step-functions

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AWS Step Functions

AWS Step Functions is a serverless orchestration service that lets you build and run workflows using state machines. Coordinate multiple AWS services into business-critical applications.

AWS Step Functions是一款无服务器编排服务，可让您借助状态机构建并运行工作流。将多个AWS服务协调到关键业务应用中。

Core Concepts

核心概念

Workflow Types

工作流类型

Type	Description	Pricing
Standard	Long-running, durable, exactly-once	Per state transition
Express	High-volume, short-duration	Per execution (time + memory)

类型	描述	定价
标准型	长期运行、持久化、精确一次执行	按状态转换次数计费
快速型	高吞吐量、短时长	按执行（时间+内存）计费

State Types

状态类型

State	Description
Task	Execute work (Lambda, API call)
Choice	Conditional branching
Parallel	Execute branches concurrently
Map	Iterate over array
Wait	Delay execution
Pass	Pass input to output
Succeed	End successfully
Fail	End with failure

状态	描述
Task	执行工作（Lambda、API调用）
Choice	条件分支
Parallel	并发执行分支任务
Map	遍历数组
Wait	延迟执行
Pass	将输入传递到输出
Succeed	成功结束
Fail	失败结束

Amazon States Language (ASL)

Amazon状态语言（ASL）

JSON-based language for defining state machines.

基于JSON的状态机定义语言。

Common Patterns

常见模式

Simple Lambda Workflow

简单Lambda工作流

json

{
  "Comment": "Process order workflow",
  "StartAt": "ValidateOrder",
  "States": {
    "ValidateOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:ValidateOrder",
      "Next": "ProcessPayment"
    },
    "ProcessPayment": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:ProcessPayment",
      "Next": "FulfillOrder"
    },
    "FulfillOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:FulfillOrder",
      "End": true
    }
  }
}

json

{
  "Comment": "Process order workflow",
  "StartAt": "ValidateOrder",
  "States": {
    "ValidateOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:ValidateOrder",
      "Next": "ProcessPayment"
    },
    "ProcessPayment": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:ProcessPayment",
      "Next": "FulfillOrder"
    },
    "FulfillOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:FulfillOrder",
      "End": true
    }
  }
}

Create State Machine

创建状态机

AWS CLI:

bash

aws stepfunctions create-state-machine \
  --name OrderWorkflow \
  --definition file://workflow.json \
  --role-arn arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/StepFunctionsRole \
  --type STANDARD

boto3:

python

import boto3
import json

sfn = boto3.client('stepfunctions')

definition = {
    "Comment": "Order workflow",
    "StartAt": "ProcessOrder",
    "States": {
        "ProcessOrder": {
            "Type": "Task",
            "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...",
            "End": True
        }
    }
}

response = sfn.create_state_machine(
    name='OrderWorkflow',
    definition=json.dumps(definition),
    roleArn='arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/StepFunctionsRole',
    type='STANDARD'
)

AWS CLI：

bash

aws stepfunctions create-state-machine \
  --name OrderWorkflow \
  --definition file://workflow.json \
  --role-arn arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/StepFunctionsRole \
  --type STANDARD

boto3：

python

import boto3
import json

sfn = boto3.client('stepfunctions')

definition = {
    "Comment": "Order workflow",
    "StartAt": "ProcessOrder",
    "States": {
        "ProcessOrder": {
            "Type": "Task",
            "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...",
            "End": True
        }
    }
}

response = sfn.create_state_machine(
    name='OrderWorkflow',
    definition=json.dumps(definition),
    roleArn='arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/StepFunctionsRole',
    type='STANDARD'
)

