Back to Details

academic-writing

Compare original and translation side by side

🇺🇸

Original

English
🇨🇳

Translation

Chinese

Academic writing and research methodology

学术写作与研究方法

Systematic approaches for scholarly writing, research design, and academic communication.
学术写作、研究设计与学术交流的系统化方法。

Research design fundamentals

研究设计基础

Research question development

研究问题构建

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Crafting a research question

构建研究问题

The FINER criteria

FINER准则

  • Feasible: Can you actually do this research?
  • Interesting: Does it matter to the field?
  • Novel: Does it add new knowledge?
  • Ethical: Can it be done ethically?
  • Relevant: Does it address a real problem?
  • Feasible（可行）：你真的能开展这项研究吗？
  • Interesting（有趣）：它对该领域有意义吗？
  • Novel（新颖）：它能带来新的知识吗？
  • Ethical（伦理）：研究符合伦理规范吗？
  • Relevant（相关）：它是否解决了实际问题？

Question types

问题类型

TypePurposeExample
DescriptiveDocument phenomena"What are the characteristics of X?"
ComparativeCompare groups/conditions"How does X differ between groups?"
CorrelationalExamine relationships"Is there a relationship between X and Y?"
CausalEstablish causation"Does X cause Y?"
ExploratoryGenerate hypotheses"What factors might explain X?"
类型目的示例
描述性记录现象"X有哪些特征？"
对比性对比群体/条件"不同群体间的X有何差异？"
相关性探究关联关系"X与Y之间存在关联吗？"
因果性确立因果关系"X会导致Y吗？"
探索性生成假设"哪些因素可以解释X？"

Refining your question

优化研究问题

Start broad → Narrow progressively
Draft 1: "How does social media affect politics?" Draft 2: "How does Twitter use affect political polarization?" Draft 3: "How does exposure to partisan Twitter accounts affect political attitude polarization among US adults?" Draft 4: "Does increased exposure to ideologically homogeneous Twitter feeds increase affective polarization among politically engaged US adults aged 18-35?"
undefined
从宽泛到逐步聚焦
初稿1："社交媒体如何影响政治？" 初稿2："Twitter使用如何影响政治极化？" 初稿3："接触党派Twitter账号如何影响美国成年人的政治态度极化？" 初稿4："增加接触意识形态同质化的Twitter信息流是否会提升18-35岁政治参与度较高的美国成年人的情感极化？"
undefined

Literature review strategy

文献综述策略

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Systematic literature search

系统性文献检索

Database selection by field

按领域选择数据库

  • Multidisciplinary: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar
  • Social Sciences: JSTOR, ProQuest, SSRN
  • Communication: Communication Abstracts, ComAbstracts
  • Health: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL
  • Education: ERIC
  • Business: Business Source Complete
  • 多学科：Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar
  • 社会科学：JSTOR, ProQuest, SSRN
  • 传播学：Communication Abstracts, ComAbstracts
  • 医学：PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL
  • 教育学：ERIC
  • 商学：Business Source Complete

Search strategy template

检索策略模板

  1. Identify key concepts from research question
  2. Generate synonyms for each concept
  3. Combine with Boolean operators
Example for: "social media political polarization"
Concept 1: social media
  • OR: Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, "social networking sites", "online platforms", "digital media"
Concept 2: political
  • OR: partisan, ideological, electoral, civic
Concept 3: polarization
  • OR: division, extremism, "attitude change", radicalization
Combined search: (Twitter OR Facebook OR "social media" OR "social networking") AND (political OR partisan OR ideological) AND (polarization OR division OR extremism)
  1. 从研究问题中识别核心概念
  2. 为每个概念生成同义词
  3. 用布尔运算符组合
示例："社交媒体 政治极化"
概念1：社交媒体
  • 或：Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, "社交网站", "在线平台", "数字媒体"
概念2：政治
  • 或：党派、意识形态、选举、公民
概念3：极化
  • 或：分裂、极端主义、"态度转变"、激进化
组合检索式： (Twitter OR Facebook OR "social media" OR "social networking") AND (political OR partisan OR ideological) AND (polarization OR division OR extremism)

