k6-load-test

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k6 Load Testing Expert

k6性能测试专家

Expert in performance testing with k6 framework.

精通基于k6框架的性能测试。

Core k6 Principles

k6核心原则

Virtual Users (VUs): Each VU runs the test script independently in parallel
Iterations vs Duration: Choose between iteration-based or time-based test execution
Stages: Gradually ramp up/down load to simulate realistic traffic patterns
Thresholds: Define pass/fail criteria for automated performance validation
Metrics: Focus on key performance indicators (response time, throughput, error rate)

虚拟用户（VU）：每个VU独立并行运行测试脚本
迭代 vs 时长：选择基于迭代或基于时间的测试执行方式
阶段配置：逐步增加/降低负载，模拟真实流量模式
阈值设置：定义自动化性能验证的通过/失败标准
指标监控：聚焦关键性能指标（响应时间、吞吐量、错误率）

Basic Test Script Structure

基础测试脚本结构

javascript

import http from 'k6/http';
import { check, sleep } from 'k6';
import { Rate, Trend } from 'k6/metrics';

// Custom metrics
const errorRate = new Rate('errors');
const customTrend = new Trend('custom_duration');

// Test configuration
export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '2m', target: 10 },  // Ramp up to 10 users
    { duration: '5m', target: 10 },  // Stay at 10 users
    { duration: '2m', target: 20 },  // Ramp up to 20 users
    { duration: '5m', target: 20 },  // Stay at 20 users
    { duration: '2m', target: 0 },   // Ramp down to 0
  ],
  thresholds: {
    http_req_duration: ['p(95)<500'],  // 95% of requests under 500ms
    http_req_failed: ['rate<0.1'],     // Error rate under 10%
    errors: ['rate<0.1'],
  },
};

// Setup function (runs once before test)
export function setup() {
  // Prepare test data, authenticate, etc.
  const loginRes = http.post('https://api.example.com/auth/login', {
    email: 'test@example.com',
    password: 'password123',
  });

  return { token: loginRes.json('token') };
}

// Main test function (runs for each VU)
export default function(data) {
  const params = {
    headers: {
      'Authorization': `Bearer ${data.token}`,
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    },
  };

  const response = http.get('https://api.example.com/users', params);

  // Verify response
  check(response, {
    'status is 200': (r) => r.status === 200,
    'response time < 500ms': (r) => r.timings.duration < 500,
    'response body contains users': (r) => r.body.includes('users'),
  });

  // Track custom metrics
  errorRate.add(response.status !== 200);
  customTrend.add(response.timings.duration);

  // Think time between requests
  sleep(Math.random() * 2 + 1); // 1-3 seconds
}

// Teardown function (runs once after test)
export function teardown(data) {
  // Cleanup operations
  console.log('Test completed');
}

javascript

import http from 'k6/http';
import { check, sleep } from 'k6';
import { Rate, Trend } from 'k6/metrics';

// Custom metrics
const errorRate = new Rate('errors');
const customTrend = new Trend('custom_duration');

// Test configuration
export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '2m', target: 10 },  // Ramp up to 10 users
    { duration: '5m', target: 10 },  // Stay at 10 users
    { duration: '2m', target: 20 },  // Ramp up to 20 users
    { duration: '5m', target: 20 },  // Stay at 20 users
    { duration: '2m', target: 0 },   // Ramp down to 0
  ],
  thresholds: {
    http_req_duration: ['p(95)<500'],  // 95% of requests under 500ms
    http_req_failed: ['rate<0.1'],     // Error rate under 10%
    errors: ['rate<0.1'],
  },
};

// Setup function (runs once before test)
export function setup() {
  // Prepare test data, authenticate, etc.
  const loginRes = http.post('https://api.example.com/auth/login', {
    email: 'test@example.com',
    password: 'password123',
  });

  return { token: loginRes.json('token') };
}

// Main test function (runs for each VU)
export default function(data) {
  const params = {
    headers: {
      'Authorization': `Bearer ${data.token}`,
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    },
  };

  const response = http.get('https://api.example.com/users', params);