Start Execution

启动执行

python

import boto3
import json

sfn = boto3.client('stepfunctions')

response = sfn.start_execution(
    stateMachineArn='arn:aws:states:us-east-1:123456789012:stateMachine:OrderWorkflow',
    name='order-12345',
    input=json.dumps({
        'order_id': '12345',
        'customer_id': 'cust-789',
        'items': [{'product_id': 'prod-1', 'quantity': 2}]
    })
)

execution_arn = response['executionArn']

python

import boto3
import json

sfn = boto3.client('stepfunctions')

response = sfn.start_execution(
    stateMachineArn='arn:aws:states:us-east-1:123456789012:stateMachine:OrderWorkflow',
    name='order-12345',
    input=json.dumps({
        'order_id': '12345',
        'customer_id': 'cust-789',
        'items': [{'product_id': 'prod-1', 'quantity': 2}]
    })
)

execution_arn = response['executionArn']

Choice State (Conditional Logic)

选择状态（条件逻辑）

json

{
  "StartAt": "CheckOrderValue",
  "States": {
    "CheckOrderValue": {
      "Type": "Choice",
      "Choices": [
        {
          "Variable": "$.total",
          "NumericGreaterThan": 1000,
          "Next": "HighValueOrder"
        },
        {
          "Variable": "$.priority",
          "StringEquals": "rush",
          "Next": "RushOrder"
        }
      ],
      "Default": "StandardOrder"
    },
    "HighValueOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:ProcessHighValue",
      "End": true
    },
    "RushOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:ProcessRush",
      "End": true
    },
    "StandardOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:ProcessStandard",
      "End": true
    }
  }
}

json

{
  "StartAt": "CheckOrderValue",
  "States": {
    "CheckOrderValue": {
      "Type": "Choice",
      "Choices": [
        {
          "Variable": "$.total",
          "NumericGreaterThan": 1000,
          "Next": "HighValueOrder"
        },
        {
          "Variable": "$.priority",
          "StringEquals": "rush",
          "Next": "RushOrder"
        }
      ],
      "Default": "StandardOrder"
    },
    "HighValueOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:ProcessHighValue",
      "End": true
    },
    "RushOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:ProcessRush",
      "End": true
    },
    "StandardOrder": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:ProcessStandard",
      "End": true
    }
  }
}

Parallel Execution

并行执行

json

{
  "StartAt": "ProcessInParallel",
  "States": {
    "ProcessInParallel": {
      "Type": "Parallel",
      "Branches": [
        {
          "StartAt": "UpdateInventory",
          "States": {
            "UpdateInventory": {
              "Type": "Task",
              "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:UpdateInventory",
              "End": true
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "StartAt": "SendNotification",
          "States": {
            "SendNotification": {
              "Type": "Task",
              "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:SendNotification",
              "End": true
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "StartAt": "UpdateAnalytics",
          "States": {
            "UpdateAnalytics": {
              "Type": "Task",
              "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:UpdateAnalytics",
              "End": true
            }
          }
        }
      ],
      "Next": "Complete"
    },
    "Complete": {
      "Type": "Succeed"
    }
  }
}

json

{
  "StartAt": "ProcessInParallel",
  "States": {
    "ProcessInParallel": {
      "Type": "Parallel",
      "Branches": [
        {
          "StartAt": "UpdateInventory",
          "States": {
            "UpdateInventory": {
              "Type": "Task",
              "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:UpdateInventory",
              "End": true
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "StartAt": "SendNotification",
          "States": {
            "SendNotification": {
              "Type": "Task",
              "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:SendNotification",
              "End": true
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "StartAt": "UpdateAnalytics",
          "States": {
            "UpdateAnalytics": {
              "Type": "Task",
              "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:UpdateAnalytics",
              "End": true
            }
          }
        }
      ],
      "Next": "Complete"
    },
    "Complete": {
      "Type": "Succeed"
    }
  }
}

Map State (Iteration)

