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Business Model Canvas - Strategic Business Design

Business Model Canvas - 战略商业模式设计

Visual framework for developing, documenting, and iterating on business models. Created by Alexander Osterwalder, used worldwide by startups and enterprises.
这是一款用于开发、记录和迭代商业模式的可视化框架,由Alexander Osterwalder创立,被全球的初创企业和大型企业广泛使用。

When to Use This Skill

何时使用该方法

  • Evaluating new product or startup ideas
  • Analyzing competitor business models
  • Planning business pivots or expansions
  • Communicating strategy to stakeholders
  • Identifying gaps in current business model
  • Due diligence on investments or partnerships
  • 评估新产品或初创企业创意
  • 分析竞争对手的商业模式
  • 规划业务转型或扩张
  • 向利益相关者传达战略
  • 识别当前商业模式的漏洞
  • 投资或合作的尽职调查

The Nine Building Blocks

九大构建模块

┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│                 │                 │                 │                 │                 │
│  KEY PARTNERS   │ KEY ACTIVITIES  │                 │   CUSTOMER      │                 │
│                 │                 │     VALUE       │  RELATIONSHIPS  │    CUSTOMER     │
│  Who helps us?  │ What do we do?  │  PROPOSITIONS   │                 │    SEGMENTS     │
│                 │                 │                 │  How do we      │                 │
│                 ├─────────────────┤  What value     │  interact?      │  Who do we      │
│                 │                 │  do we deliver? │                 │  serve?         │
│                 │ KEY RESOURCES   │                 ├─────────────────┤                 │
│                 │                 │                 │                 │                 │
│                 │ What do we need?│                 │    CHANNELS     │                 │
│                 │                 │                 │                 │                 │
│                 │                 │                 │  How do we      │                 │
│                 │                 │                 │  reach them?    │                 │
│                 │                 │                 │                 │                 │
├─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┤
│                                           │                                             │
│              COST STRUCTURE               │              REVENUE STREAMS                │
│                                           │                                             │
│              What does it cost?           │              How do we earn?                │
│                                           │                                             │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│                 │                 │                 │                 │                 │
│  KEY PARTNERS   │ KEY ACTIVITIES  │                 │   CUSTOMER      │                 │
│                 │                 │     VALUE       │  RELATIONSHIPS  │    CUSTOMER     │
│  关键合作伙伴   │ 核心业务活动    │  PROPOSITIONS   │  客户关系        │    客户细分      │
│                 │                 │                 │                 │                 │
│  谁能协助我们?  │ 我们需要做什么?│  价值主张        │  我们如何互动?  │  我们服务谁?    │
│                 ├─────────────────┤                 ├─────────────────┤                 │
│                 │                 │                 │                 │                 │
│                 │ KEY RESOURCES   │                 │    CHANNELS     │                 │
│                 │ 核心资源        │                 │  渠道通路        │                 │
│                 │                 │                 │                 │                 │
│                 │ 我们需要什么?  │                 │  我们如何触达客户?│                 │
│                 │                 │                 │                 │                 │
├─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┤
│                                           │                                             │
│              COST STRUCTURE               │              REVENUE STREAMS                │
│              成本结构                     │              收入来源                      │
│                                           │                                             │
│              我们的成本是什么?           │              我们如何盈利?                │
│                                           │                                             │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Building Block Details

构建模块详情

1. Customer Segments

1. 客户细分

Who are you creating value for?
Segment TypeDescriptionExample
Mass MarketNo distinction between customersConsumer electronics
Niche MarketSpecialized, specific segmentsLuxury goods
SegmentedSlightly different needs/problemsBank retail vs. wealth
DiversifiedUnrelated segmentsAmazon: retail + AWS
Multi-sidedInterdependent segmentsCredit cards: merchants + users
Questions to answer:
  • Who are our most important customers?
  • What jobs are they trying to get done?
  • What pains and gains do they have?
你为谁创造价值?
细分类型描述示例
大众市场不对客户进行区分消费电子产品
利基市场专注特定细分群体奢侈品
细分市场客户需求/问题略有差异银行零售客户 vs 财富管理客户
多元化市场不相关的客户群体亚马逊:零售 + AWS
双边市场相互依赖的客户群体信用卡:商户 + 用户
需要回答的问题:
  • 我们最重要的客户是谁?
  • 他们想要完成什么任务?
  • 他们有哪些痛点和收益点?