Inclusion/exclusion criteria

纳入/排除标准

Document your criteria:
  • Publication date range: [X to present]
  • Languages: [English only / multiple]
  • Publication types: [Peer-reviewed only / include preprints]
  • Geographic scope: [Global / specific countries]
  • Methodologies: [All / specific approaches]
记录你的筛选标准：
  • 发表日期范围：[X年至今]
  • 语言：[仅英文 / 多语言]
  • 文献类型：[仅同行评审 / 含预印本]
  • 地理范围：[全球 / 特定国家]
  • 研究方法：[全部 / 特定方法]

Managing your search

检索管理

  • Save searches to re-run later
  • Export results to reference manager
  • Track number of results at each stage
  • Document date of each search
undefined
  • 保存检索式以便后续重新执行
  • 将结果导出至参考文献管理器
  • 跟踪每个阶段的结果数量
  • 记录每次检索的日期
undefined

Citation management

引用管理

python
undefined
python
undefined

Zotero/reference manager integration patterns

Zotero/参考文献管理器集成模式

For automated citation workflows

自动化引用工作流

CITATION_STYLES = { 'apa7': 'American Psychological Association 7th edition', 'mla9': 'Modern Language Association 9th edition', 'chicago': 'Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition', 'harvard': 'Harvard Reference format', 'ieee': 'IEEE', 'vancouver': 'Vancouver (medicine)', }
CITATION_STYLES = { 'apa7': 'American Psychological Association 7th edition', 'mla9': 'Modern Language Association 9th edition', 'chicago': 'Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition', 'harvard': 'Harvard Reference format', 'ieee': 'IEEE', 'vancouver': 'Vancouver (medicine)', }

BibTeX entry template

BibTeX条目模板

BIBTEX_ARTICLE = """ @article{{{citekey}, author = {{{author}}}, title = {{{title}}}, journal = {{{journal}}}, year = {{{year}}}, volume = {{{volume}}}, number = {{{number}}}, pages = {{{pages}}}, doi = {{{doi}}} }} """
BIBTEX_ARTICLE = """ @article{{{citekey}, author = {{{author}}}, title = {{{title}}}, journal = {{{journal}}}, year = {{{year}}}, volume = {{{volume}}}, number = {{{number}}}, pages = {{{pages}}}, doi = {{{doi}}} }} """

Common citation patterns by context

不同场景的常见引用模式

CITATION_CONTEXTS = { 'introducing_concept': "According to Author (Year), ...", 'supporting_claim': "Research has shown that X (Author, Year; Author, Year).", 'contrasting': "While Author (Year) argues X, Author (Year) contends Y.", 'methodology_reference': "Following the method developed by Author (Year), ...", 'direct_quote': 'Author (Year) states that "exact quote" (p. X).', }
undefined
CITATION_CONTEXTS = { 'introducing_concept': "According to Author (Year), ...", 'supporting_claim': "Research has shown that X (Author, Year; Author, Year).", 'contrasting': "While Author (Year) argues X, Author (Year) contends Y.", 'methodology_reference': "Following the method developed by Author (Year), ...", 'direct_quote': 'Author (Year) states that "exact quote" (p. X).', }
undefined

Paper structure and writing

论文结构与写作

IMRaD structure (scientific papers)

IMRaD结构（科学论文）

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Standard research paper sections

标准研究论文章节

Abstract (150-300 words typically)

摘要（通常150-300词）

  • Background (1-2 sentences)
  • Purpose/objective (1 sentence)
  • Methods (2-3 sentences)
  • Results (2-3 sentences)
  • Conclusions (1-2 sentences)
  • 背景（1-2句）
  • 目的/目标（1句）
  • 方法（2-3句）
  • 结果（2-3句）
  • 结论（1-2句）

Introduction

引言

Funnel structure:
  1. Broad context - Why does this topic matter?
  2. Narrow focus - What's the specific problem?
  3. Gap identification - What don't we know?
  4. Research question/hypothesis - What will you investigate?
  5. Contribution preview - Why does this study matter?
漏斗式结构：
  1. 宽泛背景 - 该主题为何重要？
  2. 聚焦问题 - 具体的问题是什么？
  3. 识别研究缺口 - 我们还不知道什么？
  4. 研究问题/假设 - 你将研究什么？
  5. 研究贡献预览 - 这项研究为何重要？

