actor ImageCache {
    private var cache: [URL: UIImage] = [:]

    func image(for url: URL) -> UIImage? {
        cache[url]
    }

    func store(_ image: UIImage, for url: URL) {
        cache[url] = image
    }
}

// Usage — must await across isolation boundary
let cache = ImageCache()
let image = await cache.image(for: url)

actor Counter {
    var count = 0              // Isolated — external access requires await
    let name: String           // let constants are implicitly nonisolated

    func increment() {         // Isolated — await required from outside
        count += 1
    }

    nonisolated func identity() -> String {
        name                   // OK: accessing nonisolated let
    }
}

let counter = Counter(name: "main")
await counter.increment()      // Must await across isolation boundary
let id = counter.identity()    // No await needed — nonisolated

actor MyActor {
    let id: UUID               // let constants are implicitly nonisolated

    nonisolated var description: String {
        "Actor \(id)"          // Can only access nonisolated state
    }

    nonisolated func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
        hasher.combine(id)     // Only nonisolated properties
    }
}

actor BankAccount {
    var balance: Double = 0

    func transfer(amount: Double, to other: BankAccount) async {
        guard balance >= amount else { return }
        balance -= amount
        // REENTRANCY HAZARD: another caller could modify balance here
        // while we await the deposit on the other actor
        await other.deposit(amount)
    }

    func deposit(_ amount: Double) {
        balance += amount
    }
}

actor BankAccount {
    var balance: Double = 0

    func transfer(amount: Double, to other: BankAccount) async -> Bool {
        guard balance >= amount else { return false }
        balance -= amount

        await other.deposit(amount)

        // Re-check invariants after await if needed
        return true
    }
}

@globalActor
actor MyGlobalActor {
    static let shared = MyGlobalActor()
}

@MyGlobalActor
func doWork() { /* isolated to MyGlobalActor */ }

@MyGlobalActor
class MyService {
    var state: Int = 0         // Isolated to MyGlobalActor
}

@MainActor
class ViewModel: ObservableObject {
    @Published var items: [Item] = []

    func loadItems() async {
        let data = await fetchFromNetwork()
        items = data           // Safe: already on MainActor
    }
}

// Annotate individual members
class MixedService {
    @MainActor var uiState: String = ""

    @MainActor
    func updateUI() {
        uiState = "Done"
    }

    func backgroundWork() async -> String {
        await heavyComputation()
    }
}

actor DataManager {
    var data: [String] = []

    init() {
        // Cannot call isolated methods here
        // self.loadDefaults()  // ERROR: actor-isolated method in non-isolated init
    }

    // Use a factory method instead
    static func create() async -> DataManager {
        let manager = DataManager()
        await manager.loadDefaults()
        return manager
    }

    func loadDefaults() {
        data = ["default"]
    }
}

// Structs: Sendable when all stored properties are Sendable
struct UserProfile: Sendable {
    let name: String
    let age: Int
}

// Enums: Sendable when all associated values are Sendable
enum LoadState: Sendable {
    case idle
    case loading
    case loaded(String)        // String is Sendable
    case failed(Error)         // ERROR: Error is not Sendable
}

// Fix: use a Sendable error type
enum LoadState: Sendable {
    case idle
    case loading
    case loaded(String)
    case failed(any Error & Sendable)
}

func runInBackground(_ work: @Sendable () -> Void) {
    Task.detached { work() }
}

// All captured values must be Sendable
var count = 0
runInBackground {
    // ERROR: capture of mutable local variable
    // count += 1
}

let snapshot = count
runInBackground {
    print(snapshot)            // OK: let binding of Sendable type
}

final class ThreadSafeCache: @unchecked Sendable {
    private let lock = NSLock()
    private var storage: [String: Any] = [:]

    func get(_ key: String) -> Any? {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return storage[key]
    }

    func set(_ key: String, value: Any) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        storage[key] = value
    }
}

struct Box<T> {
    let value: T
}

// Box is Sendable only when T is Sendable
extension Box: Sendable where T: Sendable {}

// Standard library uses this extensively:
// Array<Element>: Sendable where Element: Sendable
// Dictionary<Key, Value>: Sendable where Key: Sendable, Value: Sendable
// Optional<Wrapped>: Sendable where Wrapped: Sendable

func process(_ value: sending String) async {
    // Caller can no longer access value after this call
    await store(value)
}

// Useful for transferring non-Sendable types when caller won't use them again
func handOff(_ connection: sending NetworkConnection) async {
    await manager.accept(connection)
}

// Inherits actor context — if called from @MainActor, runs on MainActor
let task = Task {
    try await fetchData()
}

// Get the result
let result = try await task.value

// Get Result<Success, Failure>
let outcome = await task.result

Task.detached(priority: .background) {
    // NOT on MainActor even if created from MainActor
    await processLargeFile()
}

let task = Task {
    for item in largeCollection {
        // Option 1: Check boolean
        if Task.isCancelled { break }

        // Option 2: Throw CancellationError
        try Task.checkCancellation()

        await process(item)
    }
}

// Request cancellation
task.cancel()

// Duration-based (preferred)
try await Task.sleep(for: .seconds(2))
try await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(500))

