GCP Compute Engine

Deploy, manage, and scale Compute Engine virtual machines on Google Cloud Platform.

在Google Cloud Platform上部署、管理和扩展Compute Engine虚拟机。

When to Use

使用场景

Deploying web servers, application backends, or batch-processing workloads on GCP
Running workloads that need full OS-level control (unlike Cloud Run or App Engine)
Creating managed instance groups for auto-healing and auto-scaling behind a load balancer
Provisioning GPU-attached VMs for ML training or rendering pipelines
Cost-optimizing non-critical workloads with preemptible or spot VMs

在GCP上部署Web服务器、应用后端或批处理工作负载
运行需要完整操作系统级控制的工作负载（不同于Cloud Run或App Engine）
创建托管实例组，在负载均衡器后方实现自动修复和自动扩缩容
配置搭载GPU的VM用于机器学习训练或渲染流水线
使用抢占式或Spot VM优化非关键工作负载的成本

Prerequisites

前置条件

Google Cloud SDK (
```
gcloud
```
) installed and authenticated
A GCP project with the Compute Engine API enabled
IAM role
```
roles/compute.admin
```
or scoped roles for instance management

bash

gcloud auth list
gcloud config set project $PROJECT_ID
gcloud services enable compute.googleapis.com

已安装并完成认证的Google Cloud SDK（
```
gcloud
```
）
已启用Compute Engine API的GCP项目
具备
```
roles/compute.admin
```
权限或实例管理的细分IAM角色

bash

gcloud auth list
gcloud config set project $PROJECT_ID
gcloud services enable compute.googleapis.com

Machine Types Reference

机器类型参考

Family	Example	vCPUs	Memory	Use Case
E2	e2-micro	0.25	1 GB	Dev/test, microservices
E2	e2-medium	1	4 GB	Light web servers
N2	n2-standard-4	4	16 GB	General-purpose production
N2	n2-highmem-8	8	64 GB	In-memory caches, databases
C2	c2-standard-16	16	64 GB	Compute-intensive, HPC

bash

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系列	示例	vCPU数	内存	使用场景
E2	e2-micro	0.25	1 GB	开发/测试、微服务
E2	e2-medium	1	4 GB	轻量Web服务器
N2	n2-standard-4	4	16 GB	通用生产环境
N2	n2-highmem-8	8	64 GB	内存缓存、数据库
C2	c2-standard-16	16	64 GB	计算密集型、高性能计算

bash

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List machine types available in a zone

列出可用区中的机器类型

gcloud compute machine-types list --zones=us-central1-a --filter="name~'e2-'"

Create a custom machine type (6 vCPUs, 24 GB RAM)

创建自定义机器类型（6核CPU，24GB内存）

gcloud compute instances create custom-vm
--custom-cpu=6 --custom-memory=24GB
--zone=us-central1-a
--image-family=debian-12 --image-project=debian-cloud

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gcloud compute instances create custom-vm
--custom-cpu=6 --custom-memory=24GB
--zone=us-central1-a
--image-family=debian-12 --image-project=debian-cloud

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Create an Instance

创建实例

bash

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bash

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Production instance with shielded VM and startup script

带防护型VM和启动脚本的生产环境实例

gcloud compute instances create web-server
--machine-type=e2-medium
--zone=us-central1-a
--image-family=debian-12
--image-project=debian-cloud
--boot-disk-size=20GB
--boot-disk-type=pd-balanced
--tags=http-server,https-server
--labels=env=production,team=backend
--metadata=enable-oslogin=TRUE
--shielded-secure-boot
--shielded-vtpm
--shielded-integrity-monitoring

Instance with a startup script and service account

带启动脚本和服务账号的实例

gcloud compute instances create app-server
--machine-type=e2-standard-2
--zone=us-central1-a
--image-family=ubuntu-2204-lts
--image-project=ubuntu-os-cloud
--boot-disk-size=50GB
--metadata-from-file=startup-script=startup.sh
--service-account=app-sa@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com
--scopes=cloud-platform

Instance with an additional data disk

带附加数据盘的实例

gcloud compute instances create db-server
--machine-type=n2-highmem-4
--zone=us-central1-a
--image-family=debian-12 --image-project=debian-cloud
--boot-disk-size=20GB
--create-disk=name=data-disk,size=200GB,type=pd-ssd,auto-delete=no