  // Verify response
  check(response, {
    'status is 200': (r) => r.status === 200,
    'response time < 500ms': (r) => r.timings.duration < 500,
    'response body contains users': (r) => r.body.includes('users'),
  });

  // Track custom metrics
  errorRate.add(response.status !== 200);
  customTrend.add(response.timings.duration);

  // Think time between requests
  sleep(Math.random() * 2 + 1); // 1-3 seconds
}

// Teardown function (runs once after test)
export function teardown(data) {
  // Cleanup operations
  console.log('Test completed');
}

Test Scenario Patterns

测试场景模式

Load Test (Normal Traffic)

负载测试（正常流量）

javascript

export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '5m', target: 50 },   // Ramp up
    { duration: '30m', target: 50 },  // Steady state
    { duration: '5m', target: 0 },    // Ramp down
  ],
  thresholds: {
    http_req_duration: ['p(95)<200', 'p(99)<500'],
    http_req_failed: ['rate<0.01'],
  },
};

javascript

export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '5m', target: 50 },   // Ramp up
    { duration: '30m', target: 50 },  // Steady state
    { duration: '5m', target: 0 },    // Ramp down
  ],
  thresholds: {
    http_req_duration: ['p(95)<200', 'p(99)<500'],
    http_req_failed: ['rate<0.01'],
  },
};

Stress Test (Beyond Normal Capacity)

压力测试（超出正常容量）

javascript

export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '2m', target: 100 },
    { duration: '5m', target: 100 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 200 },
    { duration: '5m', target: 200 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 300 },  // Beyond normal capacity
    { duration: '5m', target: 300 },
    { duration: '10m', target: 400 }, // Breaking point
    { duration: '2m', target: 0 },
  ],
};

javascript

export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '2m', target: 100 },
    { duration: '5m', target: 100 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 200 },
    { duration: '5m', target: 200 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 300 },  // Beyond normal capacity
    { duration: '5m', target: 300 },
    { duration: '10m', target: 400 }, // Breaking point
    { duration: '2m', target: 0 },
  ],
};

Spike Test (Sudden Traffic Surge)

尖峰测试（突发流量激增）

javascript

export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '10s', target: 100 },  // Quick ramp-up
    { duration: '1m', target: 100 },   // Stay at peak
    { duration: '10s', target: 0 },    // Quick ramp-down
  ],
};

javascript

export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '10s', target: 100 },  // Quick ramp-up
    { duration: '1m', target: 100 },   // Stay at peak
    { duration: '10s', target: 0 },    // Quick ramp-down
  ],
};

Soak Test (Extended Duration)

浸泡测试（长时间运行）

javascript

export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '5m', target: 50 },
    { duration: '4h', target: 50 },   // Run for 4 hours
    { duration: '5m', target: 0 },
  ],
};

javascript

export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '5m', target: 50 },
    { duration: '4h', target: 50 },   // Run for 4 hours
    { duration: '5m', target: 0 },
  ],
};

Breakpoint Test (Find Limits)

断点测试（寻找系统极限）

javascript

export const options = {
  executor: 'ramping-arrival-rate',
  stages: [
    { duration: '2m', target: 100 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 200 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 300 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 400 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 500 },
    // Continue until system breaks
  ],
};

javascript

export const options = {
  executor: 'ramping-arrival-rate',
  stages: [
    { duration: '2m', target: 100 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 200 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 300 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 400 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 500 },
    // Continue until system breaks
  ],
};

Advanced Patterns

高级模式

Data-Driven Testing

数据驱动测试

javascript

import { SharedArray } from 'k6/data';
import papaparse from 'https://jslib.k6.io/papaparse/5.1.1/index.js';

