latex-figure-table-layout

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Chinese

LaTeX Figure and Table Layout

LaTeX 图表布局

Expert guidance for positioning figures and tables in LaTeX documents. This skill handles float placement, subfigure arrangements, side-by-side layouts, and cross-column positioning.

为LaTeX文档中的图表定位提供专业指导。本技能涵盖浮动元素放置、子图排列、并排布局以及跨栏定位。

When to Use This Skill

何时使用本技能

Use this skill when:

Adjusting figure/table position parameters (
```
[h]
```
,
```
[t]
```
,
```
[b]
```
,
```
[p]
```
)
Arranging multiple figures/tables in subfigures
Creating side-by-side figure or figure+table layouts
Fixing float positioning issues (drifting, page alone)
Working with cross-column figures (
```
figure*
```
,
```
table*
```
)

NOTE: This skill does NOT modify sizes, column widths, or scaling. Only positioning.

在以下场景使用本技能：

调整图表位置参数（
```
[h]
```
、
```
[t]
```
、
```
[b]
```
、
```
[p]
```
）
用子图排列多个图表
创建并排图表或图+表布局
修复浮动定位问题（漂移、单独占页）
处理跨栏图表（
```
figure*
```
、
```
table*
```
）

注意：本技能不修改尺寸、列宽或缩放比例，仅处理定位。

Float Position Parameters

浮动元素位置参数

Position Specifiers

位置指定符

Parameter	Meaning	Priority
`[h]`	Here (exact location)	Highest
`[t]`	Top of page	Medium
`[b]`	Bottom of page	Medium
`[p]`	Separate float page	Lowest
`[!]`	Override LaTeX defaults	-

参数	含义	优先级
`[h]`	此处（精确位置）	最高
`[t]`	页面顶部	中等
`[b]`	页面底部	中等
`[p]`	单独的浮动页	最低
`[!]`	覆盖LaTeX默认规则	-

Recommended Order

Strong Recommendations

强制推荐写法

latex

\begin{figure}[!htbp]  % Force LaTeX to respect your order
\end{figure}

Best Practice: Use

[htbp]

[!htbp]

for most cases. Avoid single

[h]

which can cause float to drift.

latex

\begin{figure}[!htbp]  % 强制LaTeX遵循指定的位置顺序
\end{figure}

最佳实践：大多数场景使用

[htbp]

或

[!htbp]

。避免单独使用

[h]

，这会导致浮动元素漂移。

Subfigure Layout with subcaption

使用subcaption实现子图布局

Basic Subfigures (2 side-by-side)

基础子图（2个并排）

latex

\usepackage{subcaption}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figure1.pdf}
    \caption{First figure}
    \label{fig:first}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{figure2.pdf}
    \caption{Second figure}
    \label{fig:second}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{Main caption for both figures}
  \label{fig:both}
\end{figure}

latex

\usepackage{subcaption}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figure1.pdf}
    \caption{第一张图}
    \label{fig:first}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{figure2.pdf}
    \caption{第二张图}
    \label{fig:second}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{两张图的主标题}
  \label{fig:both}
\end{figure}

Subfigures in Grid (2x2)

网格布局子图（2x2）

latex

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig1.pdf}
    \caption{Caption A}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig2.pdf}
    \caption{Caption B}
  \end{bmatrix}
  \\
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig3.pdf}
    \caption{Caption C}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig4.pdf}
    \caption{Caption D}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{Main caption for all four}
  \label{fig:grid}
\end{figure}

latex

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig1.pdf}
    \caption{标题A}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig2.pdf}
    \caption{标题B}
  \end{bmatrix}
  \\
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig3.pdf}
    \caption{标题C}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig4.pdf}
    \caption{标题D}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{四张图的主标题}
  \label{fig:grid}
\end{figure}

Subtables

子表

latex

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{subtable}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{cc}
      \toprule
      A & B \\
      \midrule
      1 & 2 \\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{First table}
    \label{tab:first}
  \end{subtable}
  \hfill
  \begin{subtable}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{cc}
      \toprule
      C & D \\
      \midrule
      3 & 4 \\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Second table}
    \label{tab:second}
  \end{subtable}
  \caption{Main caption}
  \label{tab:both}
\end{table}

latex

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{subtable}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{cc}
      \toprule
      A & B \\
      \midrule
      1 & 2 \\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{第一张表}
    \label{tab:first}
  \end{subtable}
  \hfill
  \begin{subtable}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{cc}
      \toprule
      C & D \\
      \midrule
      3 & 4 \\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{第二张表}
    \label{tab:second}
  \end{subtable}
  \caption{主标题}
  \label{tab:both}
\end{table}