2. Value Propositions

2. 价值主张

What value do you deliver to the customer?
Value TypeDescription
NewnessSatisfying previously unmet needs
PerformanceImproving existing product/service
CustomizationTailoring to specific needs
Getting it doneHelping customers complete a job
DesignSuperior aesthetics or experience
Brand/StatusValue from using a specific brand
PriceSimilar value at lower price
Cost ReductionHelping customers reduce costs
Risk ReductionReducing risks customers face
AccessibilityAvailable to those who lacked access
ConvenienceMaking things easier to use
你为客户提供什么价值?
价值类型描述
新颖性满足此前未被满足的需求
性能提升改进现有产品/服务的性能
定制化根据特定需求量身定制
任务完成帮助客户完成特定任务
设计卓越的美学设计或使用体验
品牌/身份使用特定品牌带来的价值
价格优势同等价值下的更低价格
成本削减帮助客户降低成本
风险降低减少客户面临的风险
可及性让此前无法获取的群体得以使用
便捷性让使用过程更简单

3. Channels

3. 渠道通路

How do you reach and communicate with customers?
Channel Phases:

Awareness → Evaluation → Purchase → Delivery → After-sales
    │           │           │          │           │
    ▼           ▼           ▼          ▼           ▼
  Ads        Website      Store     Shipping    Support
  PR         Reviews      App       Install     Training
  Social     Demos        Sales     Access      Updates
Channel TypeExamples
DirectSales force, website, owned stores
IndirectPartner stores, wholesalers
OwnedPhysical stores, website, app
PartnerDistributors, affiliates, marketplaces
你如何触达并与客户沟通?
渠道阶段:

认知 → 评估 → 购买 → 交付 → 售后
    │           │           │          │           │
    ▼           ▼           ▼          ▼           ▼
  广告        官网        门店      物流配送    客户支持
  公关        评测        应用      安装服务    培训
  社交媒体    演示        销售团队  访问权限    更新
渠道类型示例
直接渠道销售团队、官网、自有门店
间接渠道合作门店、批发商
自有渠道实体店、官网、应用
合作渠道分销商、联盟伙伴、电商平台

4. Customer Relationships

4. 客户关系

What type of relationship does each segment expect?
Relationship TypeDescription
Personal assistanceHuman interaction during/after
DedicatedSpecific rep for individual customer
Self-serviceNo direct relationship
AutomatedSimulated personal via automation
CommunitiesUser communities and forums
Co-creationCustomers help create value
每个客户细分群体期望什么样的关系?
关系类型描述
人工协助过程中或售后的人工互动
专属服务为单个客户配备专属代表
自助服务无直接人工关系
自动化服务通过模拟人工的自动化服务
社区用户社区和论坛
共创客户参与价值创造

5. Revenue Streams

5. 收入来源

How does each customer segment generate revenue?
Revenue TypeDescriptionPricing
Asset saleSelling ownership rightsFixed/Dynamic
Usage feePay per usePer-unit
SubscriptionContinuous accessRecurring
Lending/RentingTemporary accessTime-based
LicensingPermission to use IPPer-license
BrokerageIntermediation feesTransaction %
AdvertisingFees for advertisingCPM/CPC/CPA
每个客户细分群体如何为你带来收入?
收入类型描述定价方式
资产售卖出售资产所有权固定/动态定价
使用付费按使用次数付费按单位计费
订阅制持续访问权限周期性付费
租赁/借贷临时使用权按时长计费
授权知识产权使用许可按授权数量计费
经纪费中介服务费用按交易额抽成
广告广告投放费用CPM/CPC/CPA

6. Key Resources

6. 核心资源

What assets are essential to deliver the value proposition?
Resource TypeExamples
PhysicalFacilities, machines, vehicles, POS
IntellectualBrands, patents, data, proprietary tech
HumanExpert staff, sales teams, engineers
FinancialCash, credit lines, stock options
交付价值主张所需的关键资产是什么?
资源类型示例
实物资源设施、设备、车辆、POS系统
知识产权品牌、专利、数据、专有技术
人力资源专业员工、销售团队、工程师
财务资源现金、信贷额度、股票期权