// Load CSV data once, share across VUs
const csvData = new SharedArray('users', function() {
  return papaparse.parse(open('./users.csv'), { header: true }).data;
});

export default function() {
  // Random user from dataset
  const user = csvData[Math.floor(Math.random() * csvData.length)];

  const payload = JSON.stringify({
    username: user.username,
    password: user.password,
  });

  const response = http.post('https://api.example.com/login', payload, {
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  });

  check(response, {
    'login successful': (r) => r.status === 200,
    'token present': (r) => r.json('token') !== '',
  });
}

javascript

import { SharedArray } from 'k6/data';
import papaparse from 'https://jslib.k6.io/papaparse/5.1.1/index.js';

// Load CSV data once, share across VUs
const csvData = new SharedArray('users', function() {
  return papaparse.parse(open('./users.csv'), { header: true }).data;
});

export default function() {
  // Random user from dataset
  const user = csvData[Math.floor(Math.random() * csvData.length)];

  const payload = JSON.stringify({
    username: user.username,
    password: user.password,
  });

  const response = http.post('https://api.example.com/login', payload, {
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  });

  check(response, {
    'login successful': (r) => r.status === 200,
    'token present': (r) => r.json('token') !== '',
  });
}

Session-Based Testing with Groups

基于会话的测试（使用Groups）

javascript

import { group, sleep } from 'k6';
import http from 'k6/http';

export default function() {
  let authToken;

  group('Authentication', function() {
    const loginRes = http.post('https://api.example.com/auth/login', {
      email: 'user@example.com',
      password: 'password123',
    });

    check(loginRes, { 'login successful': (r) => r.status === 200 });
    authToken = loginRes.json('token');
  });

  const headers = { Authorization: `Bearer ${authToken}` };

  group('Browse Products', function() {
    const productsRes = http.get('https://api.example.com/products', { headers });
    check(productsRes, { 'products loaded': (r) => r.status === 200 });

    const productId = productsRes.json('products')[0].id;
    const detailRes = http.get(`https://api.example.com/products/${productId}`, { headers });
    check(detailRes, { 'product detail loaded': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  });

  group('Add to Cart', function() {
    const cartRes = http.post('https://api.example.com/cart',
      JSON.stringify({ productId: 1, quantity: 2 }),
      { headers: { ...headers, 'Content-Type': 'application/json' } }
    );
    check(cartRes, { 'added to cart': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  });

  group('Checkout', function() {
    const checkoutRes = http.post('https://api.example.com/checkout',
      JSON.stringify({ paymentMethod: 'card' }),
      { headers: { ...headers, 'Content-Type': 'application/json' } }
    );
    check(checkoutRes, { 'checkout successful': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  });

  sleep(1);
}

javascript

import { group, sleep } from 'k6';
import http from 'k6/http';

export default function() {
  let authToken;

  group('Authentication', function() {
    const loginRes = http.post('https://api.example.com/auth/login', {
      email: 'user@example.com',
      password: 'password123',
    });

    check(loginRes, { 'login successful': (r) => r.status === 200 });
    authToken = loginRes.json('token');
  });

  const headers = { Authorization: `Bearer ${authToken}` };

  group('Browse Products', function() {
    const productsRes = http.get('https://api.example.com/products', { headers });
    check(productsRes, { 'products loaded': (r) => r.status === 200 });

    const productId = productsRes.json('products')[0].id;
    const detailRes = http.get(`https://api.example.com/products/${productId}`, { headers });
    check(detailRes, { 'product detail loaded': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  });

  group('Add to Cart', function() {
    const cartRes = http.post('https://api.example.com/cart',
      JSON.stringify({ productId: 1, quantity: 2 }),
      { headers: { ...headers, 'Content-Type': 'application/json' } }
    );
    check(cartRes, { 'added to cart': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  });

  group('Checkout', function() {
    const checkoutRes = http.post('https://api.example.com/checkout',
      JSON.stringify({ paymentMethod: 'card' }),
      { headers: { ...headers, 'Content-Type': 'application/json' } }
    );
    check(checkoutRes, { 'checkout successful': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  });

  sleep(1);
}

Batch Requests

批量请求

javascript

import http from 'k6/http';