Literature Review

文献综述

Organize thematically, not chronologically:
  1. Theme 1: Key findings, debates, gaps
  2. Theme 2: Key findings, debates, gaps
  3. Theme 3: Key findings, debates, gaps
  4. Synthesis: How themes connect to your study
按主题组织，而非按时间顺序：
  1. 主题1：关键发现、争议、研究缺口
  2. 主题2：关键发现、争议、研究缺口
  3. 主题3：关键发现、争议、研究缺口
  4. 综合分析：这些主题与你的研究有何关联

Methods

研究方法

The reproducibility test: Could another researcher replicate your study from this section alone?
Include:
  • Participants/sample (who, how selected, N)
  • Materials/measures (what instruments, their validity)
  • Procedure (step-by-step what happened)
  • Analysis approach (statistical tests, qualitative methods)
  • Ethical considerations (IRB, consent)
可重复性测试： 其他研究者仅通过本节内容能否复现你的研究？
需包含：
  • 参与者/样本（研究对象、筛选方式、样本量N）
  • 材料/测量工具（使用的仪器及其有效性）
  • 研究流程（分步说明研究过程）
  • 分析方法（统计检验、质性研究方法）
  • 伦理考量（IRB审批、知情同意）

Results

研究结果

Report, don't interpret:
  • Present findings systematically
  • Use tables/figures for complex data
  • Report effect sizes, not just p-values
  • Address each research question/hypothesis
只报告，不解读：
  • 系统呈现研究发现
  • 用表格/图表展示复杂数据
  • 报告效应量，而非仅p值
  • 回应每个研究问题/假设

Discussion

讨论

Reverse funnel structure:
  1. Summary of key findings
  2. Interpretation in context of literature
  3. Theoretical implications
  4. Practical implications
  5. Limitations
  6. Future research directions
  7. Conclusion
undefined
反向漏斗式结构：
  1. 关键发现总结
  2. 结合文献解读结果
  3. 理论意义
  4. 实践意义
  5. 研究局限性
  6. 未来研究方向
  7. 结论
undefined

Academic writing style

学术写作风格

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Writing conventions

写作规范

Voice and tense

语态与时态

SectionTenseExample
AbstractPast (methods/results), Present (conclusions)"We found... This suggests..."
IntroductionPresent (established knowledge)"Research shows..."
MethodsPast"Participants completed..."
ResultsPast"Analysis revealed..."
DiscussionPresent + Past"These findings indicate... We found..."
章节时态示例
摘要过去时（方法/结果）、现在时（结论）"我们发现... 这表明..."
引言现在时（已确立的知识）"研究表明..."
方法过去时"参与者完成了..."
结果过去时"分析显示..."
讨论现在时+过去时"这些发现表明... 我们发现..."

Hedging language

模糊限制语

Appropriate hedging (avoiding overclaiming):
  • "This suggests that..." (not "This proves that...")
  • "may be related to" (not "causes")
  • "Results indicate..." (not "Results demonstrate conclusively...")
  • "One possible explanation..." (not "The explanation...")
使用恰当的模糊限制语（避免过度断言）：
  • "这表明..."（而非"这证明..."）
  • "可能与...相关"（而非"导致"）
  • "结果显示..."（而非"结果确凿证明..."）
  • "一种可能的解释是..."（而非"唯一解释是..."）

Transition words by function

按功能分类的过渡词

Addition: furthermore, moreover, additionally, in addition Contrast: however, nevertheless, conversely, in contrast Cause/effect: therefore, consequently, as a result, thus Example: for instance, specifically, to illustrate Sequence: first, subsequently, finally, meanwhile Summary: in summary, overall, in conclusion
补充： furthermore, moreover, additionally, in addition 对比： however, nevertheless, conversely, in contrast 因果： therefore, consequently, as a result, thus 举例： for instance, specifically, to illustrate 顺序： first, subsequently, finally, meanwhile 总结： in summary, overall, in conclusion

Paragraphs

段落要求

Each paragraph should:
  1. Begin with a topic sentence
  2. Contain one main idea
  3. Include supporting evidence
  4. Connect to adjacent paragraphs
  5. Average 100-200 words (varies by field)
undefined
每个段落应：
  1. 以主题句开头
  2. 仅包含一个核心观点
  3. 有支撑性证据
  4. 与相邻段落有衔接
  5. 平均100-200词（因学科而异）
undefined

Common writing problems

常见写作问题

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Issues to avoid

需避免的问题

Wordiness

冗余啰嗦

❌ "It is important to note that the results demonstrate..." ✅ "Results demonstrate..."
❌ "In order to investigate..." ✅ "To investigate..."
❌ "A total of 50 participants..." ✅ "Fifty participants..."
❌ "需要注意的是，研究结果表明..." ✅ "结果表明..."
❌ "为了开展研究..." ✅ "为开展研究..."
❌ "共有50名参与者..." ✅ "50名参与者..."

