121-java-object-oriented-design

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Java Object-Oriented Design Guidelines

Java面向对象设计指南

Review and improve Java code using comprehensive object-oriented design guidelines and refactoring practices.

What is covered in this Skill?

Fundamental design principles (SOLID, DRY, YAGNI)
Class and interface design: composition over inheritance, immutability, accessibility minimization, accessor methods
Core OOP concepts: encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism
Object creation patterns: static factory methods, Builder, Singleton, dependency injection, avoiding unnecessary objects
OOD code smells: God Class, Feature Envy, Inappropriate Intimacy, Refused Bequest, Shotgun Surgery, Data Clumps
Method design: parameter validation, defensive copies, careful signatures, empty collections over nulls, Optional usage
Exception handling: checked vs. runtime exceptions, standard exceptions, failure-capture messages, no silent ignoring

Scope: The reference is organized by examples (good/bad code patterns) for each core area. Apply recommendations based on applicable examples.

使用全面的面向对象设计指南和重构实践来审查和改进Java代码。

本技能涵盖哪些内容？

基础设计原则（SOLID、DRY、YAGNI）
类与接口设计：组合优于继承、不可变性、最小化可访问性、访问器方法
核心OOP概念：封装、继承、多态
对象创建模式：静态工厂方法、Builder、单例、依赖注入、避免不必要的对象
OOD代码异味：上帝类（God Class）、特性依恋（Feature Envy）、不当亲密（Inappropriate Intimacy）、被拒绝的遗赠（Refused Bequest）、霰弹式修改（Shotgun Surgery）、数据泥团（Data Clumps）
方法设计：参数验证、防御性拷贝、严谨的方法签名、返回空集合而非null、Optional的使用
异常处理：受检异常vs运行时异常、标准异常、捕获失败信息、不静默忽略异常

范围：参考资料按每个核心领域的示例（好/坏代码模式）组织。请根据适用的示例应用建议。

Constraints

约束条件

Before applying any OOD changes, ensure the project compiles. If compilation fails, stop immediately — do not proceed until resolved. After applying improvements, run full verification.

MANDATORY: Run
```
./mvnw compile
```
or
```
mvn compile
```
before applying any change
SAFETY: If compilation fails, stop immediately and do not proceed — compilation failure is a blocking condition
VERIFY: Run
```
./mvnw clean verify
```
or
```
mvn clean verify
```
after applying improvements
BEFORE APPLYING: Read the reference for detailed examples, good/bad patterns, and constraints

在应用任何OOD变更前，确保项目可编译。如果编译失败，请立即停止——问题解决前不要继续。应用改进后，运行完整验证。

强制要求：在应用任何变更前运行
```
./mvnw compile
```
或
```
mvn compile
```
安全要求：如果编译失败，立即停止且不要继续——编译失败是阻塞性条件
验证：应用改进后运行
```
./mvnw clean verify
```
或
```
mvn clean verify
```
应用前：阅读参考资料以获取详细示例、好/坏模式及约束条件

When to use this skill

何时使用本技能

Review Java code for object-oriented design
Refactor Java code for object-oriented design
Improve Java code for object-oriented design
Fix OOP concept misuse in Java code
Identify and resolve code smells in Java code
Improve object creation patterns in Java code
Improve method design in Java code
Improve exception handling in Java code

审查Java代码的面向对象设计
重构Java代码以优化面向对象设计
改进Java代码的面向对象设计质量
修复Java代码中的OOP概念误用问题
识别并解决Java代码中的代码异味
改进Java代码中的对象创建模式
改进Java代码中的方法设计
改进Java代码中的异常处理

Reference

参考资料

For detailed guidance, examples, and constraints, see references/121-java-object-oriented-design.md.

如需详细指导、示例和约束条件，请查看references/121-java-object-oriented-design.md。