midnight-p2p-networking

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P2P Networking

P2P 网络

The peer-to-peer (P2P) layer connects Midnight nodes and enables data exchange across the decentralized network. Midnight uses the default Polkadot SDK Rust libp2p implementation.

点对点（P2P）层连接Midnight节点，实现去中心化网络中的数据交换。Midnight采用默认的Polkadot SDK Rust libp2p实现。

Stack overview

技术栈概览

mermaid

flowchart TB
  subgraph Discovery["Peer discovery"]
    BS["Bootstrap nodes"]
    MDNS["mDNS (LAN)"]
    KDHT["Kademlia DHT random walk"]
  end

  subgraph Transport["Connection"]
    TCP["TCP/IP"]
    WS["WebSockets"]
    DNS["DNS resolution"]
  end

  subgraph Security["Upgrade"]
    Noise["Noise Protocol — encryption"]
    Yamux["Yamux — multiplexing"]
    MS["Multistream-Select negotiation"]
  end

  subgraph Protocols["Substream protocols"]
    Ping["Ping — liveness"]
    RR["Request-Response — block/tx queries"]
    Notif["Notifications — gossip, finality, sync"]
  end

  Discovery --> Transport
  Transport --> Security
  Security --> Protocols

mermaid

flowchart TB
  subgraph Discovery["Peer discovery"]
    BS["Bootstrap nodes"]
    MDNS["mDNS (LAN)"]
    KDHT["Kademlia DHT random walk"]
  end

  subgraph Transport["Connection"]
    TCP["TCP/IP"]
    WS["WebSockets"]
    DNS["DNS resolution"]
  end

  subgraph Security["Upgrade"]
    Noise["Noise Protocol — encryption"]
    Yamux["Yamux — multiplexing"]
    MS["Multistream-Select negotiation"]
  end

  subgraph Protocols["Substream protocols"]
    Ping["Ping — liveness"]
    RR["Request-Response — block/tx queries"]
    Notif["Notifications — gossip, finality, sync"]
  end

  Discovery --> Transport
  Transport --> Security
  Security --> Protocols

Discovery mechanisms

节点发现机制

To join the network, a node must discover and connect to peers.

要加入网络，节点必须发现并连接到其他节点。

Bootstrap nodes

Bootstrap节点

Predefined trusted peers in network configuration (hard-coded identities + addresses).
On startup, the node connects to bootstrap peers to join the network and learn about additional peers.

网络配置中预定义的可信节点（硬编码身份+地址）。
启动时，节点连接到Bootstrap节点以加入网络，并了解更多节点信息。

mDNS (multicast DNS)

mDNS（多播DNS）

Discovers peers on the same LAN via UDP broadcast.
Useful for development, testnets, or co-located deployments.
Enable/disable via network settings.

通过UDP广播发现**同一局域网（LAN）**内的节点。
适用于开发、测试网或同址部署场景。
可通过网络设置启用/禁用。

Kademlia DHT (random walk)

Kademlia DHT（随机游走）

Once connected to at least one peer, the node performs a Kademlia-based random walk on each configured chain's DHT.
Sends
```
FIND_NODE
```
queries to discover more peers.
Builds a resilient, expanding view of the network over time.

mermaid

flowchart LR
  Start["Node starts"] --> Boot["Connect to bootstrap"]
  Boot --> Learn["Learn peer addresses"]
  Learn --> Walk["Kademlia random walk"]
  Walk --> More["More peers discovered"]
  More --> Walk
  MDNS["mDNS on LAN"] -.-> Learn

连接到至少一个节点后，节点会在每条配置链的DHT上执行基于Kademlia的随机游走。
发送
```
FIND_NODE
```
查询以发现更多节点。
随时间推移构建一个弹性扩展的网络视图。

mermaid

flowchart LR
  Start["Node starts"] --> Boot["Connect to bootstrap"]
  Boot --> Learn["Learn peer addresses"]
  Learn --> Walk["Kademlia random walk"]
  Walk --> More["More peers discovered"]
  More --> Walk
  MDNS["mDNS on LAN"] -.-> Learn

Connection establishment

连接建立

After discovery, peers:

Establish direct connections.
Negotiate shared protocol capabilities (transport, security, multiplexing).