Side-by-Side: Figure + Table

并排布局：图 + 表

Using minipage

使用minipage

latex

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{figure.pdf}
    \caption{My figure}
    \label{fig:minipage}
  \end{minipage}
  \hfill
  \begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{lc}
      \toprule
      Method & Acc \\
      \midrule
      A & 85.2 \\
      B & 92.1 \\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{My table}
    \label{tab:minipage}
  \end{minipage}
  \caption{Combined figure and table}
  \label{fig+tab}
\end{figure}

latex

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\filename]{figure.pdf}
    \caption{我的图}
    \label{fig:minipage}
  \end{minipage}
  \hfill
  \begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{lc}
      \toprule
      Method & Acc \\
      \midrule
      A & 85.2 \\
      B & 92.1 \\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{我的表}
    \label{tab:minipage}
  \end{minipage}
  \caption{组合图和表}
  \label{fig+tab}
\end{figure}

Using subcaptionbox

使用subcaptionbox

latex

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \subcaptionbox{Figure label\label{fig:subcap}}
    {\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{figure.pdf}}
  \qquad
  \subcaptionbox{Table label\label{tab:subcap}}
    {\begin{tabular}{lc}
      \toprule
      A & B \\
      \midrule
      1 & 2 \\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}}
  \caption{Combined caption}
  \label{fig:subcap:combined}
\end{figure}

latex

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \subcaptionbox{图标签\label{fig:subcap}}
    {\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{figure.pdf}}
  \qquad
  \subcaptionbox{表标签\label{tab:subcap}}
    {\begin{tabular}{lc}
      \toprule
      A & B \\
      \midrule
      1 & 2 \\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}}
  \caption{组合标题}
  \label{fig:subcap:combined}
\end{figure}

Cross-Column Figures (twocolumn)

跨栏图表（twocolumn模式）

Cross-Column Figure

跨栏图

latex

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{wide-figure.pdf}
  \caption{Wide figure spanning both columns}
  \label{fig:wide}
\end{figure*}

latex

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{wide-figure.pdf}
  \caption{横跨两栏的宽图}
  \label{fig:wide}
\end{figure*}

Cross-Column Table

跨栏表

latex

\begin{table*}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{lcccc}
    \toprule
    Method & A & B & C & D \\
    \midrule
    Baseline & 85.2 & 86.1 & 87.3 & 88.0 \\
    Ours & \textbf{92.1} & \textbf{91.5} & \textbf{93.2} & \textbf{94.1} \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Wide table spanning both columns}
  \label{tab:wide}
\end{table*}

latex

\begin{table*}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{lcccc}
    \toprule
    Method & A & B & C & D \\
    \midrule
    Baseline & 85.2 & 86.1 & 87.3 & 88.0 \\
    Ours & \textbf{92.1} & \textbf{91.5} & \textbf{93.2} & \textbf{94.1} \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{横跨两栏的宽表}
  \label{tab:wide}
\end{table*}

Common Float Issues and Solutions

常见浮动元素问题及解决方案

Issue: Figure drifts to end of document

问题：图漂移到文档末尾

Cause: Using

[h]

alone or figure is too large

Solution:

latex

% Before (problematic)
\begin{figure}[h]

% After (recommended)
\begin{figure}[htbp]
% Or force placement
\begin{figure}[!htbp]

原因：单独使用

[h]

或图尺寸过大

解决方案：

latex

% 之前的写法（有问题）
\begin{figure}[h]

% 修改后的写法（推荐）
\begin{figure}[htbp]
% 或者强制放置
\begin{figure}[!htbp]

Issue: Figure takes entire page alone

问题：图单独占满一页

Cause:

[p]

triggers float page, or figure is large

Solution:

latex

% Add stretch to push other content
\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{figure.pdf}
  \caption{Caption}
  % Add space to encourage text to flow around
\end{figure}

原因：触发了

[p]

浮动页，或图尺寸过大

解决方案：

latex

% 添加空间以推动其他内容
\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{figure.pdf}
  \caption{标题}
  % 添加空间，促使文本环绕
\end{figure}

Issue: Figure separated from text reference

问题：图与文本引用位置分离

Cause: Float placement rules

Solution:

Use
```
[!htbp]
```
to force earlier placement
Place figure closer to its reference in source
Use
```
\FloatBarrier
```
from
```
placeins
```
package:

latex

\usepackage{placeins}
\section{My Section}
Text reference to \figurename~\ref{fig:myfig}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figure.pdf}
  \caption{My figure}
  \label{fig:myfig}
\end{figure}
\FloatBarrier  % Prevents floats from crossing this barrier

