route-handlers

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Next.js Route Handlers

Overview

概述

Route Handlers allow you to create API endpoints using the Web Request and Response APIs. They're defined in

route.ts

files within the

app

directory.

Route Handlers 允许你使用 Web Request 和 Response API 创建 API 端点。它们定义在

app

目录下的

route.ts

文件中。

Basic Structure

基本结构

File Convention

文件约定

Route handlers use

route.ts

(or

route.js

app/
├── api/
│   ├── users/
│   │   └── route.ts      # /api/users
│   └── posts/
│       ├── route.ts      # /api/posts
│       └── [id]/
│           └── route.ts  # /api/posts/:id

路由处理器使用

route.ts

（或

route.js

）：

app/
├── api/
│   ├── users/
│   │   └── route.ts      # /api/users
│   └── posts/
│       ├── route.ts      # /api/posts
│       └── [id]/
│           └── route.ts  # /api/posts/:id

HTTP Methods

HTTP 方法

Export functions named after HTTP methods:

tsx

// app/api/users/route.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'

export async function GET() {
  const users = await db.user.findMany()
  return NextResponse.json(users)
}

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const body = await request.json()
  const user = await db.user.create({ data: body })
  return NextResponse.json(user, { status: 201 })
}

Supported methods:

GET

POST

PUT

PATCH

DELETE

HEAD

OPTIONS

导出以 HTTP 方法命名的函数：

tsx

// app/api/users/route.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'

export async function GET() {
  const users = await db.user.findMany()
  return NextResponse.json(users)
}

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const body = await request.json()
  const user = await db.user.create({ data: body })
  return NextResponse.json(user, { status: 201 })
}

支持的方法：

GET

、

POST

、

PUT

、

PATCH

、

DELETE

、

HEAD

、

OPTIONS

Request Handling

请求处理

Reading Request Body

读取请求体

tsx

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  // JSON body
  const json = await request.json()

  // Form data
  const formData = await request.formData()
  const name = formData.get('name')

  // Text body
  const text = await request.text()

  return NextResponse.json({ received: true })
}

tsx

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  // JSON 体
  const json = await request.json()

  // 表单数据
  const formData = await request.formData()
  const name = formData.get('name')

  // 文本体
  const text = await request.text()

  return NextResponse.json({ received: true })
}

URL Parameters

URL 参数

Dynamic route parameters:

tsx

// app/api/posts/[id]/route.ts
interface RouteContext {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>
}

export async function GET(
  request: Request,
  context: RouteContext
) {
  const { id } = await context.params
  const post = await db.post.findUnique({ where: { id } })

  if (!post) {
    return NextResponse.json(
      { error: 'Not found' },
      { status: 404 }
    )
  }

  return NextResponse.json(post)
}

动态路由参数：

tsx

// app/api/posts/[id]/route.ts
interface RouteContext {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>
}

export async function GET(
  request: Request,
  context: RouteContext
) {
  const { id } = await context.params
  const post = await db.post.findUnique({ where: { id } })

  if (!post) {
    return NextResponse.json(
      { error: 'Not found' },
      { status: 404 }
    )
  }

  return NextResponse.json(post)
}

Query Parameters

查询参数

tsx

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url)
  const page = searchParams.get('page') ?? '1'
  const limit = searchParams.get('limit') ?? '10'

  const posts = await db.post.findMany({
    skip: (parseInt(page) - 1) * parseInt(limit),
    take: parseInt(limit),
  })

  return NextResponse.json(posts)
}

tsx

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url)
  const page = searchParams.get('page') ?? '1'
  const limit = searchParams.get('limit') ?? '10'

  const posts = await db.post.findMany({
    skip: (parseInt(page) - 1) * parseInt(limit),
    take: parseInt(limit),
  })

  return NextResponse.json(posts)
}

Request Headers

请求头

tsx

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const authHeader = request.headers.get('authorization')

  if (!authHeader?.startsWith('Bearer ')) {
    return NextResponse.json(
      { error: 'Unauthorized' },
      { status: 401 }
    )
  }

  const token = authHeader.split(' ')[1]
  // Validate token...

  return NextResponse.json({ authenticated: true })
}

tsx

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const authHeader = request.headers.get('authorization')

  if (!authHeader?.startsWith('Bearer ')) {
    return NextResponse.json(
      { error: 'Unauthorized' },
      { status: 401 }
    )
  }

  const token = authHeader.split(' ')[1]
  // 验证令牌...

  return NextResponse.json({ authenticated: true })
}

Response Handling

响应处理

JSON Response

JSON 响应

tsx

import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'

export async function GET() {
  return NextResponse.json(
    { message: 'Hello' },
    { status: 200 }
  )
}

tsx

import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'

export async function GET() {
  return NextResponse.json(
    { message: 'Hello' },
    { status: 200 }
  )
}

Setting Headers

设置响应头

tsx

export async function GET() {
  return NextResponse.json(
    { data: 'value' },
    {
      headers: {
        'Cache-Control': 'max-age=3600',
        'X-Custom-Header': 'custom-value',
      },
    }
  )
}

tsx

export async function GET() {
  return NextResponse.json(
    { data: 'value' },
    {
      headers: {
        'Cache-Control': 'max-age=3600',
        'X-Custom-Header': 'custom-value',
      },
    }
  )
}

