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Unit Testing ExceptionHandler and ControllerAdvice

@ExceptionHandler与@ControllerAdvice的单元测试

Test exception handlers and global exception handling logic using MockMvc. Verify error response formatting, HTTP status codes, and exception-to-response mapping.
使用MockMvc测试异常处理器和全局异常处理逻辑。验证错误响应格式、HTTP状态码以及异常到响应的映射。

When to Use This Skill

何时使用该技能

Use this skill when:
  • Testing @ExceptionHandler methods in @ControllerAdvice
  • Testing exception-to-error-response transformations
  • Verifying HTTP status codes for different exception types
  • Testing error message formatting and localization
  • Want fast exception handler tests without full integration tests
在以下场景中使用该技能：
  • 测试@ControllerAdvice中的@ExceptionHandler方法
  • 测试异常到错误响应的转换
  • 验证不同异常类型对应的HTTP状态码
  • 测试错误消息的格式与本地化
  • 希望在不进行完整集成测试的情况下快速测试异常处理器

Setup: Exception Handler Testing

环境搭建：异常处理器测试

Maven

Maven

xml
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
  <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.assertj</groupId>
  <artifactId>assertj-core</artifactId>
  <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
xml
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
  <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.assertj</groupId>
  <artifactId>assertj-core</artifactId>
  <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

Gradle

Gradle

kotlin
dependencies {
  implementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web")
  testImplementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test")
  testImplementation("org.assertj:assertj-core")
}
kotlin
dependencies {
  implementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web")
  testImplementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test")
  testImplementation("org.assertj:assertj-core")
}

Basic Pattern: Global Exception Handler

基础模式：全局异常处理器

Create Exception Handler

创建异常处理器

java
// Global exception handler
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

  @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
  public ErrorResponse handleResourceNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(
      HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND.value(),
      "Resource not found",
      ex.getMessage()
    );
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(ValidationException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
  public ErrorResponse handleValidationException(ValidationException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(
      HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value(),
      "Validation failed",
      ex.getMessage()
    );
  }
}

// Error response DTO
public record ErrorResponse(
  int status,
  String error,
  String message
) {}
java
// Global exception handler
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

  @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
  public ErrorResponse handleResourceNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(
      HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND.value(),
      "Resource not found",
      ex.getMessage()
    );
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(ValidationException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
  public ErrorResponse handleValidationException(ValidationException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(
      HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value(),
      "Validation failed",
      ex.getMessage()
    );
  }
}

// Error response DTO
public record ErrorResponse(
  int status,
  String error,
  String message
) {}

Unit Test Exception Handler

异常处理器的单元测试

java
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
import org.mockito.InjectMocks;
import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class GlobalExceptionHandlerTest {

  @InjectMocks
  private GlobalExceptionHandler exceptionHandler;

  private MockMvc mockMvc;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
      .standaloneSetup(new TestController())
      .setControllerAdvice(exceptionHandler)
      .build();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturnNotFoundWhenResourceNotFoundException() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/999"))
      .andExpect(status().isNotFound())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(404))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.error").value("Resource not found"))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.message").value("User not found"));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturnBadRequestWhenValidationException() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(post("/api/users")
        .contentType("application/json")
        .content("{\"name\":\"\"}"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(400))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.error").value("Validation failed"));
  }
}

// Test controller that throws exceptions
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
class TestController {

  @GetMapping("/users/{id}")
  public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
    throw new ResourceNotFoundException("User not found");
  }
}
java
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
import org.mockito.InjectMocks;
import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class GlobalExceptionHandlerTest {

  @InjectMocks
  private GlobalExceptionHandler exceptionHandler;

  private MockMvc mockMvc;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
      .standaloneSetup(new TestController())
      .setControllerAdvice(exceptionHandler)
      .build();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturnNotFoundWhenResourceNotFoundException() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/999"))
      .andExpect(status().isNotFound())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(404))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.error").value("Resource not found"))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.message").value("User not found"));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturnBadRequestWhenValidationException() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(post("/api/users")
        .contentType("application/json")
        .content("{\"name\":\"\"}"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(400))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.error").value("Validation failed"));
  }
}

