import Map "mo:core/Map";
import List "mo:core/List";
import Nat "mo:core/Nat";
import Text "mo:core/Text";
import Time "mo:core/Time";

persistent actor {

  // Types -- must be inside actor body
  type User = {
    id : Nat;
    name : Text;
    created : Int;
  };

  // These survive upgrades automatically -- no "stable" keyword needed
  let users = Map.empty<Nat, User>();
  var userCounter : Nat = 0;
  let tags = List.empty<Text>();

  // Transient data -- reset to initial value on every upgrade
  transient var requestCount : Nat = 0;

  public func addUser(name : Text) : async Nat {
    let id = userCounter;
    Map.add(users, Nat.compare, id, {
      id;
      name;
      created = Time.now();
    });
    userCounter += 1;
    requestCount += 1;
    id
  };

  public query func getUser(id : Nat) : async ?User {
    Map.get(users, Nat.compare, id)
  };

  public query func getUserCount() : async Nat {
    Map.size(users)
  };

  // requestCount resets to 0 after every upgrade
  public query func getRequestCount() : async Nat {
    requestCount
  };
}

[package]
name = "my-project"
version = "0.1.0"

[dependencies]
core = "2.0.0"

[package]
name = "stable_memory_backend"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib"]

[dependencies]
ic-cdk = "0.19"
ic-stable-structures = "0.7"
candid = "0.10"
serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
ciborium = "0.2"

use ic_stable_structures::{
    memory_manager::{MemoryId, MemoryManager, VirtualMemory},
    storable::{Bound, Storable},
    DefaultMemoryImpl, StableBTreeMap,
};
use ic_cdk::{init, post_upgrade, query, update};
use candid::CandidType;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::cell::RefCell;

type Memory = VirtualMemory<DefaultMemoryImpl>;

// -- Implement Storable for custom types --
// StableBTreeMap keys need Storable + Ord, values need Storable.
// Storable defines how a type is serialized to/from bytes in stable memory.
// Use CBOR (via ciborium) for serialization -- compact binary format, faster than candid.

#[derive(CandidType, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
struct User {
    id: u64,
    name: String,
    created: u64,
}

impl Storable for User {
    // Recommended: prefer Unbounded to avoid backwards compatibility issues when adding new fields.
    // Bounded requires a fixed max_size -- adding a field that increases the size will break existing data.
    const BOUND: Bound = Bound::Unbounded;

    fn to_bytes(&self) -> Cow<'_, [u8]> {
        let mut buf = vec![];
        ciborium::into_writer(self, &mut buf).expect("Failed to encode User");
        Cow::Owned(buf)
    }

    fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = vec![];
        ciborium::into_writer(&self, &mut buf).expect("Failed to encode User");
        buf
    }

    fn from_bytes(bytes: Cow<'_, [u8]>) -> Self {
        ciborium::from_reader(bytes.as_ref()).expect("Failed to decode User")
    }
}
// Bound::Bounded { max_size, is_fixed_size: true } exists for fixed-size types but is NOT
// recommended -- adding a new field later will exceed max_size and break deserialization.

// Stable storage -- survives upgrades
thread_local! {
    static MEMORY_MANAGER: RefCell<MemoryManager<DefaultMemoryImpl>> =
        RefCell::new(MemoryManager::init(DefaultMemoryImpl::default()));

    static USERS: RefCell<StableBTreeMap<u64, User, Memory>> =
        RefCell::new(StableBTreeMap::init(
            MEMORY_MANAGER.with(|m| m.borrow().get(MemoryId::new(0)))
        ));

    // Counter stored in stable memory via StableCell
    static COUNTER: RefCell<ic_stable_structures::StableCell<u64, Memory>> =
        RefCell::new(ic_stable_structures::StableCell::init(
            MEMORY_MANAGER.with(|m| m.borrow().get(MemoryId::new(1))),
            0u64,
        ));
}

#[init]
fn init() {
    // Any one-time initialization
}

#[post_upgrade]
fn post_upgrade() {
    // Stable structures auto-restore -- no deserialization needed
    // Re-init timers or other transient state here
}

#[update]
fn add_user(name: String) -> u64 {
    let id = COUNTER.with(|c| {
        let mut cell = c.borrow_mut();
        let current = *cell.get();
        cell.set(current + 1);
        current
    });

    let user = User {
        id,
        name,
        created: ic_cdk::api::time(),
    };

    USERS.with(|users| {
        users.borrow_mut().insert(id, user);
    });

    id
}

#[query]
fn get_user(id: u64) -> Option<User> {
    USERS.with(|users| users.borrow().get(&id))
}

#[query]
fn get_user_count() -> u64 {
    USERS.with(|users| users.borrow().len())
}

ic_cdk::export_candid!();

use ic_stable_structures::{
    memory_manager::{MemoryId, MemoryManager, VirtualMemory},
    DefaultMemoryImpl, StableBTreeMap, StableCell, StableLog,
};
use std::cell::RefCell;

type Memory = VirtualMemory<DefaultMemoryImpl>;

// Each structure gets its own MemoryId -- NEVER reuse IDs
const USERS_MEM_ID: MemoryId = MemoryId::new(0);
const POSTS_MEM_ID: MemoryId = MemoryId::new(1);
const COUNTER_MEM_ID: MemoryId = MemoryId::new(2);
const LOG_INDEX_MEM_ID: MemoryId = MemoryId::new(3);
const LOG_DATA_MEM_ID: MemoryId = MemoryId::new(4);

thread_local! {
    static MEMORY_MANAGER: RefCell<MemoryManager<DefaultMemoryImpl>> =
        RefCell::new(MemoryManager::init(DefaultMemoryImpl::default()));

    static USERS: RefCell<StableBTreeMap<u64, Vec<u8>, Memory>> =
        RefCell::new(StableBTreeMap::init(
            MEMORY_MANAGER.with(|m| m.borrow().get(USERS_MEM_ID))
        ));

    static POSTS: RefCell<StableBTreeMap<u64, Vec<u8>, Memory>> =
        RefCell::new(StableBTreeMap::init(
            MEMORY_MANAGER.with(|m| m.borrow().get(POSTS_MEM_ID))
        ));

    static COUNTER: RefCell<StableCell<u64, Memory>> =
        RefCell::new(StableCell::init(
            MEMORY_MANAGER.with(|m| m.borrow().get(COUNTER_MEM_ID)),
            0u64,
        ));

    static AUDIT_LOG: RefCell<StableLog<Vec<u8>, Memory, Memory>> =
        RefCell::new(StableLog::init(
            MEMORY_MANAGER.with(|m| m.borrow().get(LOG_INDEX_MEM_ID)),
            MEMORY_MANAGER.with(|m| m.borrow().get(LOG_DATA_MEM_ID)),
        ));
}

undefined

undefined

icp network start -d

icp deploy backend

icp canister call backend add_user '("Alice")'

undefined

undefined

If the count drops to 0 after step 3, your data is NOT in stable memory. Review your storage declarations.