maodun-fenxi

"When studying any process, if it is a complex process involving two or more contradictions, we must strive to find its principal contradiction. Once this principal contradiction is grasped, all problems will be readily solved. Countless scholars and practitioners fail to understand this method, and as a result, they are lost in a fog, unable to find the center, and thus unable to find a way to resolve contradictions." — On Contradiction (August 1937)

1. Any complex situation is intertwined with multiple contradictions (problems/tensions); there is no single problem.
2. These contradictions are not equal—one of them is the "principal contradiction", which determines or influences the development status of all other contradictions.
3. Method to find the principal contradiction: First systematically list all contradictions, analyze their nature and mutual relationships one by one, then judge which one is the bottleneck restricting everything.
4. The principal contradiction will transform with stages: The principal contradiction in the PMF phase (product value) is different from that in the scaling phase (organizational efficiency), requiring dynamic re-judgment.
5. After grasping the principal contradiction, the solution space for other contradictions will automatically open up ("readily solved"), which is system dynamics rather than simple priority sorting.
6. Within the same contradiction, there are also primary and secondary aspects—not only must we find the principal contradiction, but also the dominant aspect within that contradiction.

• Problem: In the early stage of the War of Resistance Against Japan, two wrong views prevailed: the "National Subjugation Theory" (China is doomed to perish) and the "Quick Victory Theory" (the war will end in three months), making it impossible to form a correct strategy.
• Method Application: Mao Zedong systematically analyzed both China and Japan using four pairs of contradictions (strong/weak, large/small, progressive/regressive, more support/less support), determining that the strong/weak contradiction was the current principal contradiction, but the progressive/regressive contradiction would become the dominant factor over time.
• Conclusion: China will neither perish nor achieve a quick victory; the war is bound to be protracted, and the final victory will belong to China.
• Result: On Protracted War became the most important strategic guiding document for the War of Resistance, and the eight-year war process basically verified this prediction.

• Problem: In 1956, China's economic construction copied the Soviet model, leading to imbalances such as overemphasis on heavy industry and neglect of agriculture and light industry.
• Method Application: Mao Zedong spent two months listening to reports from 34 departments, using contradiction analysis to refine ten pairs of relationships (heavy industry/light industry and agriculture, coastal/inland, economy/national defense, etc.), analyzing the primary aspect and transformation conditions of each pair of contradictions.
• Conclusion: "To truly develop heavy industry, we need to develop more light industry and agriculture"—the apparent contradiction is actually unified, requiring dynamic balance.
• Result: The Ten Major Relationships became an important guiding principle for China's economic construction, avoiding the extreme mistakes of the Soviet model.

1. Multiple Concurrent Problems, Decision Paralysis: The company faces product issues, declining sales, accumulated technical debt, and team turmoil simultaneously, not knowing which to solve first. Users will say: "There are too many problems, I don't know where to start" "Everything is important".
2. Endless Arguments, Unclear Direction: The team holds different opinions on strategic direction—some say to focus on ToB, some on ToC, some on retention first, some on customer acquisition first. Users will say: "Everyone has a point, but opinions are divided".
3. Phase Transition, Strategy Failure: Previously effective methods suddenly stop working, and the growth curve flattens. Users will say: "This used to work, but now it doesn't" "We seem to have hit a bottleneck".
4. Limited Resources, Must Make Trade-offs: Budget/manpower is insufficient to do everything, must judge which to do and which to cut. Users will say: "We want to do everything but can't do anything well" "Resources are always insufficient".
5. Superficial Prosperity, Hidden Risks: Data looks good but the founder has a gut feeling that something is wrong, needing to identify deep-seated problems. Users will say: "The surface data is okay but I always feel something is off".

• vs Concentrate Superior Forces: This skill = Diagnosis (finding the principal contradiction), the latter = Treatment (concentrating resources to solve it)
• vs Principle of Contradiction Specificity: This skill = "Which contradiction is the most important", the latter = "What is the nature of each contradiction and what method should be used"
• vs Seeking Truth from Facts Information Processing Method: This skill = Framework for finding bottlenecks, the latter = Method for processing information raw materials

• List all visible contradictions/problems/tensions in the current situation, no less than 5 items, do not rush to sort them.
• Completion Standard: Each contradiction is expressed as "Tension between A and B" (e.g., "Contradiction between product experience and delivery speed"), covering different dimensions (product/market/organization/finance).

• For each contradiction, ask: If this problem is solved, will other problems also improve significantly? If this problem worsens, will other problems also worsen?
• Through causal chain analysis, find the bottleneck contradiction that "affects the whole situation with a single move".
• Stop Point: If no obvious principal contradiction can be found, it may be due to insufficient information—return to Step 1 to supplement data, or split overly large contradictions into more specific sub-contradictions.

• Verification: Use counterfactual testing—"What if we ignore this principal contradiction and solve other problems first?" If the answer is that the problems cannot be truly solved, the judgment is correct.
• Mark the principal contradiction of the current stage, and set phased review nodes (every quarter or after each major change) to check whether the principal contradiction has transformed.
• Completion Standard: Produce a one-sentence conclusion: "The principal contradiction at the current stage is ___, solving it will make problems such as ___ readily solved. It is expected that this contradiction will transform under the condition of ___."

1. When the problem is clear and single: Do not over-analyze, execute directly. If the team already knows what to do, using contradiction analysis is a waste of time.
2. Emergency crisis moments: Put out the fire first when there is a fire, do not analyze the contradiction system behind the fire. Use this framework for review after the crisis is handled.
3. Pure execution-level problems: If the problem does not involve direction judgment and resource allocation (e.g., how to fix a certain bug), this framework is too heavy.

• Dogmatism Trap (ce01): Treat contradiction analysis as a formula to apply—mechanically list contradictions, label them, without in-depth analysis of the specificity of each contradiction. The correct approach is to make independent judgments after analysis.
• Military Equalitarianism (ce04): After listing contradictions, still think "everything is important", dare not judge the principal contradiction, which is essentially the "fight with two fists" mindset that fears giving up.
• Formalism Thinking (ce15): Classify contradictions in a black-or-white manner, refusing to acknowledge the complexity and multi-faceted nature of contradictions.

• In his later years, Mao Zedong relied too much on his own judgment of the "principal contradiction" and ignored different analyses from others. Lesson: The judgment of the principal contradiction requires multi-party verification and cannot be determined by a single authority.

• Practical Epistemology (depends-on): The cognitive foundation of contradiction analysis comes from practical epistemology—only through the cycle of practice and cognition can we correctly identify and judge the principal contradiction. Understand "cognition originates from practice" first, then use contradiction analysis to make judgments.
• Annihilation Warfare by Concentrating Superior Forces (composes-with): Contradiction analysis is a diagnostic tool (to find the principal contradiction), while concentrating superior forces is a treatment tool (to concentrate resources to solve the principal contradiction). Together, they form a complete "diagnosis → treatment" chain.
• Principle of Contradiction Specificity (composes-with): Contradiction analysis solves "which contradiction is the most important", while the principle of contradiction specificity solves "what is the nature of each contradiction and what method should be used". Use them together: first find the principal contradiction, then use the specificity principle to analyze its unique nature.
• Three-Stage Protracted War Model (composes-with): The three-stage protracted war model is a specific application of contradiction analysis in the "weak vs strong" scenario—deriving the three-stage strategy from the transformation of four pairs of contradictions.