php_version: "8.3"     # Use 8.3 for Drupal 11, 8.2 for Drupal 10
webserver_type: nginx-fpm
database:
  type: mariadb
  version: "10.11"

yaml

name: my-project
type: drupal           # Auto-detects Drupal version, or use drupal11/drupal10
docroot: web
php_version: "8.3"     # Use 8.3 for Drupal 11, 8.2 for Drupal 10
webserver_type: nginx-fpm
database:
  type: mariadb
  version: "10.11"

Additional hostnames

additional_hostnames:

api.my-project.ddev.site

additional_hostnames:

api.my-project.ddev.site

Extra PHP packages

webimage_extra_packages: [php8.3-imagick]

undefined

webimage_extra_packages: [php8.3-imagick]

undefined

Common Customizations

常见自定义配置

Custom services (.ddev/docker-compose.*.yaml):

yaml

version: '3.6'
services:
  redis:
    image: redis:7
    container_name: ddev-${DDEV_SITENAME}-redis
    labels:
      com.ddev.site-name: ${DDEV_SITENAME}
    expose:
      - "6379"

PHP overrides (.ddev/php/my-settings.ini):

ini

memory_limit = 512M
upload_max_filesize = 64M
post_max_size = 64M

Nginx config (.ddev/nginx_full/nginx-site.conf): Custom nginx configuration for special routing needs.

自定义服务 (.ddev/docker-compose.*.yaml):

yaml

version: '3.6'
services:
  redis:
    image: redis:7
    container_name: ddev-${DDEV_SITENAME}-redis
    labels:
      com.ddev.site-name: ${DDEV_SITENAME}
    expose:
      - "6379"

PHP自定义配置 (.ddev/php/my-settings.ini):

ini

memory_limit = 512M
upload_max_filesize = 64M
post_max_size = 64M

Nginx配置 (.ddev/nginx_full/nginx-site.conf): 用于特殊路由需求的自定义Nginx配置。

Drupal-Specific Setup

Drupal专属设置

New Drupal 11 Project

新建Drupal 11项目

bash

mkdir my-drupal && cd my-drupal
ddev config --project-type=drupal --docroot=web --php-version=8.3
ddev start
ddev composer create-project drupal/recommended-project:^11
ddev composer require drush/drush
ddev drush site:install --account-name=admin --account-pass=admin -y
ddev launch

Important notes:

```
ddev composer create-project
```
requires a clean directory - move any existing files (like
```
.claude/
```
) out first, then move them back after
Drush is NOT included in Drupal 11's recommended-project - always install it separately
Use
```
--project-type=drupal
```
(auto-detects version) or explicitly
```
drupal11
```

bash

mkdir my-drupal && cd my-drupal
ddev config --project-type=drupal --docroot=web --php-version=8.3
ddev start
ddev composer create-project drupal/recommended-project:^11
ddev composer require drush/drush
ddev drush site:install --account-name=admin --account-pass=admin -y
ddev launch

重要说明：

```
ddev composer create-project
```
需要在空目录中执行 - 先将现有文件（如
```
.claude/
```
）移到其他位置，完成后再移回
Drupal 11的推荐项目模板中不包含Drush - 务必单独安装
使用
```
--project-type=drupal
```
（自动检测版本）或显式指定
```
drupal11
```

New Drupal 10 Project

新建Drupal 10项目

bash

mkdir my-drupal && cd my-drupal
ddev config --project-type=drupal --docroot=web --php-version=8.2
ddev start
ddev composer create-project drupal/recommended-project:^10
ddev composer require drush/drush
ddev drush site:install --account-name=admin --account-pass=admin -y
ddev launch

bash

mkdir my-drupal && cd my-drupal
ddev config --project-type=drupal --docroot=web --php-version=8.2
ddev start
ddev composer create-project drupal/recommended-project:^10
ddev composer require drush/drush
ddev drush site:install --account-name=admin --account-pass=admin -y
ddev launch

Existing Drupal Project

现有Drupal项目迁移

bash

cd existing-project
ddev config --project-type=drupal --docroot=web
ddev start
ddev composer install
ddev import-db --file=database.sql.gz
ddev drush cr

bash

cd existing-project
ddev config --project-type=drupal --docroot=web
ddev start
ddev composer install
ddev import-db --file=database.sql.gz
ddev drush cr

Troubleshooting

故障排查

Common Issues

常见问题

ddev composer create-project
fails with "not allowed to be present":

bash

undefined

ddev composer create-project
执行失败，提示"not allowed to be present"：

bash

undefined

This happens when extra directories exist (like .claude/, .git/, etc.)