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gcloud compute instances create db-server
--machine-type=n2-highmem-4
--zone=us-central1-a
--image-family=debian-12 --image-project=debian-cloud
--boot-disk-size=20GB
--create-disk=name=data-disk,size=200GB,type=pd-ssd,auto-delete=no

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Startup Script Example

启动脚本示例

bash

#!/bin/bash

bash

#!/bin/bash

startup.sh - runs on first boot and every reboot

startup.sh - 在首次启动和每次重启时运行

set -euo pipefail apt-get update && apt-get install -y nginx systemctl enable nginx && systemctl start nginx curl -X PUT -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google"
"http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/guest-attributes/startup/status"
-d "complete"

undefined

set -euo pipefail apt-get update && apt-get install -y nginx systemctl enable nginx && systemctl start nginx curl -X PUT -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google"
"http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/guest-attributes/startup/status"
-d "complete"

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Instance Templates and Managed Instance Groups

实例模板与托管实例组

bash

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bash

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Create an instance template

创建实例模板

gcloud compute instance-templates create web-template
--machine-type=e2-medium
--image-family=debian-12 --image-project=debian-cloud
--boot-disk-size=20GB --tags=http-server
--metadata-from-file=startup-script=startup.sh

Create a regional managed instance group (MIG) with health check

创建带健康检查的区域托管实例组（MIG）

gcloud compute health-checks create http http-health-check
--port=80 --request-path=/healthz
--check-interval=10s --timeout=5s
--healthy-threshold=2 --unhealthy-threshold=3

gcloud compute instance-groups managed create web-mig
--template=web-template --size=3
--region=us-central1
--health-check=http-health-check --initial-delay=120

gcloud compute health-checks create http http-health-check
--port=80 --request-path=/healthz
--check-interval=10s --timeout=5s
--healthy-threshold=2 --unhealthy-threshold=3

gcloud compute instance-groups managed create web-mig
--template=web-template --size=3
--region=us-central1
--health-check=http-health-check --initial-delay=120

Configure autoscaling

配置自动扩缩容

gcloud compute instance-groups managed set-autoscaling web-mig
--region=us-central1
--min-num-replicas=2 --max-num-replicas=10
--target-cpu-utilization=0.65 --cool-down-period=90

Rolling update to a new template

滚动更新至新模板

gcloud compute instance-groups managed rolling-action start-update web-mig
--version=template=web-template-v2
--region=us-central1 --max-surge=3 --max-unavailable=0

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gcloud compute instance-groups managed rolling-action start-update web-mig
--version=template=web-template-v2
--region=us-central1 --max-surge=3 --max-unavailable=0

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Preemptible and Spot VMs

抢占式与Spot VM

bash

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bash

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Spot VM (recommended over legacy preemptible)

Spot VM（推荐替代传统抢占式VM）

gcloud compute instances create spot-worker
--machine-type=n2-standard-8
--zone=us-central1-a
--image-family=debian-12 --image-project=debian-cloud
--provisioning-model=SPOT
--instance-termination-action=STOP

Spot instance template for batch MIG

用于批处理MIG的Spot实例模板

gcloud compute instance-templates create batch-template
--machine-type=n2-standard-4
--image-family=debian-12 --image-project=debian-cloud
--provisioning-model=SPOT
--instance-termination-action=DELETE

undefined

gcloud compute instance-templates create batch-template
--machine-type=n2-standard-4
--image-family=debian-12 --image-project=debian-cloud
--provisioning-model=SPOT
--instance-termination-action=DELETE

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Snapshots and Images

快照与镜像

bash

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bash

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Create a snapshot

创建快照

gcloud compute disks snapshot web-server
--zone=us-central1-a
--snapshot-names=web-server-snap-$(date +%Y%m%d)

Scheduled snapshot policy

定时快照策略

gcloud compute resource-policies create snapshot-schedule daily-backup
--region=us-central1 --max-retention-days=14
--daily-schedule --start-time=03:00

gcloud compute disks add-resource-policies web-server
--zone=us-central1-a --resource-policies=daily-backup

gcloud compute resource-policies create snapshot-schedule daily-backup
--region=us-central1 --max-retention-days=14
--daily-schedule --start-time=03:00

gcloud compute disks add-resource-policies web-server
--zone=us-central1-a --resource-policies=daily-backup

