Solid Drawing — The foundation of spatial thinking. Every object has volume. Turn it around in your mind. Know what the back looks like. Draw through forms, not around them.
Arcs — All movement happens in 3D space. An arm swinging traces a curve through depth, not just across the screen. Think spherical paths, not flat shapes.
Staging — Spatial composition. Where in the Z-axis is each element? Foreground, midground, background create depth. Overlap establishes position in space.
Squash & Stretch — Deformation happens in 3D. When a ball squashes, it spreads outward in all directions, not just sideways. Maintain volume in depth.
Anticipation — Movement into the screen reads differently than across it. Anticipation toward camera: foreshortening increases. Away: forms recede.
Follow Through & Overlapping Action — Trailing elements exist in 3D. Hair doesn't just swing left-right; it wraps around forms, falls with gravity, catches on shoulders.
Secondary Action — Supporting elements occupy their own spatial positions. A cape occupies the space behind a character. Spatial consistency sells reality.
Timing — Depth affects perceived timing. Objects moving toward/away from camera have different visual rhythms than horizontal movement. Foreshortening compresses distance.
Slow In & Slow Out — Acceleration reads differently in depth. Objects approaching camera grow rapidly at the end (looming effect). Factor Z-axis speed changes.
Exaggeration — Spatial exaggeration includes depth. Characters can lean impossibly far into frame. Environments can stretch beyond physical possibility while maintaining spatial logic.
Appeal — Dynamic spatial composition is appealing. Interesting angles, depth variation, and dimensional poses create visual interest.
Straight Ahead & Pose to Pose — 3D motion paths are easier to plan (pose to pose). Complex spatial action benefits from knowing key positions in space before animating between them.
立体造型 —— 空间思维的基础。每个物体都有体积。在脑海中把它翻转过来，要知道它的背面是什么样子。要画出物体的内部结构，而非仅仅勾勒轮廓。
弧线运动 —— 所有运动都发生在3D空间中。手臂摆动时会在深度空间中划出一条曲线，而非仅仅在屏幕平面上移动。要思考球形路径，而非扁平形状。
场景布局 —— 空间构图。每个元素在Z轴上的什么位置？前景、中景、背景共同营造出深度感。元素重叠可以确立空间位置关系。
挤压与拉伸 —— 形变发生在3D空间中。当球被挤压时，它会向所有方向扩散，而非仅仅向侧面。要在深度方向上保持体积不变。
预备动作 —— 向屏幕内部的移动与横向移动的视觉效果不同。朝向镜头的预备动作：透视缩短效果会增强；远离镜头时：物体会逐渐缩小。
跟随与重叠动作 —— 跟随元素存在于3D空间中。头发不只是左右摆动，它会包裹住物体形态，受重力影响下落，还会挂在肩膀上。
次要动作 —— 辅助元素占据独立的空间位置。披风位于角色身后的空间中。空间一致性能让动画更具真实感。
时间控制 —— 深度会影响感知到的时间节奏。朝向/远离镜头移动的物体，其视觉节奏与水平移动的物体不同。透视缩短会压缩距离感。
缓入缓出 —— 加速在深度空间中的表现有所不同。靠近镜头的物体在最后阶段会快速变大（逼近效果）。要考虑Z轴方向的速度变化。
夸张 —— 空间夸张包括深度维度。角色可以以不可能的幅度向画面内倾斜，环境可以突破物理限制进行拉伸，同时保持空间逻辑。
吸引力 —— 动态的空间构图更具吸引力。有趣的角度、深度变化和立体姿势能提升视觉吸引力。
逐帧动画与关键帧动画 —— 3D运动路径更适合用关键帧动画来规划。复杂的空间动作需要先确定关键空间位置，再制作中间帧。