Solution: Move them out temporarily

mv .claude /tmp/claude-backup mv .git /tmp/git-backup ddev composer create-project drupal/recommended-project:^11 mv /tmp/claude-backup .claude mv /tmp/git-backup .git


**Port conflicts:**
```bash
ddev poweroff

mv .claude /tmp/claude-backup mv .git /tmp/git-backup ddev composer create-project drupal/recommended-project:^11 mv /tmp/claude-backup .claude mv /tmp/git-backup .git


**端口冲突：**
```bash
ddev poweroff

Check what's using ports 80/443

sudo lsof -i :80


**Container issues:**
```bash
ddev restart
ddev debug refresh    # Rebuild containers
ddev delete && ddev start  # Nuclear option

Database connection issues:

Host:
```
db
```
(inside container) or
```
127.0.0.1:PORT
```
(outside)
Check port with
```
ddev describe
```

Permission issues:

bash

ddev exec chown -R $(id -u):$(id -g) .

sudo lsof -i :80


**容器异常：**
```bash
ddev restart
ddev debug refresh    # Rebuild containers
ddev delete && ddev start  # Nuclear option

数据库连接问题：

主机：容器内使用
```
db
```
，外部使用
```
127.0.0.1:PORT
```
端口可通过
```
ddev describe
```
查看

权限问题：

bash

ddev exec chown -R $(id -u):$(id -g) .

Useful Debug Commands

实用调试命令

bash

ddev debug capabilities  # Show DDEV capabilities
ddev debug router       # Show router status
ddev logs -f            # Follow logs
ddev exec env           # Show environment variables

bash

ddev debug capabilities  # Show DDEV capabilities
ddev debug router       # Show router status
ddev logs -f            # Follow logs
ddev exec env           # Show environment variables

Multi-Environment Workflows

多环境工作流

Using ddev pull

使用ddev pull

Configure providers in .ddev/providers/:

yaml

undefined

在.ddev/providers/中配置数据源：

yaml

undefined

.ddev/providers/platform.yaml

environment_variables: project: my-project environment: main

db_pull_command: command: platform db:dump -e ${environment}


Then: `ddev pull platform`

environment_variables: project: my-project environment: main

db_pull_command: command: platform db:dump -e ${environment}


执行命令：`ddev pull platform`

Xdebug Configuration

Xdebug配置

Enable Xdebug

启用Xdebug

bash

ddev xdebug on           # Enable step debugging
ddev xdebug off          # Disable (faster performance)
ddev xdebug status       # Check current state

bash

ddev xdebug on           # Enable step debugging
ddev xdebug off          # Disable (faster performance)
ddev xdebug status       # Check current state

IDE Configuration

IDE配置

VS Code (with PHP Debug extension):

json

// .vscode/launch.json
{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "Listen for Xdebug",
      "type": "php",
      "request": "launch",
      "port": 9003,
      "pathMappings": {
        "/var/www/html": "${workspaceFolder}"
      }
    }
  ]
}

PHPStorm:

Settings → PHP → Servers
Add server: name matches DDEV project name
Host:
```
<project>.ddev.site
```
, Port: 443, HTTPS
Path mappings: project root →
```
/var/www/html
```

VS Code（需安装PHP Debug扩展）：

json

// .vscode/launch.json
{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "Listen for Xdebug",
      "type": "php",
      "request": "launch",
      "port": 9003,
      "pathMappings": {
        "/var/www/html": "${workspaceFolder}"
      }
    }
  ]
}

PHPStorm:

设置 → PHP → 服务器
添加服务器：名称与DDEV项目名称一致
主机：
```
<project>.ddev.site
```
，端口：443，启用HTTPS
路径映射：项目根目录 →
```
/var/www/html
```

Xdebug Modes

Xdebug模式

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

.ddev/php/xdebug.ini

[xdebug] xdebug.mode=debug,develop,coverage


Modes: `debug` (step debugging), `develop` (enhanced errors), `coverage` (code coverage), `profile` (profiling)