Create a custom image from an instance

从实例创建自定义镜像

gcloud compute instances stop web-server --zone=us-central1-a gcloud compute images create web-golden-image
--source-disk=web-server --source-disk-zone=us-central1-a
--family=web-server --labels=version=v1

undefined

gcloud compute instances stop web-server --zone=us-central1-a gcloud compute images create web-golden-image
--source-disk=web-server --source-disk-zone=us-central1-a
--family=web-server --labels=version=v1

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Terraform Configuration

Terraform配置

hcl

resource "google_compute_instance" "web" {
  name         = "web-server"
  machine_type = "e2-medium"
  zone         = "us-central1-a"
  tags         = ["http-server", "https-server"]

  boot_disk {
    initialize_params {
      image = "debian-cloud/debian-12"
      size  = 20
      type  = "pd-balanced"
    }
  }

  network_interface {
    subnetwork = google_compute_subnetwork.main.id
    access_config {}
  }

  metadata_startup_script = file("${path.module}/startup.sh")

  service_account {
    email  = google_service_account.app.email
    scopes = ["cloud-platform"]
  }

  shielded_instance_config {
    enable_secure_boot          = true
    enable_vtpm                 = true
    enable_integrity_monitoring = true
  }
}

resource "google_compute_instance_template" "web" {
  name_prefix  = "web-"
  machine_type = "e2-medium"

  disk {
    source_image = "debian-cloud/debian-12"
    auto_delete  = true
    boot         = true
    disk_size_gb = 20
  }

  network_interface {
    subnetwork = google_compute_subnetwork.main.id
  }

  lifecycle { create_before_destroy = true }
}

resource "google_compute_region_instance_group_manager" "web" {
  name               = "web-mig"
  base_instance_name = "web"
  region             = "us-central1"

  version {
    instance_template = google_compute_instance_template.web.id
  }

  target_size = 3
  named_port { name = "http"; port = 80 }

  auto_healing_policies {
    health_check      = google_compute_health_check.http.id
    initial_delay_sec = 120
  }
}

resource "google_compute_region_autoscaler" "web" {
  name   = "web-autoscaler"
  region = "us-central1"
  target = google_compute_region_instance_group_manager.web.id

  autoscaling_policy {
    min_replicas    = 2
    max_replicas    = 10
    cooldown_period = 90
    cpu_utilization { target = 0.65 }
  }
}

hcl

resource "google_compute_instance" "web" {
  name         = "web-server"
  machine_type = "e2-medium"
  zone         = "us-central1-a"
  tags         = ["http-server", "https-server"]

  boot_disk {
    initialize_params {
      image = "debian-cloud/debian-12"
      size  = 20
      type  = "pd-balanced"
    }
  }

  network_interface {
    subnetwork = google_compute_subnetwork.main.id
    access_config {}
  }

  metadata_startup_script = file("${path.module}/startup.sh")

  service_account {
    email  = google_service_account.app.email
    scopes = ["cloud-platform"]
  }

  shielded_instance_config {
    enable_secure_boot          = true
    enable_vtpm                 = true
    enable_integrity_monitoring = true
  }
}

resource "google_compute_instance_template" "web" {
  name_prefix  = "web-"
  machine_type = "e2-medium"

  disk {
    source_image = "debian-cloud/debian-12"
    auto_delete  = true
    boot         = true
    disk_size_gb = 20
  }

  network_interface {
    subnetwork = google_compute_subnetwork.main.id
  }

  lifecycle { create_before_destroy = true }
}

resource "google_compute_region_instance_group_manager" "web" {
  name               = "web-mig"
  base_instance_name = "web"
  region             = "us-central1"

  version {
    instance_template = google_compute_instance_template.web.id
  }

  target_size = 3
  named_port { name = "http"; port = 80 }

  auto_healing_policies {
    health_check      = google_compute_health_check.http.id
    initial_delay_sec = 120
  }
}

resource "google_compute_region_autoscaler" "web" {
  name   = "web-autoscaler"
  region = "us-central1"
  target = google_compute_region_instance_group_manager.web.id

  autoscaling_policy {
    min_replicas    = 2
    max_replicas    = 10
    cooldown_period = 90
    cpu_utilization { target = 0.65 }
  }
}

