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use std::ffi::{CStr, CString};
use libc::c_int;

#[link(name = "curl")]
extern "C" {
    fn curl_version() -> *const libc::c_char;
    fn curl_easy_perform(curl: *mut c_int) -> c_int;
}

// ✅ Safe wrapper
fn get_version() -> String {
    unsafe {
        let ptr = curl_version();
        // SAFETY: curl_version returns valid null-terminated string
        CStr::from_ptr(ptr).to_string_lossy().into_owned()
    }
}

// ✅ Safe way to pass strings
fn process_c_string(s: &CStr) {
    // SAFETY: s is a valid CStr, ptr is valid for call duration
    unsafe {
        some_c_function(s.as_ptr());
    }
}

// Creating CString from Rust
fn get_c_string() -> Result<CString, std::ffi::NulError> {
    CString::new("hello")
}

// ❌ Dangerous: temporary CString
// let ptr = CString::new("hello").unwrap().as_ptr();  // Dangling!

// ✅ Correct: keep CString alive
let c_str = CString::new("hello")?;
let ptr = c_str.as_ptr();
// use ptr...
// c_str dropped here

extern "C" fn callback(data: *mut libc::c_void) {
    // SAFETY: data must be a valid pointer to UserData
    // Caller guarantees this invariant
    unsafe {
        let user_data: &mut UserData = &mut *(data as *mut UserData);
        user_data.count += 1;
    }
}

fn register_callback(callback: extern "C" fn(*mut c_void), data: *mut c_void) {
    unsafe {
        some_c_lib_register(callback, data);
    }
}

// Using cxx for safe C++ FFI
use cxx::CxxString;

#[cxx::bridge]
mod ffi {
    unsafe extern "C++" {
        include!("my_library.h");

        type MyClass;

        fn do_something(&self, input: i32) -> i32;
        fn get_data(&self) -> &CxxString;
    }
}

struct RustWrapper {
    inner: cxx::UniquePtr<ffi::MyClass>,
}

impl RustWrapper {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: ffi::create_my_class(),
        }
    }

    pub fn do_something(&self, input: i32) -> i32 {
        self.inner.do_something(input)
    }
}

fn call_c_api() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // SAFETY: c_function is properly initialized
    let result = unsafe { c_function_that_returns_int() };
    if result < 0 {
        return Err(format!("C API error: {}", result).into());
    }
    Ok(())
}

// Panics across FFI boundary = UB
// Must catch or prevent

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn safe_call() -> i32 {
    let result = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
        rust_code_that_might_panic()
    });

    match result {
        Ok(value) => value,
        Err(_) => -1,  // Error code
    }
}

// C++ exceptions → Rust panic (with cxx)
// Must catch at FFI boundary

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn safe_cpp_call(error_code: *mut i32) -> *const c_char {
    let result = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
        unsafe { cpp_function() }
    });

    match result {
        Ok(Ok(value)) => value.as_ptr(),
        Ok(Err(e)) => {
            if !error_code.is_null() {
                unsafe { *error_code = e.code(); }
            }
            std::ptr::null()
        }
        Err(_) => {
            if !error_code.is_null() {
                unsafe { *error_code = -999; }
            }
            std::ptr::null()
        }
    }
}

// ✅ Rust allocates, C borrows
#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn create_buffer(len: usize) -> *mut u8 {
    let mut buf = vec![0u8; len];
    let ptr = buf.as_mut_ptr();
    std::mem::forget(buf);  // Don't drop
    ptr
}

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn free_buffer(ptr: *mut u8, len: usize) {
    unsafe {
        // SAFETY: ptr was allocated by create_buffer with this len
        let _ = Vec::from_raw_parts(ptr, len, len);
    }  // Vec dropped, memory freed
}

Need to call C code?
  → Simple functions? Manual extern declarations
  → Complex API? Use bindgen
  → C++? Use cxx crate

Exporting to C?
  → Use cbindgen to generate headers
  → Mark functions #[no_mangle]
  → Use extern "C"

For every FFI call:
1. Document pointer validity requirements
2. Document lifetime expectations
3. Document thread safety assumptions
4. Document panic handling

unsafe FFI calls
  ↓
Safe private functions (validate inputs)
  ↓
Safe public API (no unsafe visible)

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