practice-cognition
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Chinese实践认识论
Practice Epistemology
"实践、认识、再实践、再认识，这种形式，循环往复以至无穷，而实践和认识之每一循环的内容，都比较地进到了高一级的程度。这就是辩证唯物论的全部认识论，这就是辩证唯物论的知行统一观。" —— 毛泽东《实践论》（1937年）
"Practice, knowledge,再 practice,再 knowledge. This form repeats itself infinitely, and the content of each cycle of practice and knowledge advances to a higher level. This is the whole epistemology of dialectical materialism, and this is the unity of knowledge and action of dialectical materialism." — Mao Zedong, On Practice (1937)
核心原则
Core Principles
一切真知都来源于实践。认识从实践中来，又必须回到实践中去验证和发展。这个循环永不终止，每一轮都比上一轮更接近真理。
在本项目的方法体系中， 负责把 从调查阶段推进到验证阶段。调查得到的判断，必须回到实践中经受检验；实践暴露的偏差，也必须回头修正原有认识。
实践认识论实事求是详细原著依据见 original-texts.md
All genuine knowledge originates from practice. Cognition comes from practice, and must return to practice for verification and development. This cycle never ends, and each round brings us closer to the truth than the previous one.
In the methodology system of this project, is responsible for advancing the principle of "Seeking Truth from Facts" from the investigation phase to the verification phase. Judgments obtained through investigation must be tested in practice; deviations exposed in practice must also be used to revise original cognitions in turn.
Practice EpistemologyFor detailed original text references, see original-texts.md
不适用场景
Inapplicable Scenarios
以下情况不需要调用此 skill：
- 任务是一次性输出，不需要迭代（如"帮我写一封邮件"）
- 用户已有明确的验证结论，只需要执行
- 当前处于"调查阶段"还未形成假说 —— 先调用
investigation-first - 问题的正确答案可以直接查阅（文档、API 参考）—— 不需要"实践检验"
You do not need to invoke this skill in the following situations:
- The task is a one-time output that requires no iteration (e.g. "Help me write an email")
- The user already has a clear verification conclusion and only needs execution
- You are currently in the "investigation phase" and have not yet formed a hypothesis — invoke first
investigation-first - The correct answer to the question can be directly consulted (documents, API references) — no need for "practice verification"
何时使用
When to Use
你应该在以下情况调用此 skill：
- 提出了一个方案或假说，需要验证其正确性
- 在学习一个新领域，需要从浅入深地理解
- 前一轮尝试失败了，需要总结经验进入下一轮迭代
- 发现自己在纯粹"想"而没有"做"（教条主义倾向）
- 发现自己在纯粹"做"而没有"想"（经验主义倾向）
- 需要决定一个方案是否正确，却缺乏实践检验
You should invoke this skill in the following situations:
- You have proposed a solution or hypothesis that needs to be verified for correctness
- You are learning a new field and need to understand it from the basic to the advanced level
- The previous round of attempts failed, and you need to sum up experience for the next iteration
- You find yourself purely "thinking" without "doing" (dogmatism tendency)
- You find yourself purely "doing" without "thinking" (empiricism tendency)
- You need to decide whether a solution is correct but lack practical verification
方法流程
Method Process
第一步：投入实践，获取感性认识
Step 1: Engage in practice to acquire perceptual knowledge
"你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得变革梨子，亲口吃一吃。"——《实践论》
直接接触问题本身。不要只看文档、只读理论——要亲自动手、亲自体验、亲自调查。
关键： 在这一步，不急于下结论。耐心观察，积累印象和数据。
"If you want to know the taste of a pear, you must change the pear by eating it yourself." — On Practice
Directly contact the problem itself. Don't just read documents or theories — you have to do it yourself, experience it yourself, and investigate it yourself.
Key point: Do not rush to draw conclusions at this step. Observe patiently, accumulate impressions and data.
第二步：从感性认识飞跃到理性认识
Step 2: Leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge
"感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，只有理解了的东西才更深刻地感觉它。"——《实践论》
将第一步积累的散乱印象进行整理、分析、综合：
- 从现象中提炼规律
- 从个别中归纳一般
- 形成假说、模型或方案
警惕教条主义： 不要套用现成的理论模板。你的理性认识必须从你的具体实践中生长出来。
警惕经验主义： 不要停留在零散的经验上。必须把经验提升为系统的理论。
"What we feel we cannot immediately understand, and only what we understand can we feel more deeply." — On Practice
Organize, analyze and synthesize the scattered impressions accumulated in the first step:
- Extract laws from phenomena
- Induce the general from the individual
- Form hypotheses, models or solutions
Beware of dogmatism: Do not apply ready-made theoretical templates. Your rational knowledge must grow out of your specific practice.