[xdebug] xdebug.mode=debug,develop,coverage


模式说明：`debug`（单步调试）、`develop`（增强错误信息）、`coverage`（代码覆盖率）、`profile`（性能分析）

Custom Services

自定义服务

Redis

yaml

undefined

yaml

undefined

.ddev/docker-compose.redis.yaml

services: redis: image: redis:7-alpine container_name: ddev-${DDEV_SITENAME}-redis labels: com.ddev.site-name: ${DDEV_SITENAME} com.ddev.approot: $DDEV_APPROOT expose: - "6379" volumes: - redis-data:/data

volumes: redis-data:


Drupal settings.php:
```php
$settings['redis.connection']['host'] = 'redis';
$settings['redis.connection']['port'] = 6379;
$settings['cache']['default'] = 'cache.backend.redis';

volumes: redis-data:


Drupal settings.php配置：
```php
$settings['redis.connection']['host'] = 'redis';
$settings['redis.connection']['port'] = 6379;
$settings['cache']['default'] = 'cache.backend.redis';

Solr

yaml

undefined

yaml

undefined

.ddev/docker-compose.solr.yaml

services: solr: image: solr:9 container_name: ddev-${DDEV_SITENAME}-solr labels: com.ddev.site-name: ${DDEV_SITENAME} com.ddev.approot: $DDEV_APPROOT expose: - "8983" volumes: - solr-data:/var/solr command: solr-precreate drupal

volumes: solr-data:


Access Solr: `ddev describe` shows URL, typically `https://<project>.ddev.site:8983`

volumes: solr-data:


访问Solr：通过`ddev describe`查看URL，通常为`https://<project>.ddev.site:8983`

Elasticsearch

yaml

undefined

yaml

undefined

.ddev/docker-compose.elasticsearch.yaml

services: elasticsearch: image: elasticsearch:8.11.0 container_name: ddev-${DDEV_SITENAME}-elasticsearch labels: com.ddev.site-name: ${DDEV_SITENAME} com.ddev.approot: $DDEV_APPROOT environment: - discovery.type=single-node - xpack.security.enabled=false - "ES_JAVA_OPTS=-Xms512m -Xmx512m" expose: - "9200" volumes: - elasticsearch-data:/usr/share/elasticsearch/data

volumes: elasticsearch-data:

undefined

volumes: elasticsearch-data:

undefined

Mailpit (Email Testing)

Mailpit（邮件测试）

DDEV includes Mailpit by default:

bash

ddev launch -m           # Open Mailpit UI

All outgoing mail is captured at

https://<project>.ddev.site:8026

DDEV默认包含Mailpit：

bash

ddev launch -m           # Open Mailpit UI

所有外发邮件都会被捕获，可通过

https://<project>.ddev.site:8026

查看

Performance Tuning

性能优化

Mutagen (macOS/Windows)

Mutagen（macOS/Windows）

Mutagen provides fast file synchronization for better performance:

bash

undefined

Mutagen提供快速文件同步，提升性能：

bash

undefined

Enable globally

ddev config global --mutagen-enabled

Or per-project in .ddev/config.yaml

mutagen_enabled: true


**When to use Mutagen:**
- macOS with large codebases (vendor, node_modules)
- Windows with WSL2
- Projects with slow file I/O

**Mutagen commands:**
```bash
ddev mutagen status      # Check sync status
ddev mutagen sync        # Force sync
ddev mutagen reset       # Reset if issues

mutagen_enabled: true


**适用场景：**
- macOS系统下的大型代码库（如vendor、node_modules）
- Windows系统搭配WSL2使用
- 文件I/O较慢的项目

**Mutagen相关命令：**
```bash
ddev mutagen status      # Check sync status
ddev mutagen sync        # Force sync
ddev mutagen reset       # Reset if issues

NFS (macOS alternative)