// Test controller that throws exceptions
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
class TestController {

  @GetMapping("/users/{id}")
  public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
    throw new ResourceNotFoundException("User not found");
  }
}

Testing Multiple Exception Types

测试多种异常类型

Handle Various Exception Types

处理各类异常类型

java
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

  @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
  public ErrorResponse handleResourceNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(404, "Not found", ex.getMessage());
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(DuplicateResourceException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CONFLICT)
  public ErrorResponse handleDuplicateResource(DuplicateResourceException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(409, "Conflict", ex.getMessage());
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(UnauthorizedException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
  public ErrorResponse handleUnauthorized(UnauthorizedException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(401, "Unauthorized", ex.getMessage());
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(AccessDeniedException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN)
  public ErrorResponse handleAccessDenied(AccessDeniedException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(403, "Forbidden", ex.getMessage());
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
  public ErrorResponse handleGenericException(Exception ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(500, "Internal server error", "An unexpected error occurred");
  }
}

class MultiExceptionHandlerTest {

  private MockMvc mockMvc;
  private GlobalExceptionHandler handler;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    handler = new GlobalExceptionHandler();
    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
      .standaloneSetup(new TestController())
      .setControllerAdvice(handler)
      .build();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn404ForNotFound() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/999"))
      .andExpect(status().isNotFound())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(404));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn409ForDuplicate() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(post("/api/users")
        .contentType("application/json")
        .content("{\"email\":\"existing@example.com\"}"))
      .andExpect(status().isConflict())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(409));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn401ForUnauthorized() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/admin/dashboard"))
      .andExpect(status().isUnauthorized())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(401));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn403ForAccessDenied() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/admin/users"))
      .andExpect(status().isForbidden())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(403));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn500ForGenericException() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/error"))
      .andExpect(status().isInternalServerError())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(500));
  }
}
java
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

  @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
  public ErrorResponse handleResourceNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(404, "Not found", ex.getMessage());
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(DuplicateResourceException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CONFLICT)
  public ErrorResponse handleDuplicateResource(DuplicateResourceException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(409, "Conflict", ex.getMessage());
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(UnauthorizedException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
  public ErrorResponse handleUnauthorized(UnauthorizedException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(401, "Unauthorized", ex.getMessage());
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(AccessDeniedException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN)
  public ErrorResponse handleAccessDenied(AccessDeniedException ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(403, "Forbidden", ex.getMessage());
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
  public ErrorResponse handleGenericException(Exception ex) {
    return new ErrorResponse(500, "Internal server error", "An unexpected error occurred");
  }
}

class MultiExceptionHandlerTest {

  private MockMvc mockMvc;
  private GlobalExceptionHandler handler;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    handler = new GlobalExceptionHandler();
    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
      .standaloneSetup(new TestController())
      .setControllerAdvice(handler)
      .build();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn404ForNotFound() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/999"))
      .andExpect(status().isNotFound())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(404));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn409ForDuplicate() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(post("/api/users")
        .contentType("application/json")
        .content("{\"email\":\"existing@example.com\"}"))
      .andExpect(status().isConflict())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(409));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn401ForUnauthorized() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/admin/dashboard"))
      .andExpect(status().isUnauthorized())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(401));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn403ForAccessDenied() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/admin/users"))
      .andExpect(status().isForbidden())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(403));
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturn500ForGenericException() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/error"))
      .andExpect(status().isInternalServerError())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(500));
  }
}

Testing Error Response Structure

测试错误响应结构

Verify Error Response Format

验证错误响应格式

java
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

  @ExceptionHandler(BadRequestException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
  public ResponseEntity<ErrorDetails> handleBadRequest(BadRequestException ex) {
    ErrorDetails details = new ErrorDetails(
      System.currentTimeMillis(),
      HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value(),
      "Bad Request",
      ex.getMessage(),
      new Date()
    );
    return new ResponseEntity<>(details, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
  }
}

class ErrorResponseStructureTest {

  private MockMvc mockMvc;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
      .standaloneSetup(new TestController())
      .setControllerAdvice(new GlobalExceptionHandler())
      .build();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldIncludeTimestampInErrorResponse() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(post("/api/data")
        .contentType("application/json")
        .content("{}"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.timestamp").exists())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(400))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.error").value("Bad Request"))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.message").exists())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.date").exists());
  }