This foundation supports higher-level sync and gossip protocols.

发现节点后，节点会：

建立直接连接。
协商共享协议能力（传输层、安全层、多路复用）。

这一基础支持更高层级的同步和gossip协议。

Transport layer

传输层

When node A (Alice) connects to node B (Bob):

Transport	Description
TCP/IP	Traditional IPv4/IPv6 sockets
WebSockets	TCP + WebSocket framing (browser/proxy friendly)
DNS	Domain names resolved to IPs during connection

当节点A（Alice）连接到节点B（Bob）时：

传输协议	描述
TCP/IP	传统IPv4/IPv6套接字
WebSockets	TCP + WebSocket帧格式（适配浏览器/代理）
DNS	连接过程中将域名解析为IP地址

Encryption and multiplexing

加密与多路复用

After the base transport connects, peers upgrade via negotiated protocols:

Protocol	Purpose
Noise	End-to-end confidentiality and integrity
Yamux	Multiple logical streams over one physical connection
Multistream-Select	Choose compatible encryption and multiplexing options

mermaid

sequenceDiagram
  participant A as Alice
  participant B as Bob

  A->>B: TCP / WebSocket connect
  A->>B: Multistream-Select (Noise)
  Note over A,B: Encrypted channel
  A->>B: Multistream-Select (Yamux)
  Note over A,B: Multiplexed substreams
  A->>B: Open Ping / Request-Response / Notifications

基础传输连接建立后，节点会通过协商协议进行升级：

协议	用途
Noise	端到端机密性与完整性保障
Yamux	在一条物理连接上承载多个逻辑流
Multistream-Select	选择兼容的加密与多路复用方案

mermaid

sequenceDiagram
  participant A as Alice
  participant B as Bob

  A->>B: TCP / WebSocket connect
  A->>B: Multistream-Select (Noise)
  Note over A,B: Encrypted channel
  A->>B: Multistream-Select (Yamux)
  Note over A,B: Multiplexed substreams
  A->>B: Open Ping / Request-Response / Notifications

Substream protocols

子流协议

Each substream runs a dedicated application-level protocol:

Protocol	Purpose
Ping	Liveness checks and latency measurement
Request-Response	Structured exchange (block queries, transaction queries)
Notifications	Broadcast: new transactions, block announcements, finality updates, light-client state sync

每个子流运行一个专用的应用层协议：

协议	用途
Ping	存活状态检查与延迟测量
Request-Response	结构化数据交换（区块查询、交易查询）
Notifications	广播：新交易、区块公告、最终性更新、轻客户端状态同步

Peer identification

节点标识

Each node has a unique Ed25519 public key for P2P identity.
This keypair is separate from consensus message signing keys.
Exchanged during handshake; used to authenticate peers for the session.

See

midnight-cryptography/

for Ed25519 usage in libp2p vs GRANDPA.

每个节点拥有唯一的Ed25519公钥作为P2P身份标识。
该密钥对与共识消息签名密钥相互独立。
在握手阶段交换；用于会话中的节点身份验证。

查看

midnight-cryptography/

了解libp2p与GRANDPA中Ed25519的使用方式。

midnight-p2p-networking

Original

Translation

P2P Networking

P2P 网络

Stack overview

技术栈概览

Discovery mechanisms

节点发现机制

Bootstrap nodes

Bootstrap节点

mDNS (multicast DNS)

mDNS（多播DNS）

Kademlia DHT (random walk)

Kademlia DHT（随机游走）

Connection establishment

连接建立

Transport layer

传输层

Encryption and multiplexing

加密与多路复用

Substream protocols

子流协议

Peer identification

节点标识

Related skills

相关技能