Weak verbs

弱动词

❌ "The study was conducted by the researchers" ✅ "The researchers conducted the study"
❌ "There was a significant difference found" ✅ "We found a significant difference"
❌ "该研究由研究者开展" ✅ "研究者开展了这项研究"
❌ "发现了显著差异" ✅ "我们发现了显著差异"

Vague language

模糊表述

❌ "Several studies have shown..." ✅ "Three studies (Author, Year; Author, Year; Author, Year) showed..."
❌ "The results were significant" ✅ "The results were statistically significant (p < .05, d = 0.45)"
❌ "多项研究表明..." ✅ "三项研究（作者，年份；作者，年份；作者，年份）表明..."
❌ "结果显著" ✅ "结果具有统计学显著性（p < .05, d = 0.45）"

Unnecessary jargon

不必要的术语

  • Define technical terms on first use
  • Use simpler words when equally precise
  • Consider your audience's expertise level
  • 首次使用专业术语时需定义
  • 在表达精准的前提下使用更简单的词汇
  • 考虑受众的专业水平

Citation problems

引用问题

❌ Citing secondary sources without noting ✅ "(Author, Year, as cited in Author, Year)"
❌ String citations without synthesis ✅ Group citations that make the same point; distinguish those that differ
undefined
❌ 引用二手资料但未注明 ✅ "（作者，年份，转引自作者，年份）"
❌ 堆砌引用但未综合分析 ✅ 将观点一致的引用分组；区分观点不同的引用
undefined

Peer review and revision

同行评审与修订

Responding to reviewers

回复审稿人

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Response letter template

回复信模板

Dear Editor and Reviewers,
Thank you for the thoughtful feedback on our manuscript titled "[Title]" (Manuscript ID: [Number]). We have carefully considered all comments and revised the manuscript accordingly. Below, we provide point-by-point responses to each comment.
尊敬的编辑与审稿人：
感谢您对我们题为《[标题]》（稿件编号：[编号]）的论文提出的宝贵反馈。我们仔细考虑了所有意见，并对稿件进行了相应修订。以下是对每条意见的逐点回复。

Reviewer 1

审稿人1

Comment 1.1

意见1.1

[Quote or paraphrase the reviewer's comment]
Response: [Your response explaining what you did]
Changes made: [Quote the specific changes with page/line numbers] "New text here..." (p. X, lines XX-XX)
[引用或转述审稿人的意见]
回复： [说明你采取的行动]
修改内容： [引用具体修改内容及页码/行数] "新增文本..."（第X页，第XX-XX行）

Comment 1.2

意见1.2

[Continue for each comment]
[对每条意见重复上述格式]

Reviewer 2

审稿人2

[Same format]
We believe these revisions have substantially strengthened the manuscript and hope you will find it suitable for publication in [Journal Name].
Sincerely, [Authors]
undefined
[相同格式]
我们相信这些修订大幅提升了稿件质量，希望您认为它适合在《[期刊名称]》发表。
此致， [作者]
undefined

Handling criticism

处理批评意见

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Types of reviewer feedback

审稿人反馈类型

Must address

必须回应

  • Methodological concerns
  • Missing literature
  • Unclear writing
  • Logical gaps in argument
  • Statistical errors
  • 方法论问题
  • 遗漏的文献
  • 表述不清
  • 论证中的逻辑缺口
  • 统计错误

Negotiate carefully

谨慎协商

  • Requests for additional analyses
  • Suggestions to restructure
  • Disagreements on interpretation
  • 要求补充分析
  • 建议调整结构
  • 对解读的分歧

Pushback appropriately

合理反驳

  • Requests outside scope
  • Misunderstandings of your argument
  • Contradictory advice from reviewers
  • 超出研究范围的要求
  • 对你的论证的误解
  • 审稿人之间的矛盾建议