原因：浮动元素放置规则限制

解决方案：

使用
```
[!htbp]
```
强制提前放置
在源码中将图放在靠近引用的位置
使用
```
placeins
```
包中的
```
\FloatBarrier
```
：

latex

\usepackage{placeins}
\section{我的章节}
文本引用\figurename~\ref{fig:myfig}。

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figure.pdf}
  \caption{我的图}
  \label{fig:myfig}
\end{figure}
\FloatBarrier  % 防止浮动元素跨越此屏障

Issue: Subfigures not aligned

问题：子图未对齐

Cause: Different heights, missing alignment option

Solution:

latex

% Use [t], [b], or [c] for vertical alignment
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}  % [t] = top alignment
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}  % [b] = bottom alignment

原因：高度不同或缺少对齐选项

解决方案：

latex

% 使用[t]、[b]或[c]进行垂直对齐
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}  % [t] = 顶部对齐
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}  % [b] = 底部对齐

Issue: Captions not centered under subfigures

问题：子图标题未居中

Cause: Missing width specification

Solution:

latex

\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig.pdf}
  \caption{Caption text}
\end{subfigure}

原因：缺少宽度指定

解决方案：

latex

\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\filename]{fig.pdf}
  \caption{标题文本}
\end{subfigure}

Best Practices

最佳实践

Use
[htbp]
by default - gives LaTeX flexibility while respecting order
Use
[!htbp]
for important figures - overrides some float constraints
Place floats near their reference - in source order, not necessarily final position
Use
booktabs
for tables - professional look, but this skill doesn't handle formatting
Use
subcaption
package - modern replacement for
```
subfig
```
Consider
\FloatBarrier
- for strict float control in sensitive locations

默认使用
[htbp]
- 给LaTeX灵活性的同时遵循指定顺序
重要图表使用
[!htbp]
- 覆盖部分浮动元素约束
将浮动元素放在引用附近 - 按源码顺序放置，而非最终显示位置
表格使用
booktabs
- 获得专业外观，但本技能不处理格式
使用
subcaption
包 -
```
subfig
```
的现代替代方案
考虑使用
\FloatBarrier
- 在敏感位置严格控制浮动元素

Required Packages

所需包

The following packages are referenced in the examples above:

latex

\usepackage{subcaption}  % For subfigure/subtable
\usepackage{booktabs}    % For professional tables (not positioning)
\usepackage{placeins}    % For \FloatBarrier

以下包在上述示例中被引用：

latex

\usepackage{subcaption}  % 用于子图/子表
\usepackage{booktabs}    % 用于专业表格（非定位相关）
\usepackage{placeins}    % 用于\FloatBarrier

Example Tasks

示例任务

Request	Approach
"Figure 1 always goes to next page"	Change `[h]` to `[htbp]` or `[!htbp]`
"Arrange 4 figures in 2x2 grid"	Use subfigure with line break `\\`
"Put figure and table side by side"	Use minipage or subcaptionbox
"Figure 2 is far from Section 2.2"	Use `[!htbp]` or add `\FloatBarrier`
"Wide table spans both columns"	Use `table*` instead of `table`

请求	解决方法
"图1总是跳到下一页"	将 `[h]` 改为 `[htbp]` 或 `[!htbp]`
"将4张图排列成2x2网格"	使用子图并添加换行符 `\\`
"将图和表并排放置"	使用minipage或subcaptionbox
"图2与2.2节相距甚远"	使用 `[!htbp]` 或添加 `\FloatBarrier`
"宽表横跨两栏"	使用 `table*` 替代 `table`

latex-figure-table-layout

Original

Translation

LaTeX Figure and Table Layout

LaTeX 图表布局

When to Use This Skill

何时使用本技能

Float Position Parameters

浮动元素位置参数

Position Specifiers

位置指定符

Recommended Order

推荐顺序

Strong Recommendations

强制推荐写法

Subfigure Layout with subcaption

使用subcaption实现子图布局

Basic Subfigures (2 side-by-side)

基础子图（2个并排）

Subfigures in Grid (2x2)

网格布局子图（2x2）

Subtables

子表

Side-by-Side: Figure + Table

并排布局：图 + 表

Using minipage

使用minipage

Using subcaptionbox

使用subcaptionbox

Cross-Column Figures (twocolumn)

跨栏图表（twocolumn模式）

Cross-Column Figure

跨栏图

Cross-Column Table

跨栏表

Common Float Issues and Solutions

常见浮动元素问题及解决方案

Issue: Figure drifts to end of document

问题：图漂移到文档末尾

Issue: Figure takes entire page alone

问题：图单独占满一页

Issue: Figure separated from text reference

问题：图与文本引用位置分离

Issue: Subfigures not aligned

问题：子图未对齐

Issue: Captions not centered under subfigures

问题：子图标题未居中

Best Practices

最佳实践

Required Packages

所需包

Example Tasks

示例任务