Beware of empiricism: Do not stay on scattered experience. You must upgrade experience into systematic theory.
第三步：回到实践中验证
Step 3: Return to practice for verification
"认识的能动作用，不但表现于从感性的认识到理性的认识之能动的飞跃，更重要的还须表现于从理性的认识到革命的实践这一个飞跃。"——《实践论》
将第二步形成的理论、方案、假说拿回到实践中去检验：
- 制定具体的验证计划
- 执行验证
- 观察结果是否符合预期
这一步比第二步更重要。 理论再漂亮，不经实践检验就没有意义。
实事求是的要求在这里最严格： 不能因为自己喜欢某个方案，就把失败解释成偶然；也不能因为一次碰壁，就否认全部经验。
"The dynamic role of cognition is not only manifested in the dynamic leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, but more importantly, in the leap from rational knowledge to revolutionary practice." — On Practice
Bring the theory, solution, and hypothesis formed in the second step back to practice for testing:
- Develop a specific verification plan
- Perform verification
- Observe whether the results meet expectations
This step is more important than the second step. No matter how beautiful a theory is, it is meaningless without being tested by practice.
The requirement of seeking truth from facts is the strictest here: Don't interpret failure as accidental just because you like a certain solution; don't deny all experience just because you hit a wall once.
第四步：评估——实践是唯一标准
Step 4: Evaluate — Practice is the only criterion
"真理的标准只能是社会实践。"——《实践论》
根据实践结果评估认识是否正确：
- 成功 → 认识基本正确，进入下一轮深化
- 失败 → 认识有误，回到第一步重新实践和认识
- 部分成功 → 认识部分正确，需要修正和补充
不要用"我觉得对"来替代实践验证。 主观感觉不是真理标准。
不要用"理论上应该对"来替代实践结果。 事实没有支持，结论就必须收回或修正。
"The criterion of truth can only be social practice." — On Practice
Evaluate whether the cognition is correct according to the practice results:
- Success → Cognition is basically correct, enter the next round of deepening
- Failure → Cognition is wrong, return to the first step to re-practice and re-recognize
- Partial success → Cognition is partially correct, need to be revised and supplemented
Do not use "I think it is right" to replace practice verification. Subjective feeling is not the criterion of truth.
Do not use "it should be right in theory" to replace practice results. If facts do not support it, the conclusion must be withdrawn or revised.
第五步：螺旋上升，进入下一轮循环
Step 5: Spiral up and enter the next cycle
"实践、认识、再实践、再认识，这种形式，循环往复以至无穷。"——《实践论》
一轮循环结束不是终点，而是下一轮更高层次循环的起点：
- 总结本轮经验教训
- 在新的认识基础上开展新的实践
- 每一轮都比上一轮更深入、更接近真理
永远不要认为认识已经"完成"了。
"Practice, knowledge,再 practice,再 knowledge. This form repeats itself infinitely." — On Practice
The end of one cycle is not the end point, but the starting point of the next higher-level cycle:
- Summarize the experience and lessons of this round
- Carry out new practice on the basis of new cognition
- Each round is deeper and closer to the truth than the previous one
Never think that cognition has been "completed".
两种错误倾向
Two Wrong Tendencies
教条主义（理论脱离实践）
Dogmatism (theory divorced from practice)
"墙上芦苇，头重脚轻根底浅"——《改造我们的学习》
表现：
- 只引用理论/文档/最佳实践，不验证是否适用于当前具体情况
- 照搬别人的方案，不考虑自己的特殊条件
- 用"理论上应该如此"来回避实践验证
纠正：立即投入实践，用事实检验理论。
"Reeds on the wall are top-heavy and have shallow roots" — Reform Our Study
Manifestations:
- Only quote theories/documents/best practices, without verifying whether they apply to the current specific situation
- Copy other people's solutions regardless of your own special conditions
- Use "it should be so in theory" to avoid practice verification
Correction: Engage in practice immediately and test the theory with facts.
经验主义（实践脱离理论）
Empiricism (practice divorced from theory)
"山间竹笋，嘴尖皮厚腹中空"——《改造我们的学习》
表现：
- 凭感觉和经验行事，不总结规律
- 做了很多事但说不清为什么这样做
- 把局部经验当作普遍真理
纠正：停下来整理经验，提升为系统的理论认识。
"Bamboo shoots in the mountains have sharp mouths, thick skins and empty bellies" — Reform Our Study
Manifestations:
- Act based on feeling and experience, without summarizing laws
- Do a lot of things but can't explain why you do it
- Treat local experience as universal truth
Correction: Stop to organize experience and upgrade it to systematic theoretical cognition.