Response strategies

回复策略

Agreement: "We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We have [action]." Partial agreement: "We appreciate this point. While [acknowledge validity], we [explain your approach]. However, we have [partial accommodation]." Respectful disagreement: "We thank the reviewer for raising this issue. We have considered this carefully; however, [explanation]. We hope the reviewer will find this reasoning persuasive."
undefined
同意： "感谢审稿人的建议。我们已[采取行动]。" 部分同意： "我们认可这一观点。虽然[承认合理性]，但我们[说明你的方法]。不过，我们已[做出部分调整]。" 礼貌反驳： "感谢审稿人提出此问题。我们已仔细考虑；然而，[解释原因]。希望审稿人能接受这一理由。"
undefined

Grant proposals

基金申请

Proposal structure (NSF/NIH style)

申请结构（NSF/NIH风格）

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Standard grant components

标准基金申请组件

Specific aims (1 page)

具体目标（1页）

Opening paragraph: What's the problem? Why does it matter? Gap statement: What's missing from current understanding? Long-term goal: Your research program vision Objective: What this specific project will accomplish Central hypothesis: Your testable prediction Aims: 2-4 specific, achievable objectives Impact statement: Why funding this matters
开篇段落： 问题是什么？为何重要？ 研究缺口陈述： 当前认知中缺少什么？ 长期目标： 你的研究项目愿景 具体目标： 本项目将实现什么 核心假设： 可检验的预测 研究目标： 2-4个具体、可实现的目标 影响陈述： 资助该项目的意义

Significance (2-3 pages)

研究意义（2-3页）

  • Importance of the problem
  • Gaps in current knowledge
  • How your work advances the field
  • Potential impact if successful
  • 问题的重要性
  • 当前知识的缺口
  • 你的研究如何推动领域发展
  • 成功后的潜在影响

Innovation (1 page)

创新性（1页）

  • What's new about your approach?
  • Conceptual innovation
  • Methodological innovation
  • Technical innovation
  • 你的方法有何新颖之处？
  • 概念创新
  • 方法创新
  • 技术创新

Approach (6-12 pages)

研究方案（6-12页）

For each aim:
  • Rationale
  • Preliminary data (if any)
  • Research design
  • Methods
  • Expected outcomes
  • Potential problems and alternatives
  • Timeline
针对每个目标：
  • 理论依据
  • 初步数据（如有）
  • 研究设计
  • 研究方法
  • 预期成果
  • 潜在问题与替代方案
  • 时间线

Broader impacts

广泛影响

  • Training opportunities
  • Dissemination plans
  • Benefits to society
  • Diversity and inclusion
undefined
  • 培训机会
  • 成果传播计划
  • 对社会的益处
  • 多样性与包容性
undefined

Budget justification

预算说明

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Budget categories

预算类别

Personnel

人员

  • PI salary and effort (% time)
  • Co-investigators
  • Postdocs (salary + benefits)
  • Graduate students (stipend + tuition + benefits)
  • Undergraduate researchers
  • Technical staff
  • 项目负责人薪资与工作投入比例（%时间）
  • 合作研究者
  • 博士后（薪资+福利）
  • 研究生（津贴+学费+福利）
  • 本科生研究者
  • 技术人员

Equipment

设备

  • Items over $5,000 (check sponsor threshold)
  • Justify necessity for project
  • 单价超过5000美元的物品（确认资助方阈值）
  • 说明设备对项目的必要性

Supplies

物资

  • Lab consumables
  • Software licenses
  • Participant payments
  • 实验室耗材
  • 软件许可证
  • 参与者报酬

Travel

差旅

  • Conference presentations
  • Data collection sites
  • Collaborator visits
  • 会议展示
  • 数据收集地点差旅
  • 合作者拜访

Other direct costs

其他直接成本

  • Publication costs
  • Participant incentives
  • Transcription services
  • Equipment maintenance
  • 出版费用
  • 参与者激励
  • 转录服务
  • 设备维护

Indirect costs (F&A)

间接成本（F&A）

  • Negotiated rate with institution
  • Typically 50-60% of direct costs
undefined
  • 与机构协商的费率
  • 通常为直接成本的50-60%
undefined