Map状态（迭代）

json

{
  "StartAt": "ProcessItems",
  "States": {
    "ProcessItems": {
      "Type": "Map",
      "ItemsPath": "$.items",
      "MaxConcurrency": 10,
      "Iterator": {
        "StartAt": "ProcessItem",
        "States": {
          "ProcessItem": {
            "Type": "Task",
            "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:ProcessItem",
            "End": true
          }
        }
      },
      "ResultPath": "$.processedItems",
      "End": true
    }
  }
}

json

{
  "StartAt": "ProcessItems",
  "States": {
    "ProcessItems": {
      "Type": "Map",
      "ItemsPath": "$.items",
      "MaxConcurrency": 10,
      "Iterator": {
        "StartAt": "ProcessItem",
        "States": {
          "ProcessItem": {
            "Type": "Task",
            "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:ProcessItem",
            "End": true
          }
        }
      },
      "ResultPath": "$.processedItems",
      "End": true
    }
  }
}

Error Handling

错误处理

json

{
  "StartAt": "ProcessWithRetry",
  "States": {
    "ProcessWithRetry": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:Process",
      "Retry": [
        {
          "ErrorEquals": ["Lambda.ServiceException", "Lambda.TooManyRequestsException"],
          "IntervalSeconds": 2,
          "MaxAttempts": 6,
          "BackoffRate": 2
        },
        {
          "ErrorEquals": ["States.Timeout"],
          "IntervalSeconds": 5,
          "MaxAttempts": 3,
          "BackoffRate": 1.5
        }
      ],
      "Catch": [
        {
          "ErrorEquals": ["CustomError"],
          "ResultPath": "$.error",
          "Next": "HandleCustomError"
        },
        {
          "ErrorEquals": ["States.ALL"],
          "ResultPath": "$.error",
          "Next": "HandleAllErrors"
        }
      ],
      "End": true
    },
    "HandleCustomError": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:HandleCustom",
      "End": true
    },
    "HandleAllErrors": {
      "Type": "Fail",
      "Error": "ProcessingFailed",
      "Cause": "An error occurred during processing"
    }
  }
}

json

{
  "StartAt": "ProcessWithRetry",
  "States": {
    "ProcessWithRetry": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:Process",
      "Retry": [
        {
          "ErrorEquals": ["Lambda.ServiceException", "Lambda.TooManyRequestsException"],
          "IntervalSeconds": 2,
          "MaxAttempts": 6,
          "BackoffRate": 2
        },
        {
          "ErrorEquals": ["States.Timeout"],
          "IntervalSeconds": 5,
          "MaxAttempts": 3,
          "BackoffRate": 1.5
        }
      ],
      "Catch": [
        {
          "ErrorEquals": ["CustomError"],
          "ResultPath": "$.error",
          "Next": "HandleCustomError"
        },
        {
          "ErrorEquals": ["States.ALL"],
          "ResultPath": "$.error",
          "Next": "HandleAllErrors"
        }
      ],
      "End": true
    },
    "HandleCustomError": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...:function:HandleCustom",
      "End": true
    },
    "HandleAllErrors": {
      "Type": "Fail",
      "Error": "ProcessingFailed",
      "Cause": "An error occurred during processing"
    }
  }
}

CLI Reference

CLI参考

State Machine Management

状态机管理

Command	Description
`aws stepfunctions create-state-machine`	Create state machine
`aws stepfunctions update-state-machine`	Update definition
`aws stepfunctions delete-state-machine`	Delete state machine
`aws stepfunctions list-state-machines`	List state machines
`aws stepfunctions describe-state-machine`	Get details

命令	描述
`aws stepfunctions create-state-machine`	创建状态机
`aws stepfunctions update-state-machine`	更新定义
`aws stepfunctions delete-state-machine`	删除状态机
`aws stepfunctions list-state-machines`	列出状态机
`aws stepfunctions describe-state-machine`	获取详情

Executions

执行管理

Command	Description
`aws stepfunctions start-execution`	Start execution
`aws stepfunctions stop-execution`	Stop execution
`aws stepfunctions describe-execution`	Get execution details
`aws stepfunctions list-executions`	List executions
`aws stepfunctions get-execution-history`	Get execution history

