qiskit

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Qiskit

Overview

概述

Qiskit is the world's most popular open-source quantum computing framework with 13M+ downloads. Build quantum circuits, optimize for hardware, execute on simulators or real quantum computers, and analyze results. Supports IBM Quantum (100+ qubit systems), IonQ, Amazon Braket, and other providers.

Key Features:

83x faster transpilation than competitors
29% fewer two-qubit gates in optimized circuits
Backend-agnostic execution (local simulators or cloud hardware)
Comprehensive algorithm libraries for optimization, chemistry, and ML

Qiskit是全球最受欢迎的开源量子计算框架，下载量超1300万次。可用于构建量子电路、针对硬件进行优化、在模拟器或真实量子计算机上执行，并分析结果。支持IBM Quantum（100+量子比特系统）、IonQ、Amazon Braket及其他供应商平台。

核心特性：

转译速度比竞品快83倍
优化后的电路中双量子比特门数量减少29%
与后端无关的执行方式（本地模拟器或云端硬件）
涵盖优化、化学和机器学习领域的全面算法库

Quick Start

快速开始

Installation

安装

bash

uv pip install qiskit
uv pip install "qiskit[visualization]" matplotlib

bash

uv pip install qiskit
uv pip install "qiskit[visualization]" matplotlib

First Circuit

首个电路示例

python

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorSampler

python

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorSampler

Create Bell state (entangled qubits)

创建贝尔态（纠缠量子比特）

qc = QuantumCircuit(2) qc.h(0) # Hadamard on qubit 0 qc.cx(0, 1) # CNOT from qubit 0 to 1 qc.measure_all() # Measure both qubits

qc = QuantumCircuit(2) qc.h(0) # 对量子比特0应用Hadamard门 qc.cx(0, 1) # 从量子比特0到1应用CNOT门 qc.measure_all() # 测量所有量子比特

Run locally

本地运行

sampler = StatevectorSampler() result = sampler.run([qc], shots=1024).result() counts = result[0].data.meas.get_counts() print(counts) # {'00': ~512, '11': ~512}

undefined

sampler = StatevectorSampler() result = sampler.run([qc], shots=1024).result() counts = result[0].data.meas.get_counts() print(counts) # {'00': ~512, '11': ~512}

undefined

Visualization

可视化

python

from qiskit.visualization import plot_histogram

qc.draw('mpl')           # Circuit diagram
plot_histogram(counts)   # Results histogram

python

from qiskit.visualization import plot_histogram

qc.draw('mpl')           # 电路示意图
plot_histogram(counts)   # 结果直方图

Core Capabilities

核心功能

1. Setup and Installation

1. 安装与配置

For detailed installation, authentication, and IBM Quantum account setup:

See
references/setup.md

Topics covered:

Installation with uv
Python environment setup
IBM Quantum account and API token configuration
Local vs. cloud execution

如需详细的安装、认证及IBM Quantum账户设置指南：

参考
references/setup.md

涵盖主题：

使用uv安装Qiskit
Python环境配置
IBM Quantum账户与API令牌设置
本地执行 vs 云端执行

2. Building Quantum Circuits

2. 构建量子电路

For constructing quantum circuits with gates, measurements, and composition:

See
references/circuits.md

Topics covered:

Creating circuits with QuantumCircuit
Single-qubit gates (H, X, Y, Z, rotations, phase gates)
Multi-qubit gates (CNOT, SWAP, Toffoli)
Measurements and barriers
Circuit composition and properties
Parameterized circuits for variational algorithms

如需使用门、测量和组合操作构建量子电路：

参考
references/circuits.md

涵盖主题：

使用QuantumCircuit创建电路
单量子比特门（H、X、Y、Z、旋转门、相位门）
多量子比特门（CNOT、SWAP、Toffoli）
测量与屏障
电路组合与属性
用于变分算法的参数化电路

3. Primitives (Sampler and Estimator)

3. 原语（Sampler与Estimator）

For executing quantum circuits and computing results:

See
references/primitives.md

Topics covered:

Sampler: Get bitstring measurements and probability distributions
Estimator: Compute expectation values of observables
V2 interface (StatevectorSampler, StatevectorEstimator)
IBM Quantum Runtime primitives for hardware
Sessions and Batch modes
Parameter binding

如需执行量子电路并计算结果：

参考
references/primitives.md

涵盖主题：

Sampler：获取比特串测量结果与概率分布
Estimator：计算可观测量的期望值
V2接口（StatevectorSampler、StatevectorEstimator）
用于硬件的IBM Quantum Runtime原语
会话与批量模式
参数绑定

4. Transpilation and Optimization

4. 转译与优化

For optimizing circuits and preparing for hardware execution:

See
references/transpilation.md

Topics covered:

Why transpilation is necessary
Optimization levels (0-3)
Six transpilation stages (init, layout, routing, translation, optimization, scheduling)
Advanced features (virtual permutation elision, gate cancellation)
Common parameters (initial_layout, approximation_degree, seed)
Best practices for efficient circuits

如需优化电路并为硬件执行做准备：

参考
references/transpilation.md

涵盖主题：

转译的必要性
优化级别（0-3）
六个转译阶段（初始化、布局、路由、转换、优化、调度）
高级特性（虚拟排列消除、门抵消）
常用参数（initial_layout、approximation_degree、seed）
高效电路的最佳实践

5. Visualization

5. 可视化

For displaying circuits, results, and quantum states:

See
references/visualization.md

Topics covered:

Circuit drawings (text, matplotlib, LaTeX)
Result histograms
Quantum state visualization (Bloch sphere, state city, QSphere)
Backend topology and error maps
Customization and styling
Saving publication-quality figures

如需展示电路、结果和量子态：

参考
references/visualization.md

涵盖主题：

电路绘图（文本、matplotlib、LaTeX）
结果直方图
量子态可视化（布洛赫球、状态图、QSphere）
后端拓扑与错误图
自定义与样式设置
保存可用于出版的图表

6. Hardware Backends

6. 硬件后端

For running on simulators and real quantum computers:

See
references/backends.md

Topics covered:

IBM Quantum backends and authentication
Backend properties and status
Running on real hardware with Runtime primitives
Job management and queuing
Session mode (iterative algorithms)
Batch mode (parallel jobs)
Local simulators (StatevectorSampler, Aer)
Third-party providers (IonQ, Amazon Braket)
Error mitigation strategies

如需在模拟器和真实量子计算机上运行：

参考
references/backends.md

涵盖主题：

IBM Quantum后端与认证
后端属性与状态
使用Runtime原语在真实硬件上运行
作业管理与排队
会话模式（迭代算法）
批量模式（并行作业）
本地模拟器（StatevectorSampler、Aer）
第三方供应商（IonQ、Amazon Braket）
错误缓解策略

7. Qiskit Patterns Workflow

7. Qiskit Patterns工作流

For implementing the four-step quantum computing workflow:

See
references/patterns.md

Topics covered:

Map: Translate problems to quantum circuits
Optimize: Transpile for hardware
Execute: Run with primitives
Post-process: Extract and analyze results
Complete VQE example
Session vs. Batch execution
Common workflow patterns

如需实现四步量子计算工作流：

参考
references/patterns.md

涵盖主题：

映射：将问题转换为量子电路
优化：针对硬件转译电路
执行：使用原语运行
后处理：提取并分析结果
完整VQE示例
会话模式 vs 批量执行
常见工作流模式

8. Quantum Algorithms and Applications

8. 量子算法与应用

For implementing specific quantum algorithms:

See
references/algorithms.md

Topics covered:

Optimization: VQE, QAOA, Grover's algorithm
Chemistry: Molecular ground states, excited states, Hamiltonians
Machine Learning: Quantum kernels, VQC, QNN
Algorithm libraries: Qiskit Nature, Qiskit ML, Qiskit Optimization
Physics simulations and benchmarking

如需实现特定量子算法：

参考
references/algorithms.md

涵盖主题：

优化：VQE、QAOA、Grover算法
化学：分子基态、激发态、哈密顿量
机器学习：量子核、VQC、QNN
算法库：Qiskit Nature、Qiskit ML、Qiskit Optimization
物理模拟与基准测试

Workflow Decision Guide

工作流决策指南

If you need to:

Install Qiskit or set up IBM Quantum account →
```
references/setup.md
```
Build a new quantum circuit →
```
references/circuits.md
```
Understand gates and circuit operations →
```
references/circuits.md
```
Run circuits and get measurements →
```
references/primitives.md
```
Compute expectation values →
```
references/primitives.md
```
Optimize circuits for hardware →
```
references/transpilation.md
```
Visualize circuits or results →
```
references/visualization.md
```
Execute on IBM Quantum hardware →
```
references/backends.md
```
Connect to third-party providers →
```
references/backends.md
```
Implement end-to-end quantum workflow →
```
references/patterns.md
```
Build specific algorithm (VQE, QAOA, etc.) →
```
references/algorithms.md
```
Solve chemistry or optimization problems →
```
references/algorithms.md
```

当你需要：

安装Qiskit或设置IBM Quantum账户 →
```
references/setup.md
```
构建新的量子电路 →
```
references/circuits.md
```
了解门与电路操作 →
```
references/circuits.md
```
运行电路并获取测量结果 →
```
references/primitives.md
```
计算期望值 →
```
references/primitives.md
```
针对硬件优化电路 →
```
references/transpilation.md
```
可视化电路或结果 →
```
references/visualization.md
```
在IBM Quantum硬件上执行 →
```
references/backends.md
```
连接到第三方供应商 →
```
references/backends.md
```
实现端到端量子工作流 →
```
references/patterns.md
```
构建特定算法（VQE、QAOA等） →
```
references/algorithms.md
```
解决化学或优化问题 →
```
references/algorithms.md
```

