legacy-circuit-mockups

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Legacy Circuit Mockups

复古电路模型制作

A skill for creating breadboard circuit mockups and visual diagrams for retro computing and electronics projects. This skill leverages HTML5 Canvas drawing mechanisms to render interactive circuit layouts featuring vintage components like the 6502 microprocessor, 555 timer ICs, EEPROMs, and 7400-series logic gates.

这是一项为复古计算和电子项目创建面包板电路模型和可视化图表的技能。该技能利用HTML5 Canvas绘图机制渲染交互式电路布局，包含6502微处理器、555定时器IC、EEPROM和7400系列逻辑门等老式元件。

When to Use This Skill

何时使用此技能

User asks to "create a breadboard layout" or "mockup a circuit"
User wants to visualize component placement on a breadboard
User needs a visual reference for building a 6502 computer
User asks to "draw a circuit" or "diagram electronics"
User wants to create educational electronics visuals
User mentions Ben Eater tutorials or retro computing projects
User asks to mockup 555 timer circuits or LED projects
User needs to visualize wire connections between components

用户要求“创建面包板布局”或“制作电路模型”
用户希望可视化面包板上的元件放置
用户需要构建6502计算机的视觉参考
用户要求“绘制电路”或“制作电子图表”
用户想要创建电子教学可视化内容
用户提到Ben Eater教程或复古计算项目
用户要求制作555定时器电路或LED项目模型
用户需要可视化元件之间的导线连接

Prerequisites

前提条件

Understanding of component pinouts from bundled reference files
Knowledge of breadboard layout conventions (rows, columns, power rails)

了解捆绑参考文件中的元件引脚分布
熟悉面包板布局规范（行、列、电源轨）

Supported Components

支持的元件

Microprocessors & Memory

微处理器与存储器

Component	Pins	Description
W65C02S	40-pin DIP	8-bit microprocessor with 16-bit address bus
28C256	28-pin DIP	32KB parallel EEPROM
W65C22	40-pin DIP	Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA)
62256	28-pin DIP	32KB static RAM

元件	引脚数	描述
W65C02S	40引脚DIP	带16位地址总线的8位微处理器
28C256	28引脚DIP	32KB并行EEPROM
W65C22	40引脚DIP	多功能接口适配器（VIA）
62256	28引脚DIP	32KB静态RAM

Logic & Timer ICs

逻辑与定时器IC

Component	Pins	Description
NE555	8-pin DIP	Timer IC for timing and oscillation
7400	14-pin DIP	Quad 2-input NAND gate
7402	14-pin DIP	Quad 2-input NOR gate
7404	14-pin DIP	Hex inverter (NOT gate)
7408	14-pin DIP	Quad 2-input AND gate
7432	14-pin DIP	Quad 2-input OR gate

元件	引脚数	描述
NE555	8引脚DIP	用于定时和振荡的定时器IC
7400	14引脚DIP	四2输入与非门
7402	14引脚DIP	四2输入或非门
7404	14引脚DIP	六反相器（非门）
7408	14引脚DIP	四2输入与门
7432	14引脚DIP	四2输入或门

Passive & Active Components

无源与有源元件

Component	Description
LED	Light emitting diode (various colors)
Resistor	Current limiting (configurable values)
Capacitor	Filtering and timing (ceramic/electrolytic)
Crystal	Clock oscillator
Switch	Toggle switch (latching)
Button	Momentary push button
Potentiometer	Variable resistor
Photoresistor	Light-dependent resistor

元件	描述
LED	发光二极管（多种颜色）
电阻器	限流（可配置阻值）
电容器	滤波和定时（陶瓷/电解）
晶体	时钟振荡器
开关	拨动开关（锁存型）
按钮	瞬时按键
电位器	可变电阻器
光敏电阻	光敏型电阻器