  @Test
  void shouldIncludeAllRequiredErrorFields() throws Exception {
    MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/api/invalid"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andReturn();

    String response = result.getResponse().getContentAsString();
    
    assertThat(response).contains("timestamp");
    assertThat(response).contains("status");
    assertThat(response).contains("error");
    assertThat(response).contains("message");
  }
}
java
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

  @ExceptionHandler(BadRequestException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
  public ResponseEntity<ErrorDetails> handleBadRequest(BadRequestException ex) {
    ErrorDetails details = new ErrorDetails(
      System.currentTimeMillis(),
      HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value(),
      "Bad Request",
      ex.getMessage(),
      new Date()
    );
    return new ResponseEntity<>(details, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
  }
}

class ErrorResponseStructureTest {

  private MockMvc mockMvc;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
      .standaloneSetup(new TestController())
      .setControllerAdvice(new GlobalExceptionHandler())
      .build();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldIncludeTimestampInErrorResponse() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(post("/api/data")
        .contentType("application/json")
        .content("{}"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.timestamp").exists())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(400))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.error").value("Bad Request"))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.message").exists())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.date").exists());
  }

  @Test
  void shouldIncludeAllRequiredErrorFields() throws Exception {
    MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/api/invalid"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andReturn();

    String response = result.getResponse().getContentAsString();
    
    assertThat(response).contains("timestamp");
    assertThat(response).contains("status");
    assertThat(response).contains("error");
    assertThat(response).contains("message");
  }
}

Testing Validation Error Handling

测试带自定义逻辑的异常处理器

Handle MethodArgumentNotValidException

带上下文的异常处理器

java
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

  @ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
  public ValidationErrorResponse handleValidationException(
    MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
    
    Map<String, String> errors = new HashMap<>();
    ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors().forEach(error ->
      errors.put(error.getField(), error.getDefaultMessage())
    );

    return new ValidationErrorResponse(
      HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value(),
      "Validation failed",
      errors
    );
  }
}

class ValidationExceptionHandlerTest {

  private MockMvc mockMvc;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
      .standaloneSetup(new UserController())
      .setControllerAdvice(new GlobalExceptionHandler())
      .build();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldReturnValidationErrorsForInvalidInput() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(post("/api/users")
        .contentType("application/json")
        .content("{\"name\":\"\",\"age\":-5}"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.status").value(400))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.errors.name").exists())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.errors.age").exists());
  }

  @Test
  void shouldIncludeErrorMessageForEachField() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(post("/api/users")
        .contentType("application/json")
        .content("{\"name\":\"\",\"email\":\"invalid\"}"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.errors.name").value("must not be blank"))
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.errors.email").value("must be valid email"));
  }
}
java
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

  private final MessageService messageService;
  private final LoggingService loggingService;

  public GlobalExceptionHandler(MessageService messageService, LoggingService loggingService) {
    this.messageService = messageService;
    this.loggingService = loggingService;
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
  public ErrorResponse handleBusinessException(BusinessException ex, HttpServletRequest request) {
    loggingService.logException(ex, request.getRequestURI());
    
    String localizedMessage = messageService.getMessage(ex.getErrorCode());
    return new ErrorResponse(
      HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value(),
      "Business error",
      localizedMessage
    );
  }
}

class ExceptionHandlerWithContextTest {

  private MockMvc mockMvc;
  private GlobalExceptionHandler handler;
  private MessageService messageService;
  private LoggingService loggingService;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    messageService = mock(MessageService.class);
    loggingService = mock(LoggingService.class);
    handler = new GlobalExceptionHandler(messageService, loggingService);
    