命令	描述
`aws stepfunctions start-execution`	启动执行
`aws stepfunctions stop-execution`	停止执行
`aws stepfunctions describe-execution`	获取执行详情
`aws stepfunctions list-executions`	列出执行记录
`aws stepfunctions get-execution-history`	获取执行历史

Best Practices

最佳实践

Design

设计建议

Keep states focused — one purpose per state
Use meaningful state names
Implement comprehensive error handling
Use Parallel for independent tasks
Use Map for batch processing

保持状态聚焦——每个状态单一职责
使用有意义的状态名称
实现全面的错误处理
对独立任务使用Parallel
对批量处理使用Map

Performance

性能优化

Use Express workflows for high-volume, short tasks
Set appropriate timeouts
Limit Map concurrency to avoid throttling
Use SDK integrations when possible (avoid Lambda wrapper)

对高吞吐量、短时长任务使用快速型工作流
设置合理的超时时间
限制Map并发数以避免节流
尽可能使用SDK集成（避免Lambda包装器）

Reliability

可靠性保障

Retry transient errors
Catch and handle specific errors
Use idempotent operations
Enable X-Ray tracing

重试临时错误
捕获并处理特定错误
使用幂等操作
启用X-Ray追踪

Cost Optimization

成本优化

Use Express for short workflows (< 5 minutes)
Combine related operations to reduce transitions
Use Wait states instead of Lambda delays

对短时长工作流（<5分钟）使用快速型
合并相关操作以减少状态转换次数
使用Wait状态替代Lambda延迟

Troubleshooting

故障排查

Execution Failed

执行失败

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Get execution history

aws stepfunctions get-execution-history
--execution-arn arn:aws:states:us-east-1:123456789012:execution:MyWorkflow:exec-123
--query 'events[?type==

TaskFailed

|| type==

ExecutionFailed

undefined

aws stepfunctions get-execution-history
--execution-arn arn:aws:states:us-east-1:123456789012:execution:MyWorkflow:exec-123
--query 'events[?type==

TaskFailed

|| type==

ExecutionFailed

undefined

Lambda Timeout

Lambda超时

Causes:

Lambda running too long
Task timeout too short

Fix:

json

{
  "Type": "Task",
  "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...",
  "TimeoutSeconds": 300,
  "HeartbeatSeconds": 60
}

原因：

Lambda运行时间过长
任务超时设置过短

修复方案：

json

{
  "Type": "Task",
  "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:...",
  "TimeoutSeconds": 300,
  "HeartbeatSeconds": 60
}

State Stuck

状态停滞

Check:

Task state waiting for callback
Wait state not yet elapsed
Activity worker not responding

检查项：

Task状态等待回调
Wait状态尚未到期
Activity Worker未响应

Invalid State Machine

无效状态机

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Validate definition

aws stepfunctions validate-state-machine-definition
--definition file://workflow.json

undefined

aws stepfunctions validate-state-machine-definition
--definition file://workflow.json

undefined

step-functions

Original

Translation

AWS Step Functions

AWS Step Functions

Table of Contents

目录

Core Concepts

核心概念

Workflow Types

工作流类型

State Types

状态类型

Amazon States Language (ASL)

Amazon状态语言（ASL）

Common Patterns

常见模式

Simple Lambda Workflow

简单Lambda工作流

Create State Machine

创建状态机

Start Execution

启动执行

Choice State (Conditional Logic)

选择状态（条件逻辑）

Parallel Execution

并行执行

Map State (Iteration)

Map状态（迭代）

Error Handling

错误处理

CLI Reference

CLI参考

State Machine Management

状态机管理

Executions

执行管理

Best Practices

最佳实践

Design

设计建议

Performance

性能优化

Reliability

可靠性保障

Cost Optimization

成本优化

Troubleshooting

故障排查

Execution Failed

执行失败

Get execution history

Get execution history

Lambda Timeout

Lambda超时

State Stuck

状态停滞

Invalid State Machine

无效状态机

Validate definition

Validate definition

References

参考资料