Grid System

网格系统

javascript

// Standard breadboard grid: 20px spacing
const gridSize = 20;
const cellX = Math.floor(x / gridSize) * gridSize;
const cellY = Math.floor(y / gridSize) * gridSize;

javascript

// Standard breadboard grid: 20px spacing
const gridSize = 20;
const cellX = Math.floor(x / gridSize) * gridSize;
const cellY = Math.floor(y / gridSize) * gridSize;

Component Rendering Pattern

元件渲染模式

javascript

// All components follow this structure:
{
  type: 'component-type',
  x: gridX,
  y: gridY,
  width: componentWidth,
  height: componentHeight,
  rotation: 0,  // 0, 90, 180, 270
  properties: { /* component-specific data */ }
}

javascript

// All components follow this structure:
{
  type: 'component-type',
  x: gridX,
  y: gridY,
  width: componentWidth,
  height: componentHeight,
  rotation: 0,  // 0, 90, 180, 270
  properties: { /* component-specific data */ }
}

Wire Connections

导线连接

javascript

// Wire connection format:
{
  start: { x: startX, y: startY },
  end: { x: endX, y: endY },
  color: '#ff0000'  // Wire color coding
}

javascript

// Wire connection format:
{
  start: { x: startX, y: startY },
  end: { x: endX, y: endY },
  color: '#ff0000'  // Wire color coding
}

Step-by-Step Workflows

分步工作流程

Creating a Basic LED Circuit Mockup

创建基础LED电路模型

Define breadboard dimensions and grid
Place power rail connections (+5V and GND)
Add LED component with anode/cathode orientation
Place current-limiting resistor
Draw wire connections between components
Add labels and annotations

定义面包板尺寸和网格
放置电源轨连接（+5V和GND）
添加带正负极方向的LED元件
放置限流电阻器
绘制元件之间的导线连接
添加标签和注释

Creating a 555 Timer Circuit

创建555定时器电路

Place NE555 IC on breadboard (pins 1-4 left, 5-8 right)
Connect pin 1 (GND) to ground rail
Connect pin 8 (Vcc) to power rail
Add timing resistors and capacitors
Wire trigger and threshold connections
Connect output to LED or other load

将NE555 IC放置在面包板中央通道两侧
将引脚1（GND）连接到地轨
将引脚8（Vcc）连接到电源轨
添加定时电阻器和电容器
连接触发和阈值引脚
将输出连接到LED或其他负载

Creating a 6502 Microprocessor Layout

创建6502微处理器布局

Place W65C02S centered on breadboard
Add 28C256 EEPROM for program storage
Place W65C22 VIA for I/O
Add 7400-series logic for address decoding
Wire address bus (A0-A15)
Wire data bus (D0-D7)
Connect control signals (R/W, PHI2, RESB)
Add reset button and clock crystal

将W65C02S放置在面包板中央
添加28C256 EEPROM用于程序存储
放置W65C22 VIA用于I/O
添加7400系列逻辑门进行地址解码
连接地址总线（A0-A15）
连接数据总线（D0-D7）
连接控制信号（R/W, PHI2, RESB）
添加复位按钮和时钟晶体

Component Pinout Quick Reference

元件引脚快速参考

555 Timer (8-pin DIP)

555定时器（8引脚DIP）

Pin	Name	Function
1	GND	Ground (0V)
2	TRIG	Trigger (< 1/3 Vcc starts timing)
3	OUT	Output (source/sink 200mA)
4	RESET	Active-low reset
5	CTRL	Control voltage (bypass with 10nF)
6	THR	Threshold (> 2/3 Vcc resets)
7	DIS	Discharge (open collector)
8	Vcc	Supply (+4.5V to +16V)

引脚	名称	功能
1	GND	接地（0V）
2	TRIG	触发（< 1/3 Vcc时启动定时）
3	OUT	输出（可源/ sink 200mA电流）
4	RESET	低电平有效复位
5	CTRL	控制电压（用10nF电容旁路）
6	THR	阈值（> 2/3 Vcc时复位）
7	DIS	放电（集电极开路）
8	Vcc	电源（+4.5V至+16V）