Best Practices

最佳实践

Development Workflow

开发工作流

Start with simulators: Test locally before using hardware

python

from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorSampler
sampler = StatevectorSampler()

Always transpile: Optimize circuits before execution

python

from qiskit import transpile
qc_optimized = transpile(qc, backend=backend, optimization_level=3)

Use appropriate primitives:
- Sampler for bitstrings (optimization algorithms)
- Estimator for expectation values (chemistry, physics)
Choose execution mode:
- Session: Iterative algorithms (VQE, QAOA)
- Batch: Independent parallel jobs
- Single job: One-off experiments

从模拟器开始：在使用硬件前先在本地测试

python

from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorSampler
sampler = StatevectorSampler()

始终进行转译：执行前优化电路

python

from qiskit import transpile
qc_optimized = transpile(qc, backend=backend, optimization_level=3)

选择合适的原语：
- Sampler用于比特串（优化算法）
- Estimator用于期望值（化学、物理）
选择执行模式：
- 会话模式：迭代算法（VQE、QAOA）
- 批量模式：独立并行作业
- 单次作业：一次性实验

Performance Optimization

性能优化

Use optimization_level=3 for production
Minimize two-qubit gates (major error source)
Test with noisy simulators before hardware
Save and reuse transpiled circuits
Monitor convergence in variational algorithms

生产环境使用optimization_level=3
尽量减少双量子比特门（主要误差来源）
在使用硬件前先在含噪声模拟器上测试
保存并复用已转译的电路
监控变分算法的收敛情况

Hardware Execution

硬件执行

Check backend status before submitting
Use least_busy() for testing
Save job IDs for later retrieval
Apply error mitigation (resilience_level)
Start with fewer shots, increase for final runs

提交作业前检查后端状态
测试时使用least_busy()
保存作业ID以便后续检索
应用错误缓解策略（resilience_level）
先使用较少的shots，最终运行时再增加

Common Patterns

常见模式

Pattern 1: Simple Circuit Execution

模式1：简单电路执行

python

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, transpile
from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorSampler

qc = QuantumCircuit(2)
qc.h(0)
qc.cx(0, 1)
qc.measure_all()

sampler = StatevectorSampler()
result = sampler.run([qc], shots=1024).result()
counts = result[0].data.meas.get_counts()

python

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, transpile
from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorSampler

qc = QuantumCircuit(2)
qc.h(0)
qc.cx(0, 1)
qc.measure_all()

sampler = StatevectorSampler()
result = sampler.run([qc], shots=1024).result()
counts = result[0].data.meas.get_counts()

Pattern 2: Hardware Execution with Transpilation

模式2：带转译的硬件执行

python

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService, SamplerV2 as Sampler
from qiskit import transpile

service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.backend("ibm_brisbane")

qc_optimized = transpile(qc, backend=backend, optimization_level=3)

sampler = Sampler(backend)
job = sampler.run([qc_optimized], shots=1024)
result = job.result()

python

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService, SamplerV2 as Sampler
from qiskit import transpile

service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.backend("ibm_brisbane")

qc_optimized = transpile(qc, backend=backend, optimization_level=3)

sampler = Sampler(backend)
job = sampler.run([qc_optimized], shots=1024)
result = job.result()

Pattern 3: Variational Algorithm (VQE)

模式3：变分算法（VQE）

python

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import Session, EstimatorV2 as Estimator
from scipy.optimize import minimize

with Session(backend=backend) as session:
    estimator = Estimator(session=session)

    def cost_function(params):
        bound_qc = ansatz.assign_parameters(params)
        qc_isa = transpile(bound_qc, backend=backend)
        result = estimator.run([(qc_isa, hamiltonian)]).result()
        return result[0].data.evs

    result = minimize(cost_function, initial_params, method='COBYLA')

python

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import Session, EstimatorV2 as Estimator
from scipy.optimize import minimize

with Session(backend=backend) as session:
    estimator = Estimator(session=session)

    def cost_function(params):
        bound_qc = ansatz.assign_parameters(params)
        qc_isa = transpile(bound_qc, backend=backend)
        result = estimator.run([(qc_isa, hamiltonian)]).result()
        return result[0].data.evs

    result = minimize(cost_function, initial_params, method='COBYLA')

Additional Resources

额外资源

Official Docs: https://quantum.ibm.com/docs
Qiskit Textbook: https://qiskit.org/learn
API Reference: https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit
Patterns Guide: https://quantum.cloud.ibm.com/docs/en/guides/intro-to-patterns

官方文档：https://quantum.ibm.com/docs
Qiskit教材：https://qiskit.org/learn
API参考：https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit
模式指南：https://quantum.cloud.ibm.com/docs/en/guides/intro-to-patterns