7. Key Activities

7. 核心业务活动

What must you do to deliver the value proposition?
Activity TypeExamples
ProductionManufacturing, designing, delivering
Problem SolvingConsulting, training, custom dev
Platform/NetworkMaintaining platform, matching supply/demand
为了交付价值主张,你必须开展哪些活动?
活动类型示例
生产制造、设计、交付
问题解决咨询、培训、定制开发
平台/网络运营维护平台、匹配供需

8. Key Partners

8. 关键合作伙伴

Who are your key partners and suppliers?
Partnership TypeMotivation
Strategic allianceNon-competitors working together
CoopetitionCompetitors partnering
Joint venturesNew business development
Buyer-supplierReliable supplies
Partnership motivations:
  • Optimization and economy of scale
  • Reduction of risk and uncertainty
  • Acquisition of resources and activities
你的关键合作伙伴和供应商是谁?
合作类型合作动机
战略联盟非竞争对手间的合作
竞合竞争对手间的合作
合资企业新业务开发合作
买卖关系稳定的供应合作
合作动机:
  • 优化与规模经济
  • 降低风险与不确定性
  • 获取资源与业务能力

9. Cost Structure

9. 成本结构

What are the most important costs?
Cost TypeDescription
Fixed costsSalaries, rent, utilities
Variable costsMaterials, commissions, hosting
Economies of scaleCost advantages from volume
Economies of scopeCost advantages from variety
Model TypeFocus
Cost-drivenMinimize costs wherever possible
Value-drivenFocus on value creation
最重要的成本有哪些?
成本类型描述
固定成本薪资、租金、水电费
可变成本原材料、佣金、托管费用
规模经济规模带来的成本优势
范围经济产品多样性带来的成本优势
模式类型核心目标
成本驱动尽可能降低所有成本
价值驱动专注于价值创造

Analysis Framework

分析框架

Step 1: Define Customer Segments First

步骤1:先定义客户细分

Start with who you serve:
Primary Segment:
├── Demographics: [Age, location, income]
├── Psychographics: [Values, interests, lifestyle]
├── Behaviors: [Usage patterns, buying habits]
└── Needs: [Jobs to be done, pains, gains]

Secondary Segments:
├── [Segment 2]
└── [Segment 3]
从服务对象开始:
核心细分群体:
├── 人口统计: [年龄、地域、收入]
├── 心理特征: [价值观、兴趣、生活方式]
├── 行为特征: [使用模式、购买习惯]
└── 需求: [待完成任务、痛点、收益点]

次要细分群体:
├── [细分群体2]
└── [细分群体3]

Step 2: Articulate Value Proposition

步骤2:明确价值主张

For each segment, define the value:
Value Proposition Canvas:

Customer Jobs          Product/Service
├── Functional         ├── Features
├── Social             ├── Benefits
└── Emotional          └── Experience
        ↓                    ↓
Customer Pains     →   Pain Relievers
        ↓                    ↓
Customer Gains     →   Gain Creators
为每个细分群体定义价值:
价值主张画布:

客户待完成任务          产品/服务
├── 功能性         ├── 功能特性
├── 社交性             ├── 核心收益
└── 情感性          └── 使用体验
        ↓                    ↓
客户痛点     →   痛点解决方案
        ↓                    ↓
客户收益点     →   收益增强方案

Step 3: Map Channels and Relationships

步骤3:映射渠道与客户关系

How you reach and interact with customers:
Customer Journey:

Discover → Research → Buy → Use → Advocate
    │          │        │     │        │
    ▼          ▼        ▼     ▼        ▼
Channel:   SEO/Ads   Website  App   Email   Referral
Relation:  Automated  Self    Self  Auto    Community
你如何触达并与客户互动:
客户旅程:

发现 → 调研 → 购买 → 使用 → 推荐
    │          │        │     │        │
    ▼          ▼        ▼     ▼        ▼
渠道:   SEO/广告   官网  应用   邮件   推荐
关系:  自动化服务  自助  自助  自动化  社区