W65C02S (40-pin DIP) - Key Pins

W65C02S（40引脚DIP）- 关键引脚

Pin	Name	Function
8	VDD	Power supply
21	VSS	Ground
37	PHI2	System clock input
40	RESB	Active-low reset
34	RWB	Read/Write signal
9-25	A0-A15	Address bus
26-33	D0-D7	Data bus

引脚	名称	功能
8	VDD	电源
21	VSS	接地
37	PHI2	系统时钟输入
40	RESB	低电平有效复位
34	RWB	读/写信号
9-25	A0-A15	地址总线
26-33	D0-D7	数据总线

28C256 EEPROM (28-pin DIP) - Key Pins

28C256 EEPROM（28引脚DIP）- 关键引脚

Pin	Name	Function
14	GND	Ground
28	VCC	Power supply
20	CE	Chip enable (active-low)
22	OE	Output enable (active-low)
27	WE	Write enable (active-low)
1-10, 21-26	A0-A14	Address inputs
11-19	I/O0-I/O7	Data bus

引脚	名称	功能
14	GND	接地
28	VCC	电源
20	CE	芯片使能（低电平有效）
22	OE	输出使能（低电平有效）
27	WE	写使能（低电平有效）
1-10, 21-26	A0-A14	地址输入
11-19	I/O0-I/O7	数据总线

Formulas Reference

公式参考

Resistor Calculations

电阻器计算

Ohm's Law: V = I × R
LED Current: R = (Vcc - Vled) / Iled
Power: P = V × I = I² × R

欧姆定律: V = I × R
LED电流: R = (Vcc - Vled) / Iled
功率: P = V × I = I² × R

555 Timer Formulas

555定时器公式

Astable Mode:

Frequency: f = 1.44 / ((R1 + 2×R2) × C)
High time: t₁ = 0.693 × (R1 + R2) × C
Low time: t₂ = 0.693 × R2 × C
Duty cycle: D = (R1 + R2) / (R1 + 2×R2) × 100%

Monostable Mode:

Pulse width: T = 1.1 × R × C

多谐振荡模式:

频率: f = 1.44 / ((R1 + 2×R2) × C)
高电平时间: t₁ = 0.693 × (R1 + R2) × C
低电平时间: t₂ = 0.693 × R2 × C
占空比: D = (R1 + R2) / (R1 + 2×R2) × 100%

单稳态模式:

脉冲宽度: T = 1.1 × R × C

Capacitor Calculations

电容器计算

Capacitive reactance: Xc = 1 / (2πfC)
Energy stored: E = ½ × C × V²

容抗: Xc = 1 / (2πfC)
存储能量: E = ½ × C × V²

Color Coding Conventions

颜色编码规范

Wire Colors

导线颜色

Color	Purpose
Red	+5V / Power
Black	Ground
Yellow	Clock / Timing
Blue	Address bus
Green	Data bus
Orange	Control signals
White	General purpose

颜色	用途
红色	+5V / 电源
黑色	接地
黄色	时钟 / 定时
蓝色	地址总线
绿色	数据总线
橙色	控制信号
白色	通用

LED Colors

LED颜色

Color	Forward Voltage
Red	1.8V - 2.2V
Green	2.0V - 2.2V
Yellow	2.0V - 2.2V
Blue	3.0V - 3.5V
White	3.0V - 3.5V

颜色	正向电压
红色	1.8V - 2.2V
绿色	2.0V - 2.2V
黄色	2.0V - 2.2V
蓝色	3.0V - 3.5V
白色	3.0V - 3.5V

Build Examples

构建示例

Build 1 — Single LED

示例1 — 单LED电路

Components: Red LED, 220Ω resistor, jumper wires, power source

Steps:

Insert black jumper wire from power GND to row A5
Insert red jumper wire from power +5V to row J5
Place LED with cathode (short leg) in row aligned with GND
Place 220Ω resistor between power and LED anode

元件: 红色LED、220Ω电阻器、跳线、电源

步骤:

将黑色跳线从电源GND连接到A5行
将红色跳线从电源+5V连接到J5行
将LED阴极（短脚）插入与GND对齐的行
在电源和LED阳极之间放置220Ω电阻器

Build 2 — 555 Astable Blinker

示例2 — 555多谐振荡器

Components: NE555, LED, resistors (10kΩ, 100kΩ), capacitor (10µF)

Steps:

Place 555 IC straddling center channel
Connect pin 1 to GND, pin 8 to +5V
Connect pin 4 to pin 8 (disable reset)
Wire 10kΩ between pin 7 and +5V
Wire 100kΩ between pins 6 and 7
Wire 10µF between pin 6 and GND
Connect pin 3 (output) to LED circuit

元件: NE555、LED、电阻器（10kΩ、100kΩ）、电容器（10µF）

步骤:

将555 IC跨放在中央通道上
将引脚1连接到GND，引脚8连接到+5V
将引脚4连接到引脚8（禁用复位）
在引脚7和+5V之间连接10kΩ电阻器
在引脚6和7之间连接100kΩ电阻器
在引脚6和GND之间连接10µF电容器
将引脚3（输出）连接到LED电路

Troubleshooting

故障排除

Issue	Solution
LED doesn't light	Check polarity (anode to +, cathode to -)
Circuit doesn't power	Verify power rail connections
IC not working	Check VCC and GND pin connections
555 not oscillating	Verify threshold/trigger capacitor wiring
Microprocessor stuck	Check RESB is HIGH after reset pulse

问题	解决方案
LED不亮	检查极性（阳极接+，阴极接-）
电路无供电	验证电源轨连接
IC不工作	检查VCC和GND引脚连接
555不振荡	验证阈值/触发电容器接线
微处理器死机	检查RESB在复位脉冲后是否为高电平

References

参考资料

Detailed component specifications are available in the bundled reference files:

555.md - Complete 555 timer IC specification
6502.md - MOS 6502 microprocessor details
6522.md - W65C22 VIA interface adapter
28256-eeprom.md - AT28C256 EEPROM specification
6C62256.md - 62256 SRAM details
7400-series.md - TTL logic gate pinouts
assembly-compiler.md - Assembly compiler specification
assembly-language.md - Assembly language specification
basic-electronic-components.md - Resistors, capacitors, switches
breadboard.md - Breadboard specifications
common-breadboard-components.md - Comprehensive component reference
connecting-electronic-components.md - Step-by-step build guides
emulator-28256-eeprom.md - Emulating 28256-eeprom specification
emulator-6502.md - Emulating 6502 specification
emulator-6522.md - Emulating 6522 specification
emulator-6C62256.md - Emulating 6C62256 specification
emulator-lcd.md - Emulating a LCD specification
lcd.md - LCD display interfacing
minipro.md - EEPROM programmer usage
t48eeprom-programmer.md - T48 programmer reference

详细的元件规格可在捆绑的参考文件中找到：

555.md - 完整555定时器IC规格
6502.md - MOS 6502微处理器详情
6522.md - W65C22 VIA接口适配器
28256-eeprom.md - AT28C256 EEPROM规格
6C62256.md - 62256 SRAM详情
7400-series.md - TTL逻辑门引脚分布
assembly-compiler.md - 汇编编译器规格
assembly-language.md - 汇编语言规格
basic-electronic-components.md - 电阻器、电容器、开关
breadboard.md - 面包板规格
common-breadboard-components.md - 综合元件参考
connecting-electronic-components.md - 分步构建指南
emulator-28256-eeprom.md - 28256 EEPROM仿真规格
emulator-6502.md - 6502仿真规格
emulator-6522.md - 6522仿真规格
emulator-6C62256.md - 6C62256仿真规格
emulator-lcd.md - LCD仿真规格
lcd.md - LCD显示接口
minipro.md - EEPROM编程器使用方法
t48eeprom-programmer.md - T48编程器参考