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Docker Compose 编排

Docker Compose 编排

概述

概述

多容器编排、环境变量、网络配置等技能。
多容器编排、环境变量、网络配置等技能。

基础命令

基础命令

bash
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bash
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启动服务

启动服务

docker compose up docker compose up -d # 后台运行 docker compose up --build # 重新构建
docker compose up docker compose up -d # 后台运行 docker compose up --build # 重新构建

停止服务

停止服务

docker compose down docker compose down -v # 同时删除卷 docker compose down --rmi all # 同时删除镜像
docker compose down docker compose down -v # 同时删除卷 docker compose down --rmi all # 同时删除镜像

查看状态

查看状态

docker compose ps docker compose ps -a
docker compose ps docker compose ps -a

查看日志

查看日志

docker compose logs docker compose logs -f # 实时跟踪 docker compose logs service_name
docker compose logs docker compose logs -f # 实时跟踪 docker compose logs service_name

执行命令

执行命令

docker compose exec service_name sh docker compose run service_name command
docker compose exec service_name sh docker compose run service_name command

重启服务

重启服务

docker compose restart docker compose restart service_name
docker compose restart docker compose restart service_name

扩缩容

扩缩容

docker compose up -d --scale web=3
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docker compose up -d --scale web=3
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配置文件

配置文件

基础结构

基础结构

yaml
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yaml
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docker-compose.yml

docker-compose.yml

version: "3.9"
services: web: image: nginx:alpine ports: - "80:80" volumes: - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html depends_on: - api
api: build: ./api environment: - DATABASE_URL=postgres://db:5432/mydb depends_on: - db
db: image: postgres:15 volumes: - db_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data environment: POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret
volumes: db_data:
networks: default: driver: bridge
undefined
version: "3.9"
services: web: image: nginx:alpine ports: - "80:80" volumes: - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html depends_on: - api
api: build: ./api environment: - DATABASE_URL=postgres://db:5432/mydb depends_on: - db
db: image: postgres:15 volumes: - db_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data environment: POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret
volumes: db_data:
networks: default: driver: bridge
undefined

服务配置详解

服务配置详解

build

build

yaml
services:
  app:
    # 简单形式
    build: ./app
    
    # 完整形式
    build:
      context: ./app
      dockerfile: Dockerfile.prod
      args:
        - VERSION=1.0
      target: production
      cache_from:
        - myapp:cache
yaml
services:
  app:
    # 简单形式
    build: ./app
    
    # 完整形式
    build:
      context: ./app
      dockerfile: Dockerfile.prod
      args:
        - VERSION=1.0
      target: production
      cache_from:
        - myapp:cache

ports

ports

yaml
services:
  web:
    ports:
      - "80:80"                     # HOST:CONTAINER
      - "443:443"
      - "8080-8090:8080-8090"       # 端口范围
      - "127.0.0.1:3000:3000"       # 绑定特定 IP
yaml
services:
  web:
    ports:
      - "80:80"                     # HOST:CONTAINER
      - "443:443"
      - "8080-8090:8080-8090"       # 端口范围
      - "127.0.0.1:3000:3000"       # 绑定特定 IP

volumes

volumes

yaml
services:
  app:
    volumes:
      # 命名卷
      - data:/var/lib/data
      # 绑定挂载
      - ./config:/etc/app/config:ro
      # 匿名卷
      - /var/lib/data

volumes:
  data:
    driver: local
yaml
services:
  app:
    volumes:
      # 命名卷
      - data:/var/lib/data
      # 绑定挂载
      - ./config:/etc/app/config:ro
      # 匿名卷
      - /var/lib/data

volumes:
  data:
    driver: local

environment

environment

yaml
services:
  app:
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=production
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://localhost/db
    # 或使用映射形式
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: production
      DATABASE_URL: postgres://localhost/db
    # 从文件加载
    env_file:
      - .env
      - .env.local
yaml
services:
  app:
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=production
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://localhost/db
    # 或使用映射形式
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: production
      DATABASE_URL: postgres://localhost/db
    # 从文件加载
    env_file:
      - .env
      - .env.local

depends_on

depends_on

yaml
services:
  web:
    depends_on:
      - db
      - redis
    # 带条件
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
      redis:
        condition: service_started
yaml
services:
  web:
    depends_on:
      - db
      - redis
    # 带条件
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
      redis:
        condition: service_started

healthcheck

healthcheck

yaml
services:
  web:
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost/health"]
      interval: 30s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 3
      start_period: 40s
yaml
services:
  web:
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost/health"]
      interval: 30s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 3
      start_period: 40s

deploy（Swarm 模式）

deploy（Swarm 模式）

yaml
services:
  web:
    deploy:
      replicas: 3
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: '0.5'
          memory: 512M
        reservations:
          cpus: '0.25'
          memory: 256M
      restart_policy:
        condition: on-failure
        delay: 5s
        max_attempts: 3
yaml
services:
  web:
    deploy:
      replicas: 3
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: '0.5'
          memory: 512M
        reservations:
          cpus: '0.25'
          memory: 256M
      restart_policy:
        condition: on-failure
        delay: 5s
        max_attempts: 3