Publishing strategy

发表策略

Journal selection

期刊选择

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Evaluating journals

期刊评估

Quality indicators

质量指标

  • Impact factor (use cautiously)
  • Acceptance rate
  • Review time
  • Time to publication
  • Reputation in your field
  • Indexing (Web of Science, Scopus)
  • 影响因子（谨慎使用）
  • 录用率
  • 评审周期
  • 发表周期
  • 在领域内的声誉
  • 索引情况（Web of Science, Scopus）

Fit indicators

适配性指标

  • Scope alignment
  • Audience match
  • Open access options
  • Article type (empirical, theoretical, review)
  • 范围匹配
  • 受众匹配
  • 开放获取选项
  • 文章类型（实证研究、理论研究、综述）

Red flags (predatory journals)

预警信号（掠夺性期刊）

  • Aggressive email solicitation
  • Rapid "peer review" (days)
  • Unclear editorial board
  • Not indexed in major databases
  • "Pay to publish" with no clear OA model
  • Poor website quality
  • 主动发送的激进约稿邮件
  • 极快的“同行评审”（数天）
  • 编辑委员会信息不透明
  • 未被主流数据库索引
  • “付费发表”但无明确OA模式
  • 网站质量差

Resources

资源

  • Beall's List (archived versions)
  • Think. Check. Submit. (thinkchecksubmit.org)
  • DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
  • Journal Citation Reports
undefined
  • Beall's List（存档版本）
  • Think. Check. Submit. (thinkchecksubmit.org)
  • DOAJ（开放获取期刊目录）
  • Journal Citation Reports
undefined

Cover letter template

投稿信模板

markdown
Dear Dr. [Editor's name],

We are pleased to submit our manuscript titled "[Full title]" for
consideration as a [article type] in [Journal Name].

**Summary (2-3 sentences):**
[What you did and what you found]

**Significance (2-3 sentences):**
[Why this matters for the journal's readership]

**Fit statement:**
[Why this journal specifically]

**Declarations:**
- This manuscript is original and not under consideration elsewhere
- All authors have approved the submission
- [Conflict of interest statement]
- [Funding acknowledgment]

**Suggested reviewers (if requested):**
1. [Name, affiliation, email] - Expert in [relevant area]
2. [Name, affiliation, email] - Expert in [relevant area]
3. [Name, affiliation, email] - Expert in [relevant area]

**Reviewers to exclude (if any):**
[Name] - [Brief, professional reason]

We look forward to your response.

Sincerely,
[Corresponding author name]
[Title, affiliation]
[Contact information]
markdown
尊敬的[编辑姓名]博士：

我们荣幸地提交题为《[完整标题]》的论文，申请在《[期刊名称]》发表为[文章类型]。

**摘要（2-3句）：**
[你开展的研究及发现]

**研究意义（2-3句）：**
[该研究对期刊读者的意义]

**适配性说明：**
[为何选择该期刊]

**声明：**
- 本论文为原创，未在其他期刊投稿
- 所有作者均同意投稿
- [利益冲突声明]
- [资助致谢]

**推荐审稿人（如要求）：**
1. [姓名，机构，邮箱] - [相关领域专家]
2. [姓名，机构，邮箱] - [相关领域专家]
3. [姓名，机构，邮箱] - [相关领域专家]

**需排除的审稿人（如有）：**
[姓名] - [简短、专业的理由]

期待您的回复。

此致，
[通讯作者姓名]
[职称，机构]
[联系方式]

Research ethics

研究伦理

Ethical considerations checklist

伦理考量清单

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Before starting research

研究开展前

Human subjects

人类受试者

  • IRB/ethics board approval obtained
  • Informed consent procedures established
  • Vulnerable populations identified and protected
  • Privacy and confidentiality measures in place
  • Data security plan established
  • Risk/benefit ratio acceptable
  • 已获得IRB/伦理委员会批准
  • 已制定知情同意流程
  • 已识别并保护弱势群体
  • 已落实隐私与保密措施
  • 已制定数据安全计划
  • 风险/收益比可接受

Data management

数据管理

  • Data management plan created
  • Secure storage arranged
  • Sharing/archiving plans documented
  • Retention period determined
  • Destruction procedures established
  • 已制定数据管理计划
  • 已安排安全存储
  • 已记录数据共享/存档计划
  • 已确定数据保留期限
  • 已制定数据销毁流程