常见错误
Common Mistakes
| 错误 | 毛泽东的批评 | 正确做法 |
|---|---|---|
| 不经验证就宣称方案正确 | "真理的标准只能是社会实践" | 先验证，后结论 |
| 一次失败就放弃 | "一个正确的认识，往往需要经过...多次的反复" | 失败是认识过程的一部分，总结后再来 |
| 照搬别人的做法 | "对于具体的事物作具体的分析" | 研究自己的具体情况 |
| 只做不想 | 经验主义——"把局部经验误认为即是普遍真理" | 把经验提升为理论 |
| 只想不做 | 教条主义——"头重脚轻根底浅" | 理论必须回到实践验证 |
| Mistake | Mao Zedong's Criticism | Correct Approach |
|---|---|---|
| Declare the solution correct without verification | "The criterion of truth can only be social practice" | Verify first, then draw conclusions |
| Give up after one failure | "A correct cognition often requires... multiple repetitions" | Failure is part of the cognition process, sum up and try again |
| Copy other people's practices | "Make a concrete analysis of concrete things" | Study your own specific situation |
| Only do without thinking | Empiricism — "mistake local experience for universal truth" | Upgrade experience to theory |
| Only think without doing | Dogmatism — "top-heavy with shallow roots" | Theory must be returned to practice for verification |
操作规程
Operating Procedures
当本 skill 被触发时，明确宣告当前所处的认识循环阶段，并执行对应动作：
阶段判断（每次进入必须先做，选一个）：
- "我目前处于：感性认识阶段（正在积累第一手材料）"
- "我目前处于：理性认识形成阶段（正在从现象提炼规律）"
- "我目前处于：实践验证阶段（正在检验假说/方案）"
- "我目前处于：总结升华阶段（正在将验证结果升华为新认识）"
各阶段的具体动作：
| 阶段 | 必须做的事 | 禁止做的事 |
|---|---|---|
| 感性认识 | 读代码/文档/输出，记录具体事实 | 过早给出结论 |
| 理性认识 | 写出"我的假说是：……" | 直接实现未验证的假说 |
| 实践验证 | 运行/执行，观察结果 vs 预期 | 把"感觉对"当作验证通过 |
| 总结升华 | 写出"本轮学到的是：……，下轮将……" | 不总结就直接开始下一轮 |
循环终止条件（必须在开始循环前明确说明）：
"当 [具体条件] 时，我认为本轮实践认识循环完成。"
When this skill is triggered, clearly announce the current stage of the cognition cycle and perform the corresponding actions:
Stage judgment (must be done first every time you enter, choose one):
- "I am currently in: Perceptual knowledge stage (accumulating first-hand materials)"
- "I am currently in: Rational knowledge formation stage (extracting laws from phenomena)"
- "I am currently in: Practice verification stage (testing hypotheses/solutions)"
- "I am currently in: Summary and sublimation stage (sublimating verification results into new cognitions)"
Specific actions for each stage:
| Stage | Must-do | Forbidden |
|---|---|---|
| Perceptual knowledge | Read code/documents/output, record specific facts | Draw conclusions prematurely |
| Rational knowledge | Write "My hypothesis is: …" | Directly implement unvalidated hypotheses |
| Practice verification | Run/execute, observe results vs expectations | Treat "feeling right" as passing verification |
| Summary and sublimation | Write "What I learned in this round is: …, the next round will …" | Start the next round directly without summarizing |
Cycle termination conditions (must be clearly stated before starting the cycle):
"When [specific conditions], I consider this round of practice-knowledge cycle completed."
与其他 skill 的关系
Relationship with Other Skills
- 矛盾分析法：在实践中识别出的矛盾，需要用矛盾分析法来深入剖析
- 调查研究：实践的第一步往往就是调查研究，调查负责占有材料，实践负责检验结论
- 批评与自我批评：每轮循环结束时的反思就是自我批评
- 持久战略：实践认识论的螺旋上升与持久战的阶段性推进相辅相成
- Contradiction Analysis Method: Contradictions identified in practice need to be deeply analyzed with the contradiction analysis method
- Investigation and Research: The first step of practice is often investigation and research. Investigation is responsible for occupying materials, and practice is responsible for testing conclusions
- Criticism and Self-Criticism: The reflection at the end of each cycle is self-criticism
- Protracted Strategy: The spiral rise of practice epistemology complements the phased advancement of the protracted war strategy