Setting Cookies

设置 Cookie

tsx

import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const cookieStore = await cookies()

  // Set cookie
  cookieStore.set('session', 'abc123', {
    httpOnly: true,
    secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',
    sameSite: 'lax',
    maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // 1 week
  })

  return NextResponse.json({ success: true })
}

tsx

import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const cookieStore = await cookies()

  // 设置 Cookie
  cookieStore.set('session', 'abc123', {
    httpOnly: true,
    secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',
    sameSite: 'lax',
    maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // 1 周
  })

  return NextResponse.json({ success: true })
}

Redirects

重定向

tsx

import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'

export async function GET() {
  // Option 1: redirect function (throws)
  redirect('/login')

  // Option 2: NextResponse.redirect
  return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url))
}

tsx

import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'

export async function GET() {
  // 选项 1：redirect 函数（抛出异常）
  redirect('/login')

  // 选项 2：NextResponse.redirect
  return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url))
}

Streaming Responses

流式响应

Text Streaming

文本流式传输

tsx

export async function GET() {
  const encoder = new TextEncoder()
  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(`data: ${i}\n\n`))
        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 100))
      }
      controller.close()
    },
  })

  return new Response(stream, {
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'text/event-stream',
      'Cache-Control': 'no-cache',
      'Connection': 'keep-alive',
    },
  })
}

tsx

export async function GET() {
  const encoder = new TextEncoder()
  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(`data: ${i}\n\n`))
        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 100))
      }
      controller.close()
    },
  })

  return new Response(stream, {
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'text/event-stream',
      'Cache-Control': 'no-cache',
      'Connection': 'keep-alive',
    },
  })
}

AI/LLM Streaming

AI/LLM 流式传输

tsx

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const { prompt } = await request.json()

  const response = await openai.chat.completions.create({
    model: 'gpt-4',
    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: prompt }],
    stream: true,
  })

  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      for await (const chunk of response) {
        const text = chunk.choices[0]?.delta?.content || ''
        controller.enqueue(new TextEncoder().encode(text))
      }
      controller.close()
    },
  })

  return new Response(stream, {
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' },
  })
}

tsx

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const { prompt } = await request.json()

  const response = await openai.chat.completions.create({
    model: 'gpt-4',
    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: prompt }],
    stream: true,
  })

  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      for await (const chunk of response) {
        const text = chunk.choices[0]?.delta?.content || ''
        controller.enqueue(new TextEncoder().encode(text))
      }
      controller.close()
    },
  })

  return new Response(stream, {
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' },
  })
}

CORS Configuration

CORS 配置

tsx

export async function OPTIONS() {
  return new Response(null, {
    status: 204,
    headers: {
      'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type, Authorization',
    },
  })
}

export async function GET() {
  return NextResponse.json(
    { data: 'value' },
    {
      headers: {
        'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
      },
    }
  )
}

tsx

export async function OPTIONS() {
  return new Response(null, {
    status: 204,
    headers: {
      'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type, Authorization',
    },
  })
}

export async function GET() {
  return NextResponse.json(
    { data: 'value' },
    {
      headers: {
        'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
      },
    }
  )
}

Caching

缓存

Static (Default for GET)

静态缓存（GET 请求默认行为）

tsx

// Cached by default
export async function GET() {
  const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data')
  return NextResponse.json(await data.json())
}

tsx

// 默认会被缓存
export async function GET() {
  const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data')
  return NextResponse.json(await data.json())
}

Opt-out of Caching

禁用缓存

tsx

export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'

export async function GET() {
  // Always fresh
}

// Or use cookies/headers (auto opts out)
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export async function GET() {
  const cookieStore = await cookies()
  // Now dynamic
}

tsx

export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'

export async function GET() {
  // 始终返回最新内容
}

// 或者使用 cookies/headers（自动禁用缓存）
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'

export async function GET() {
  const cookieStore = await cookies()
  // 现在变为动态
}

Error Handling

错误处理

tsx

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  try {
    const data = await riskyOperation()
    return NextResponse.json(data)
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('API Error:', error)

    if (error instanceof ValidationError) {
      return NextResponse.json(
        { error: error.message },
        { status: 400 }
      )
    }

    return NextResponse.json(
      { error: 'Internal Server Error' },
      { status: 500 }
    )
  }
}

tsx

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  try {
    const data = await riskyOperation()
    return NextResponse.json(data)
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('API Error:', error)

    if (error instanceof ValidationError) {
      return NextResponse.json(
        { error: error.message },
        { status: 400 }
      )
    }

    return NextResponse.json(
      { error: 'Internal Server Error' },
      { status: 500 }
    )
  }
}

Resources

资源

For detailed patterns, see:

```
references/http-methods.md
```
- Complete HTTP method guide
```
references/streaming-responses.md
```
- Advanced streaming patterns
```
examples/crud-api.md
```
- Full CRUD API example

如需了解详细模式，请查看：

```
references/http-methods.md
```
- 完整的 HTTP 方法指南
```
references/streaming-responses.md
```
- 高级流式传输模式
```
examples/crud-api.md
```
- 完整的 CRUD API 示例