网络配置

网络配置

自定义网络

自定义网络

yaml
services:
  frontend:
    networks:
      - frontend
  
  backend:
    networks:
      - frontend
      - backend
  
  db:
    networks:
      - backend

networks:
  frontend:
    driver: bridge
  backend:
    driver: bridge
    internal: true              # 内部网络，无外部访问
yaml
services:
  frontend:
    networks:
      - frontend
  
  backend:
    networks:
      - frontend
      - backend
  
  db:
    networks:
      - backend

networks:
  frontend:
    driver: bridge
  backend:
    driver: bridge
    internal: true              # 内部网络，无外部访问

网络别名

网络别名

yaml
services:
  db:
    networks:
      backend:
        aliases:
          - database
          - postgres
yaml
services:
  db:
    networks:
      backend:
        aliases:
          - database
          - postgres

环境变量

环境变量

.env 文件

.env 文件

bash
undefined
bash
undefined

.env

.env

POSTGRES_VERSION=15 POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret APP_PORT=3000

```yaml
POSTGRES_VERSION=15 POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret APP_PORT=3000

```yaml

docker-compose.yml

docker-compose.yml

services: db: image: postgres:${POSTGRES_VERSION} environment: POSTGRES_PASSWORD: ${POSTGRES_PASSWORD}
app: ports: - "${APP_PORT}:3000"
undefined
services: db: image: postgres:${POSTGRES_VERSION} environment: POSTGRES_PASSWORD: ${POSTGRES_PASSWORD}
app: ports: - "${APP_PORT}:3000"
undefined

多环境配置

多环境配置

bash
undefined
bash
undefined

docker-compose.override.yml（开发环境，自动加载）

docker-compose.override.yml（开发环境，自动加载）

docker-compose.prod.yml（生产环境）

docker-compose.prod.yml（生产环境）

使用多个配置文件

使用多个配置文件

docker compose -f docker-compose.yml -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d

```yaml
docker compose -f docker-compose.yml -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d

```yaml

docker-compose.yml（基础配置）

docker-compose.yml（基础配置）

services: app: image: myapp:latest
services: app: image: myapp:latest

docker-compose.override.yml（开发覆盖）

docker-compose.override.yml（开发覆盖）

services: app: build: . volumes: - .:/app environment: - DEBUG=true
services: app: build: . volumes: - .:/app environment: - DEBUG=true

docker-compose.prod.yml（生产覆盖）

docker-compose.prod.yml（生产覆盖）

services: app: restart: always environment: - DEBUG=false
undefined
services: app: restart: always environment: - DEBUG=false
undefined

常见场景

常见场景

场景 1：Web 应用栈

场景 1：Web 应用栈

yaml
version: "3.9"

services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "80:80"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
    depends_on:
      - app

  app:
    build: .
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://postgres:secret@db:5432/mydb
      - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
      redis:
        condition: service_started

  db:
    image: postgres:15-alpine
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret
      POSTGRES_DB: mydb
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U postgres"]
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data

volumes:
  postgres_data:
  redis_data:
yaml
version: "3.9"

services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "80:80"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
    depends_on:
      - app

  app:
    build: .
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://postgres:secret@db:5432/mydb
      - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
      redis:
        condition: service_started

  db:
    image: postgres:15-alpine
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret
      POSTGRES_DB: mydb
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U postgres"]
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data

volumes:
  postgres_data:
  redis_data:

场景 2：开发环境热重载

场景 2：开发环境热重载

yaml
version: "3.9"

services:
  app:
    build:
      context: .
      target: development
    volumes:
      - .:/app
      - /app/node_modules          # 排除 node_modules
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=development
    command: npm run dev
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
yaml
version: "3.9"

services:
  app:
    build:
      context: .
      target: development
    volumes:
      - .:/app
      - /app/node_modules          # 排除 node_modules
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=development
    command: npm run dev
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"

场景 3：数据库初始化

场景 3：数据库初始化

yaml
services:
  db:
    image: postgres:15
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
      - ./init.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/init.sql:ro
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret
yaml
services:
  db:
    image: postgres:15
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
      - ./init.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/init.sql:ro
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret

场景 4：日志配置

场景 4：日志配置

yaml
services:
  app:
    logging:
      driver: json-file
      options:
        max-size: "10m"
        max-file: "3"
yaml
services:
  app:
    logging:
      driver: json-file
      options:
        max-size: "10m"
        max-file: "3"

故障排查

故障排查

bash
undefined
bash
undefined

查看配置

查看配置

docker compose config
docker compose config

查看服务日志

查看服务日志

docker compose logs service_name --tail=100
docker compose logs service_name --tail=100

进入容器

进入容器

docker compose exec service_name sh
docker compose exec service_name sh

查看网络

查看网络

docker network ls docker network inspect project_default
docker network ls docker network inspect project_default

重建服务

重建服务

docker compose up -d --force-recreate service_name

| 问题 | 排查方法 |
|------|----------|
| 服务无法启动 | `docker compose logs`, 检查依赖 |
| 网络不通 | 检查网络配置、服务名 |
| 卷挂载问题 | 检查路径、权限 |
| 环境变量未生效 | `docker compose config` 验证 |
docker compose up -d --force-recreate service_name

| 问题 | 排查方法 |
|------|----------|
| 服务无法启动 | `docker compose logs`, 检查依赖 |
| 网络不通 | 检查网络配置、服务名 |
| 卷挂载问题 | 检查路径、权限 |
| 环境变量未生效 | `docker compose config` 验证 |