NFS（macOS替代方案）

For macOS without Mutagen:

bash

ddev config global --nfs-mount-enabled

对于不使用Mutagen的macOS用户：

bash

ddev config global --nfs-mount-enabled

Performance Tips

性能优化技巧

Exclude unnecessary files from sync:

yaml

# .ddev/config.yaml
upload_dirs:
  - sites/default/files

Use tmpfs for temp files:

yaml

# .ddev/docker-compose.performance.yaml
services:
  web:
    tmpfs:
      - /tmp

Increase PHP memory for large operations:

ini

# .ddev/php/performance.ini
memory_limit = 1024M

排除不必要的文件同步：

yaml

# .ddev/config.yaml
upload_dirs:
  - sites/default/files

使用tmpfs存储临时文件：

yaml

# .ddev/docker-compose.performance.yaml
services:
  web:
    tmpfs:
      - /tmp

为大型操作增加PHP内存限制：

ini

# .ddev/php/performance.ini
memory_limit = 1024M

Custom DDEV Commands

自定义DDEV命令

Create project-specific commands in

.ddev/commands/

bash

undefined

在

.ddev/commands/

目录下创建项目专属命令：

bash

undefined

.ddev/commands/web/refresh

#!/bin/bash

Description: Full site refresh (db + config + cache)

Usage: refresh

Example: ddev refresh

set -e

echo "Importing database..." drush sql:drop -y drush sql:cli < /var/www/html/reference.sql

echo "Importing config..." drush config:import -y

echo "Running updates..." drush updatedb -y

echo "Clearing cache..." drush cache:rebuild

echo "Done!"


Make executable: `chmod +x .ddev/commands/web/refresh`

Then run: `ddev refresh`

set -e

echo "Importing database..." drush sql:drop -y drush sql:cli < /var/www/html/reference.sql

echo "Importing config..." drush config:import -y echo "Running updates..." drush updatedb -y echo "Clearing cache..." drush cache:rebuild echo "Done!"


设置可执行权限：`chmod +x .ddev/commands/web/refresh`

执行命令：`ddev refresh`

Command Locations

命令存放位置

```
.ddev/commands/web/
```
- Run in web container
```
.ddev/commands/host/
```
- Run on host machine
```
.ddev/commands/db/
```
- Run in database container

```
.ddev/commands/web/
```
- 在Web容器中执行
```
.ddev/commands/host/
```
- 在本地主机执行
```
.ddev/commands/db/
```
- 在数据库容器中执行

CI/CD Integration

CI/CD集成

GitHub Actions

yaml

undefined

yaml

undefined

.github/workflows/test.yml

name: Tests on: [push, pull_request]

jobs: test: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4

  - name: Setup DDEV
    uses: ddev/github-action-setup-ddev@v1

  - name: Start DDEV
    run: ddev start

  - name: Install dependencies
    run: ddev composer install

  - name: Run tests
    run: ddev exec ./vendor/bin/phpunit

undefined

name: Tests on: [push, pull_request]

jobs: test: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4

  - name: Setup DDEV
    uses: ddev/github-action-setup-ddev@v1

  - name: Start DDEV
    run: ddev start

  - name: Install dependencies
    run: ddev composer install

  - name: Run tests
    run: ddev exec ./vendor/bin/phpunit

undefined

GitLab CI

yaml

undefined

yaml

undefined

.gitlab-ci.yml

test: image: ddev/ddev-gitpod-base:latest services: - docker:dind variables: DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2375 script: - ddev start - ddev composer install - ddev exec ./vendor/bin/phpunit

undefined

test: image: ddev/ddev-gitpod-base:latest services: - docker:dind variables: DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2375 script: - ddev start - ddev composer install - ddev exec ./vendor/bin/phpunit

undefined

Best Practices

最佳实践

Commit .ddev folder (except .ddev/db_snapshots, .ddev/.gitignore handles this)
Use .ddev/config.local.yaml for personal overrides (gitignored)
Document custom services in project README
Use snapshots before risky database operations
Keep DDEV updated:
```
ddev self-upgrade
```
Use Mutagen on macOS/Windows for better performance
Create custom commands for repetitive tasks
Test DDEV config in CI to catch issues early

提交.ddev目录到版本控制（.ddev/db_snapshots除外，已被.ddev/.gitignore忽略）
使用.ddev/config.local.yaml进行个人自定义配置（已被Git忽略）
在项目README中记录自定义服务
在执行高风险数据库操作前创建快照
保持DDEV更新：
```
ddev self-upgrade
```
在macOS/Windows上使用Mutagen提升性能
创建自定义命令简化重复任务
在CI中测试DDEV配置，提前发现问题