Step 4: Define Infrastructure

步骤4:定义基础设施

What you need to deliver:
Value Delivery Infrastructure:

Key Partners          Key Activities         Key Resources
├── Suppliers         ├── Core operations    ├── Physical
├── Distributors      ├── Support            ├── Intellectual
└── Allies            └── Platform           ├── Human
                                             └── Financial
交付价值所需的支撑体系:
价值交付基础设施:

关键合作伙伴          核心业务活动         核心资源
├── 供应商         ├── 核心运营    ├── 实物资源
├── 分销商      ├── 支持服务            ├── 知识产权
└── 盟友            └── 平台运营           ├── 人力资源
                                             └── 财务资源

Step 5: Model Economics

步骤5:建模经济可行性

Understand the financial viability:
Revenue Streams                 Cost Structure
├── [Stream 1]: $X/unit        ├── Fixed: $Y/month
├── [Stream 2]: $X/month       ├── Variable: $Z/unit
└── [Stream 3]: X% of GMV      └── CAC: $W/customer

Unit Economics:
├── LTV: $[amount]
├── CAC: $[amount]
├── LTV:CAC ratio: [X]:1
└── Payback period: [months]
理解财务可行性:
收入来源                 成本结构
├── [来源1]: 每单位$X        ├── 固定成本: 每月$Y
├── [来源2]: 每月$X       ├── 可变成本: 每单位$Z
└── [来源3]: GMV的X%      └── 客户获取成本: 每个客户$W

单位经济效益:
├── 客户终身价值(LTV): $[金额]
├── 客户获取成本(CAC): $[金额]
├── LTV:CAC比率: [X]:1
└── 回报周期: [月数]

Output Template

输出模板

After completing analysis, document as:
markdown
undefined
完成分析后,按以下格式记录:
markdown
undefined

Business Model Canvas

商业模式画布

Company/Product: [Name]
Date: [Date]
企业/产品: [名称]
日期: [日期]

Canvas Overview

画布概览

BlockSummary
Customer Segments[Key segments]
Value Propositions[Core value delivered]
Channels[Primary channels]
Customer Relationships[Relationship types]
Revenue Streams[How you make money]
Key Resources[Critical assets]
Key Activities[Core operations]
Key Partners[Strategic partnerships]
Cost Structure[Major cost drivers]
模块摘要
客户细分[核心细分群体]
价值主张[核心交付价值]
渠道通路[核心渠道]
客户关系[关系类型]
收入来源[盈利方式]
核心资源[关键资产]
核心业务活动[核心运营]
关键合作伙伴[战略合作伙伴]
成本结构[主要成本驱动因素]

Detailed Analysis

详细分析

Customer Segments

客户细分

[Detailed breakdown of segments, their needs, and characteristics]
[细分群体的详细拆解、需求及特征]

Value Propositions

价值主张

[Specific value delivered to each segment, pain relievers, gain creators]
[为每个细分群体提供的具体价值、痛点解决方案、收益增强方案]

Channels

渠道通路

[Channel strategy across customer journey phases]
[覆盖客户旅程各阶段的渠道策略]

Customer Relationships

客户关系

[Relationship types per segment and their cost/value]
[各细分群体对应的关系类型及其成本/价值]

Revenue Streams

收入来源

[Revenue model details, pricing strategy, unit economics]
[收入模式细节、定价策略、单位经济效益]

Key Resources

核心资源

[Critical resources and their strategic importance]
[关键资源及其战略重要性]

Key Activities

核心业务活动

[Core activities that drive value creation]
[驱动价值创造的核心活动]

Key Partners

关键合作伙伴

[Partnership strategy and key relationships]
[合作策略及核心关系]

Cost Structure

成本结构

[Cost drivers, fixed vs variable, economies of scale/scope]
[成本驱动因素、固定vs可变成本、规模/范围经济]

Strategic Assessment

战略评估

Strengths:
  • [Strength 1]
  • [Strength 2]
Weaknesses:
  • [Weakness 1]
  • [Weakness 2]
Opportunities:
  • [Opportunity 1]
  • [Opportunity 2]
Risks:
  • [Risk 1]
  • [Risk 2]
优势:
  • [优势1]
  • [优势2]
劣势:
  • [劣势1]
  • [劣势2]
机会:
  • [机会1]
  • [机会2]
风险:
  • [风险1]
  • [风险2]