export default function() {
  const responses = http.batch([
    ['GET', 'https://api.example.com/users'],
    ['GET', 'https://api.example.com/products'],
    ['GET', 'https://api.example.com/orders'],
    ['POST', 'https://api.example.com/events', JSON.stringify({ event: 'page_view' }), {
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    }],
  ]);

  check(responses[0], { 'users status 200': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  check(responses[1], { 'products status 200': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  check(responses[2], { 'orders status 200': (r) => r.status === 200 });
}

javascript

import http from 'k6/http';

export default function() {
  const responses = http.batch([
    ['GET', 'https://api.example.com/users'],
    ['GET', 'https://api.example.com/products'],
    ['GET', 'https://api.example.com/orders'],
    ['POST', 'https://api.example.com/events', JSON.stringify({ event: 'page_view' }), {
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    }],
  ]);

  check(responses[0], { 'users status 200': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  check(responses[1], { 'products status 200': (r) => r.status === 200 });
  check(responses[2], { 'orders status 200': (r) => r.status === 200 });
}

Custom Metrics

自定义指标

javascript

import { Counter, Gauge, Rate, Trend } from 'k6/metrics';

// Define custom metrics
const pageViews = new Counter('page_views');
const activeUsers = new Gauge('active_users');
const errorRate = new Rate('error_rate');
const responseTrend = new Trend('response_trend');

export default function() {
  const response = http.get('https://api.example.com/page');

  // Record metrics
  pageViews.add(1);
  activeUsers.add(__VU);  // Current VU count
  errorRate.add(response.status !== 200);
  responseTrend.add(response.timings.duration);

  // Tags for segmentation
  pageViews.add(1, { page: 'home', version: 'v2' });
}

javascript

import { Counter, Gauge, Rate, Trend } from 'k6/metrics';

// Define custom metrics
const pageViews = new Counter('page_views');
const activeUsers = new Gauge('active_users');
const errorRate = new Rate('error_rate');
const responseTrend = new Trend('response_trend');

export default function() {
  const response = http.get('https://api.example.com/page');

  // Record metrics
  pageViews.add(1);
  activeUsers.add(__VU);  // Current VU count
  errorRate.add(response.status !== 200);
  responseTrend.add(response.timings.duration);

  // Tags for segmentation
  pageViews.add(1, { page: 'home', version: 'v2' });
}

Environment Configuration

环境配置

Command Line Options

命令行选项

bash

undefined

bash

undefined

Basic run

k6 run script.js

Specify VUs and duration

k6 run --vus 50 --duration 10m script.js

Environment variables

k6 run --env BASE_URL=https://staging.api.com --env API_KEY=xxx script.js

Output to different backends

k6 run --out influxdb=http://localhost:8086/k6 script.js k6 run --out json=results.json script.js k6 run --out csv=results.csv script.js

Cloud execution

k6 cloud script.js

Run with config file

k6 run --config config.json script.js

undefined

k6 run --config config.json script.js

undefined

Environment Variables in Script

脚本中的环境变量

javascript

const BASE_URL = __ENV.BASE_URL || 'https://api.example.com';
const API_KEY = __ENV.API_KEY || 'default-key';
const ENVIRONMENT = __ENV.ENV || 'staging';

export default function() {
  const response = http.get(`${BASE_URL}/endpoint`, {
    headers: { 'X-API-Key': API_KEY },
  });
}

javascript

const BASE_URL = __ENV.BASE_URL || 'https://api.example.com';
const API_KEY = __ENV.API_KEY || 'default-key';
const ENVIRONMENT = __ENV.ENV || 'staging';

export default function() {
  const response = http.get(`${BASE_URL}/endpoint`, {
    headers: { 'X-API-Key': API_KEY },
  });
}

CI/CD Integration

CI/CD集成

GitHub Actions

yaml

name: Load Test

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # Daily at 2 AM

jobs:
  load-test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install k6
        run: |
          curl -L https://github.com/grafana/k6/releases/download/v0.47.0/k6-v0.47.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz | tar xvz
          sudo mv k6-v0.47.0-linux-amd64/k6 /usr/local/bin/