    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
      .standaloneSetup(new TestController())
      .setControllerAdvice(handler)
      .build();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldLocalizeErrorMessage() throws Exception {
    when(messageService.getMessage("USER_NOT_FOUND"))
      .thenReturn("L'utilisateur n'a pas été trouvé");

    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/999"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.message").value("L'utilisateur n'a pas été trouvé"));

    verify(messageService).getMessage("USER_NOT_FOUND");
  }

  @Test
  void shouldLogExceptionOccurrence() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/999"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest());

    verify(loggingService).logException(any(BusinessException.class), anyString());
  }
}

Testing Exception Handler with Custom Logic

最佳实践

Exception Handler with Context

—
java
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

  private final MessageService messageService;
  private final LoggingService loggingService;

  public GlobalExceptionHandler(MessageService messageService, LoggingService loggingService) {
    this.messageService = messageService;
    this.loggingService = loggingService;
  }

  @ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)
  @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
  public ErrorResponse handleBusinessException(BusinessException ex, HttpServletRequest request) {
    loggingService.logException(ex, request.getRequestURI());
    
    String localizedMessage = messageService.getMessage(ex.getErrorCode());
    return new ErrorResponse(
      HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value(),
      "Business error",
      localizedMessage
    );
  }
}

class ExceptionHandlerWithContextTest {

  private MockMvc mockMvc;
  private GlobalExceptionHandler handler;
  private MessageService messageService;
  private LoggingService loggingService;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    messageService = mock(MessageService.class);
    loggingService = mock(LoggingService.class);
    handler = new GlobalExceptionHandler(messageService, loggingService);
    
    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
      .standaloneSetup(new TestController())
      .setControllerAdvice(handler)
      .build();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldLocalizeErrorMessage() throws Exception {
    when(messageService.getMessage("USER_NOT_FOUND"))
      .thenReturn("L'utilisateur n'a pas été trouvé");

    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/999"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
      .andExpect(jsonPath("$.message").value("L'utilisateur n'a pas été trouvé"));

    verify(messageService).getMessage("USER_NOT_FOUND");
  }

  @Test
  void shouldLogExceptionOccurrence() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/999"))
      .andExpect(status().isBadRequest());

    verify(loggingService).logException(any(BusinessException.class), anyString());
  }
}
  • 测试所有异常处理器：通过实际抛出异常进行测试
  • 验证HTTP状态码：针对每种异常类型进行验证
  • 测试错误响应结构：确保一致性
  • 验证日志：确保日志被正确触发
  • 使用模拟控制器：在测试中抛出异常
  • 测试正常路径与错误路径：两者都要覆盖
  • 保持错误消息友好且一致：提升用户体验

Best Practices

常见陷阱

  • Test all exception handlers with real exception throws
  • Verify HTTP status codes for each exception type
  • Test error response structure to ensure consistency
  • Verify logging is triggered appropriately
  • Use mock controllers to throw exceptions in tests
  • Test both happy and error paths
  • Keep error messages user-friendly and consistent
  • 未测试完整请求路径：使用MockMvc结合控制器进行测试
  • 忘记在MockMvc配置中添加
    @ControllerAdvice
  • 未验证错误响应中的所有必填字段
  • 测试处理器逻辑而非异常处理行为
  • 未测试边缘情况（空异常、异常消息等）

Common Pitfalls

故障排除

  • Not testing the full request path (use MockMvc with controller)
  • Forgetting to include 
    @ControllerAdvice
    in MockMvc setup
  • Not verifying all required fields in error response
  • Testing handler logic instead of exception handling behavior
  • Not testing edge cases (null exceptions, unusual messages)
异常处理器未被调用：确保控制器已注册到MockMvc，并且确实抛出了异常。
JsonPath匹配器不匹配：使用
.andDo(print())
查看实际响应结构。
状态码不匹配：验证处理器方法上的
@ResponseStatus
注解。

Troubleshooting

参考资料

Exception handler not invoked: Ensure controller is registered with MockMvc and actually throws the exception.
JsonPath matchers not matching: Use 
.andDo(print())
to see actual response structure.
Status code mismatch: Verify 
@ResponseStatus
annotation on handler method.

References

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