// Nanoseconds (older API)
try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 2_000_000_000)

for i in 0..<1_000_000 {
    if i.isMultiple(of: 1000) {
        await Task.yield()
    }
    process(i)
}

Task(priority: .userInitiated) {
    await loadVisibleContent()
}

Task(priority: .background) {
    await cleanupTempFiles()
}

enum RequestContext {
    @TaskLocal static var requestID: String?
    @TaskLocal static var userID: String?
}

// Set values for a scope
RequestContext.$requestID.withValue("req-123") {
    RequestContext.$userID.withValue("user-456") {
        // Both values available here and in child tasks
        Task {
            print(RequestContext.requestID)  // "req-123"
            print(RequestContext.userID)     // "user-456"
        }
    }
}

// Outside scope — values are nil
print(RequestContext.requestID)  // nil

async let images = fetchImages()
async let metadata = fetchMetadata()
async let config = loadConfig()

// All three run concurrently, await together
let (imgs, meta, cfg) = try await (images, metadata, config)

let results = await withTaskGroup(of: String.self) { group in
    for name in names {
        group.addTask {
            await fetchGreeting(for: name)
        }
    }

    var greetings: [String] = []
    for await greeting in group {
        greetings.append(greeting)
    }
    return greetings
}

let images = try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: (URL, UIImage).self) { group in
    for url in urls {
        group.addTask {
            let image = try await downloadImage(url)
            return (url, image)
        }
    }

    var results: [URL: UIImage] = [:]
    for try await (url, image) in group {
        results[url] = image
    }
    return results
}

try await withThrowingDiscardingTaskGroup { group in
    for connection in connections {
        group.addTask {
            try await connection.monitor()
            // Results are discarded — useful for long-running services
        }
    }
    // Group stays alive until all tasks complete or one throws
}

await withTaskGroup(of: Data.self) { group in
    // Add tasks conditionally
    group.addTaskUnlessCancelled {
        await fetchData()
    }

    // Cancel remaining tasks
    group.cancelAll()

    // Wait without collecting
    await group.waitForAll()

    // Iterate one at a time
    while let result = await group.next() {
        process(result)
    }
}

// If fetchImages() throws, fetchMetadata() is automatically cancelled
async let images = fetchImages()
async let metadata = fetchMetadata()
let result = try await (images, metadata)

let stream = AsyncStream<Int> { continuation in
    for i in 0..<10 {
        continuation.yield(i)
    }
    continuation.finish()
}

for await value in stream {
    print(value)
}

let stream = AsyncThrowingStream<Data, Error> { continuation in
    let monitor = NetworkMonitor()
    monitor.onData = { data in
        continuation.yield(data)
    }
    monitor.onError = { error in
        continuation.finish(throwing: error)
    }
    monitor.onComplete = {
        continuation.finish()
    }

    continuation.onTermination = { @Sendable _ in
        monitor.stop()
    }

    monitor.start()
}

do {
    for try await data in stream {
        process(data)
    }
} catch {
    handleStreamError(error)
}

let stream = AsyncStream<Value> { continuation in
    // Emit a value
    continuation.yield(value)

    // End the stream normally
    continuation.finish()

    // Cleanup when consumer cancels or stream ends
    continuation.onTermination = { @Sendable termination in
        switch termination {
        case .cancelled:
            cleanup()
        case .finished:
            finalCleanup()
        @unknown default:
            break
        }
    }
}

// For throwing streams
let stream = AsyncThrowingStream<Value, Error> { continuation in
    continuation.yield(value)
    continuation.finish()                  // Normal end
    continuation.finish(throwing: error)   // End with error
}

// Keep all values (default) — memory can grow unbounded
let stream = AsyncStream<Int>(bufferingPolicy: .unbounded) { continuation in
    // ...
}

// Keep oldest N values, drop new ones when buffer is full
let stream = AsyncStream<Int>(bufferingPolicy: .bufferingOldest(100)) { continuation in
    // ...
}

// Keep newest N values, drop old ones when buffer is full
let stream = AsyncStream<Int>(bufferingPolicy: .bufferingNewest(100)) { continuation in
    // ...
}

struct Counter: AsyncSequence {
    typealias Element = Int
    let limit: Int

    struct AsyncIterator: AsyncIteratorProtocol {
        var current = 0
        let limit: Int

        mutating func next() async -> Int? {
            guard current < limit else { return nil }
            defer { current += 1 }
            return current
        }
    }

    func makeAsyncIterator() -> AsyncIterator {
        AsyncIterator(limit: limit)
    }
}

// Usage
for await number in Counter(limit: 5) {
    print(number)  // 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
}

// Map
for await name in users.map(\.name) { }

// Filter
for await adult in users.filter({ $0.age >= 18 }) { }

// CompactMap
for await image in urls.compactMap({ await tryLoadImage($0) }) { }

// Prefix
for await first5 in stream.prefix(5) { }

// first(where:)
let match = await stream.first(where: { $0 > threshold })

// Contains
let hasMatch = await stream.contains(where: { $0 > threshold })

// Reduce
let sum = await numbers.reduce(0, +)