      - name: Run load test
        run: k6 run --env BASE_URL=${{ secrets.API_URL }} tests/load-test.js

      - name: Upload results
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: k6-results
          path: results.json

yaml

name: Load Test

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # Daily at 2 AM

jobs:
  load-test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install k6
        run: |
          curl -L https://github.com/grafana/k6/releases/download/v0.47.0/k6-v0.47.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz | tar xvz
          sudo mv k6-v0.47.0-linux-amd64/k6 /usr/local/bin/

      - name: Run load test
        run: k6 run --env BASE_URL=${{ secrets.API_URL }} tests/load-test.js

      - name: Upload results
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: k6-results
          path: results.json

Debugging and Analysis

调试与分析

javascript

import { textSummary } from 'https://jslib.k6.io/k6-summary/0.0.1/index.js';

// Custom summary handler
export function handleSummary(data) {
  return {
    'stdout': textSummary(data, { indent: ' ', enableColors: true }),
    'summary.json': JSON.stringify(data),
  };
}

export default function() {
  const response = http.get('https://api.example.com/data');

  // Detailed debugging on failure
  if (!check(response, { 'status is 200': (r) => r.status === 200 })) {
    console.error(`Request failed: ${response.status}`);
    console.error(`Response body: ${response.body.substring(0, 500)}`);
    console.error(`Request URL: ${response.request.url}`);
  }

  // Log slow requests
  if (response.timings.duration > 1000) {
    console.warn(`Slow request: ${response.timings.duration}ms - ${response.request.url}`);
  }
}

javascript

import { textSummary } from 'https://jslib.k6.io/k6-summary/0.0.1/index.js';

// Custom summary handler
export function handleSummary(data) {
  return {
    'stdout': textSummary(data, { indent: ' ', enableColors: true }),
    'summary.json': JSON.stringify(data),
  };
}

export default function() {
  const response = http.get('https://api.example.com/data');

  // Detailed debugging on failure
  if (!check(response, { 'status is 200': (r) => r.status === 200 })) {
    console.error(`Request failed: ${response.status}`);
    console.error(`Response body: ${response.body.substring(0, 500)}`);
    console.error(`Request URL: ${response.request.url}`);
  }

  // Log slow requests
  if (response.timings.duration > 1000) {
    console.warn(`Slow request: ${response.timings.duration}ms - ${response.request.url}`);
  }
}

Key Metrics Reference

关键指标参考

Metric	Description	Typical Threshold
`http_req_duration`	Response time	p(95)<500ms
`http_req_failed`	Failed request rate	rate<0.01
`http_reqs`	Requests per second	N/A (informational)
`http_req_waiting`	Time to first byte	p(95)<200ms
`vus`	Active virtual users	N/A
`iterations`	Completed iterations	N/A

指标	描述	典型阈值
`http_req_duration`	响应时间	p(95)<500ms
`http_req_failed`	请求失败率	rate<0.01
`http_reqs`	每秒请求数	N/A（仅作参考）
`http_req_waiting`	首字节时间	p(95)<200ms
`vus`	活跃虚拟用户数	N/A
`iterations`	完成的迭代次数	N/A

Лучшие практики

最佳实践

Realistic think time — добавляйте
```
sleep()
```
между запросами
Gradual ramp-up — избегайте мгновенной нагрузки
SharedArray for data — экономит память при больших датасетах
Meaningful thresholds — определяйте SLO заранее
Tags for segmentation — группируйте метрики по endpoint/feature
Monitor load generator — убедитесь, что k6 не bottleneck

真实思考时间 — 在请求之间添加
```
sleep()
```
逐步加压 — 避免瞬间施加负载
使用SharedArray存储数据 — 处理大型数据集时节省内存
有意义的阈值 — 提前定义SLO
使用标签进行细分 — 按端点/功能对指标进行分组
监控负载生成器 — 确保k6不会成为性能瓶颈