Common Operations

常见操作

bash

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bash

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SSH into an instance

SSH登录实例

gcloud compute ssh web-server --zone=us-central1-a

List all instances with status

列出所有实例及状态

gcloud compute instances list
--format="table(name,zone,status,machineType.basename())"

Stop / start / resize

停止/启动/调整实例规格

gcloud compute instances stop web-server --zone=us-central1-a gcloud compute instances set-machine-type web-server
--machine-type=e2-standard-4 --zone=us-central1-a gcloud compute instances start web-server --zone=us-central1-a

View serial port output (debug startup scripts)

查看串口输出（调试启动脚本）

gcloud compute instances get-serial-port-output web-server --zone=us-central1-a

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gcloud compute instances get-serial-port-output web-server --zone=us-central1-a

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Troubleshooting

故障排查

Symptom	Cause	Fix
Instance stuck in STAGING	Quota exceeded or resource unavailable	Check quota with `gcloud compute project-info describe` ; try another zone
Startup script not running	Syntax errors or wrong metadata key	Check serial output; ensure key is `startup-script` not `startup_script`
Cannot SSH	Firewall blocks port 22 or OS Login misconfigured	Add firewall rule for `tcp:22` ; verify `enable-oslogin` metadata
Preempted too often	Zone resource pressure	Use Spot VM with `STOP` action; spread across zones in a MIG
Disk out of space	Boot disk too small	Use `gcloud compute disks resize` ; enable `--storage-auto-increase` for data disks
MIG not healing	Health check misconfigured or initial delay too short	Verify health check path returns 200; increase `--initial-delay`

症状	原因	解决方法
实例卡在STAGING状态	配额不足或资源不可用	使用 `gcloud compute project-info describe` 检查配额；尝试其他可用区
启动脚本未运行	语法错误或元数据键错误	检查串口输出；确保键为 `startup-script` 而非 `startup_script`
无法SSH登录	防火墙阻止22端口或OS Login配置错误	添加 `tcp:22` 的防火墙规则；验证 `enable-oslogin` 元数据
抢占过于频繁	可用区资源紧张	使用带 `STOP` 动作的Spot VM；在MIG中跨可用区分布实例
磁盘空间不足	启动盘过小	使用 `gcloud compute disks resize` 扩容；为数据盘启用 `--storage-auto-increase`
MIG未自动修复	健康检查配置错误或初始延迟过短	验证健康检查路径返回200；增加 `--initial-delay` 时长

gcp-compute

Original

Translation

GCP Compute Engine

GCP Compute Engine

When to Use

使用场景

Prerequisites

前置条件

Machine Types Reference

机器类型参考

List machine types available in a zone

列出可用区中的机器类型

Create a custom machine type (6 vCPUs, 24 GB RAM)

创建自定义机器类型（6核CPU，24GB内存）

Create an Instance

创建实例

Production instance with shielded VM and startup script

带防护型VM和启动脚本的生产环境实例

Instance with a startup script and service account

带启动脚本和服务账号的实例

Instance with an additional data disk

带附加数据盘的实例

Startup Script Example

启动脚本示例

startup.sh - runs on first boot and every reboot

startup.sh - 在首次启动和每次重启时运行

Instance Templates and Managed Instance Groups

实例模板与托管实例组

Create an instance template

创建实例模板

Create a regional managed instance group (MIG) with health check

创建带健康检查的区域托管实例组（MIG）

Configure autoscaling

配置自动扩缩容

Rolling update to a new template

滚动更新至新模板

Preemptible and Spot VMs

抢占式与Spot VM

Spot VM (recommended over legacy preemptible)

Spot VM（推荐替代传统抢占式VM）

Spot instance template for batch MIG

用于批处理MIG的Spot实例模板

Snapshots and Images

快照与镜像

Create a snapshot

创建快照

Scheduled snapshot policy

定时快照策略

Create a custom image from an instance

从实例创建自定义镜像

Terraform Configuration

Terraform配置

Common Operations

常见操作

SSH into an instance

SSH登录实例

List all instances with status

列出所有实例及状态

Stop / start / resize

停止/启动/调整实例规格

View serial port output (debug startup scripts)

查看串口输出（调试启动脚本）

Troubleshooting

故障排查

Related Skills

相关技能