Authorship

作者资格

  • Contribution criteria discussed
  • Author order agreed upon
  • All contributors will meet authorship criteria
  • Acknowledgments planned for non-author contributors
  • 已讨论贡献标准
  • 已商定作者顺序
  • 所有贡献者均符合作者资格
  • 已计划致谢非作者贡献者

Conflicts of interest

利益冲突

  • Financial conflicts identified
  • Non-financial conflicts identified
  • Disclosure plan established
  • 已识别财务冲突
  • 已识别非财务冲突
  • 已制定披露计划

Reproducibility

可重复性

  • Analysis plan pre-registered (if applicable)
  • Code will be shared
  • Data will be shared (if possible)
  • Materials will be shared
undefined
  • 已预先注册分析计划（如适用）
  • 将共享代码
  • 将共享数据（如可能）
  • 将共享研究材料
undefined

Avoiding research misconduct

避免学术不端

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Types of misconduct

不端行为类型

Fabrication

伪造

  • Making up data or results
  • Never acceptable under any circumstances
  • 编造数据或结果
  • 任何情况下均不可接受

Falsification

篡改

  • Manipulating data, equipment, or processes
  • Selectively omitting data to change conclusions
  • Image manipulation beyond acceptable adjustment
  • 操纵数据、设备或流程
  • 选择性遗漏数据以改变结论
  • 超出合理范围的图像处理

Plagiarism

剽窃

  • Using others' words without attribution
  • Self-plagiarism (reusing own published work without acknowledgment)
  • Paraphrasing too closely
  • 使用他人观点或文字未注明出处
  • 自我剽窃（重复使用自己已发表的内容未注明）
  • 改写过于接近原文

Other questionable practices

其他有问题的行为

  • P-hacking (running multiple analyses until significant)
  • HARKing (hypothesizing after results known)
  • Salami slicing (fragmenting one study into many papers)
  • Gift/ghost authorship
  • Selective reporting of results
undefined
  • P值操纵（多次分析直到得到显著结果）
  • HARKing（结果出来后再提出假设）
  • 香肠切片式发表（将一项研究拆分为多篇论文）
  • 挂名/代笔作者
  • 选择性报告结果
undefined

Productivity and workflow

效率与工作流

Writing routine

写作习惯

markdown
undefined
markdown
undefined

Sustainable academic writing

可持续的学术写作

Daily writing practice

日常写作实践

  • Write at same time daily (habit formation)
  • Start with minimum viable goal (e.g., 30 minutes)
  • Track progress (word counts, time)
  • Protect writing time from meetings/email
  • 每天固定时间写作（培养习惯）
  • 从最小可行目标开始（如30分钟）
  • 跟踪进度（字数、时间）
  • 保护写作时间，避免被会议/邮件打扰

Managing large projects

大型项目管理

  1. Break into smallest possible tasks
  2. Set deadlines for each component
  3. Schedule regular writing blocks
  4. Build in buffer time
  5. Get feedback early and often
  1. 拆分为最小的可执行任务
  2. 为每个任务设定截止日期
  3. 安排固定的写作时段
  4. 预留缓冲时间
  5. 尽早并频繁获取反馈

Overcoming blocks

克服写作障碍

  • Start with easiest section
  • Write a "shitty first draft" (Anne Lamott)
  • Use placeholders for citations/data
  • Talk through ideas with colleague
  • Change environment
  • Return to outline/structure
undefined
  • 从最简单的章节开始
  • 先写“糟糕的初稿”（Anne Lamott）
  • 用占位符代替引用/数据
  • 与同事讨论想法
  • 更换写作环境
  • 回到大纲/结构
undefined

Tools for academics

学术工具

PurposeTools
Reference managementZotero, Mendeley, EndNote
WritingScrivener, Overleaf, Word
CollaborationGoogle Docs, Overleaf
Version controlGit/GitHub, Track Changes
Task managementTodoist, Notion, Trello
FocusForest, Freedom, Cold Turkey
AnalysisR, Python, SPSS, Stata, NVivo
VisualizationR/ggplot2, Python/matplotlib, Tableau
用途工具
参考文献管理Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote
写作Scrivener, Overleaf, Word
协作Google Docs, Overleaf
版本控制Git/GitHub, Track Changes
任务管理Todoist, Notion, Trello
专注Forest, Freedom, Cold Turkey
分析R, Python, SPSS, Stata, NVivo
可视化R/ggplot2, Python/matplotlib, Tableau