Recommendations

建议

PriorityActionExpected Impact
High[Action][Impact]
Medium[Action][Impact]
undefined
优先级行动预期影响
[行动][影响]
[行动][影响]
undefined

Real-World Examples

实际案例

Netflix

Netflix

BlockDetails
SegmentsStreaming viewers, content enthusiasts
Value PropUnlimited on-demand content, originals, no ads
ChannelsApp, smart TVs, website, partnerships
RelationshipsAutomated personalization, self-service
RevenueMonthly subscription tiers
ResourcesContent library, recommendation AI, brand
ActivitiesContent production, platform development
PartnersStudios, device manufacturers, ISPs
CostsContent acquisition, tech infrastructure, marketing
模块详情
客户细分流媒体观众、内容爱好者
价值主张无限量点播内容、原创内容、无广告
渠道通路应用、智能电视、官网、合作渠道
客户关系自动化个性化推荐、自助服务
收入来源月度订阅分级定价
核心资源内容库、推荐AI、品牌
核心业务活动内容制作、平台开发
关键合作伙伴影视公司、设备制造商、网络服务商
成本结构内容采购、技术基础设施、营销

Airbnb

Airbnb

BlockDetails
SegmentsTravelers (guests), property owners (hosts)
Value PropUnique stays, extra income, trust platform
ChannelsWebsite, app, social, SEO
RelationshipsCommunity, reviews, support
RevenueService fees (guest + host)
ResourcesPlatform, brand, user data, trust system
ActivitiesMatching, trust & safety, community
PartnersPayment processors, insurance, photographers
CostsPlatform development, trust & safety, marketing
模块详情
客户细分旅行者(客人)、房产所有者(房东)
价值主张独特住宿体验、额外收入、信任平台
渠道通路官网、应用、社交媒体、SEO
客户关系社区、评价体系、客户支持
收入来源服务费(客人 + 房东)
核心资源平台、品牌、用户数据、信任系统
核心业务活动供需匹配、信任与安全管理、社区运营
关键合作伙伴支付服务商、保险公司、摄影师
成本结构平台开发、信任与安全管理、营销

Best Practices

最佳实践

Do

建议做法

  • Start with customer - Everything flows from customer segments
  • Test assumptions - Each block contains hypotheses to validate
  • Iterate frequently - Update as you learn from the market
  • Check coherence - All blocks should connect logically
  • Quantify where possible - Add numbers to revenue and costs
  • 以客户为起点 - 所有模块都应围绕客户细分展开
  • 验证假设 - 每个模块都包含需要验证的假设
  • 频繁迭代 - 根据市场反馈持续更新画布
  • 检查连贯性 - 所有模块应逻辑关联
  • 尽可能量化 - 为收入和成本添加具体数值

Avoid

避免事项

  • Inside-out thinking - Don't start with product features
  • Static canvas - It's a living document, not a one-time exercise
  • Ignoring competition - Understand competitor business models
  • Skipping validation - Assumptions need testing with real customers
  • Over-complicating - Keep it high-level and actionable
  • 由内而外思考 - 不要从产品功能开始
  • 静态画布 - 这是一份动态文档,而非一次性工作
  • 忽视竞争对手 - 要理解竞争对手的商业模式
  • 跳过验证 - 假设需要通过真实客户测试
  • 过度复杂 - 保持内容简洁、可执行

Integration with Other Methods

与其他方法的整合

MethodCombined Use
Jobs-to-be-DoneDeep dive into value proposition
Five WhysRoot cause analysis of model weaknesses
Lean StartupBuild-measure-learn cycles for validation
Value PropositionDetailed value-customer fit analysis
Graph ThinkingMap relationships between canvas elements
方法组合用途
待完成任务理论(Jobs-to-be-Done)深入挖掘价值主张
五问法(Five Whys)分析模型弱点的根本原因
精益创业(Lean Startup)通过构建-测量-学习循环验证
价值主张画布详细的价值-客户匹配分析
图形思维(Graph Thinking)映射画布元素间的关系

Resources

参考资源